CN106794655B - 空隙胶乳颗粒 - Google Patents
空隙胶乳颗粒 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106794655B CN106794655B CN201580044995.4A CN201580044995A CN106794655B CN 106794655 B CN106794655 B CN 106794655B CN 201580044995 A CN201580044995 A CN 201580044995A CN 106794655 B CN106794655 B CN 106794655B
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Abstract
通过将溶胀和外壳聚合结合到单一步骤中改善用于形成空隙胶乳颗粒的方法。该方法包括使包含芯、至少一个中间壳的多级乳液聚合物颗粒与溶胀剂接触,并且在所述与溶胀剂接触之后聚合外壳,其中该芯和该至少一个中间壳在基于这些多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体的存在下与溶胀剂接触,并且基本上所有的溶胀都发生在该外壳的聚合期间。
Description
技术领域
本申请涉及胶乳颗粒和用于生产此类颗粒的乳液聚合方法。具体地,本申请涉及用于制备“中空”或“空隙”胶乳颗粒的水性乳液聚合方法和由其制备的胶乳颗粒,这些胶乳颗粒作为非成膜遮光剂是有用的。
发明背景
漆和涂料在保存、保护和美化它们施用到其上的物体方面起重要作用。建筑漆用于装饰住宅和商业建筑物的内部和外部表面和延长其使用寿命。
已经开发了非成膜的“中空胶乳”(即,空隙胶乳颗粒)作为遮光剂用于漆和其他涂料中。这样,它们典型地用作其他遮光剂如二氧化钛的完全或部分替代物。
包括单独的溶胀步骤(在芯层和壳层的聚合之后或在壳层的形成之间发生)的用于制备中空聚合物颗粒的已知的方法要求在商业工厂规模上难以进行的那些步骤的特定时机。如果这些步骤的时机不是理想的,则颗粒的最终几何结构受到损害。这些步骤的时机可导致引起不期望的产品性能的壳厚度、空隙直径、粒径和颗粒形态(例如穿透孔的形成)。
发明概述
本发明提供了一种用于形成空隙胶乳颗粒的方法,其中该方法包括使包含芯、至少一个中间壳的多级乳液聚合物颗粒与溶胀剂接触,并且在所述与溶胀剂接触后聚合外壳,其中:
该芯包含亲水性组分;
该至少一个中间壳包含作为聚合单元的一种或多种亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体、一种或多种非离子单烯键式不饱和单体、或其混合物,
该外壳包含具有至少60℃的Tg的聚合物,
该芯和该至少一个中间壳在基于这些多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体的存在下与溶胀剂接触,并且;
基本上所有的溶胀都发生在该外壳的聚合期间。
附图说明
图1以示意图形式示出了可用于获得多级乳液聚合物颗粒的示例性方法。
图2是根据在此所述的方法制成的颗粒的典型的扫描透射电子显微照片(STEM)。
发明的详细说明
本发明的方法通过在小于0.5%单体存在于乳液中的情况下添加溶胀剂,并且然后添加外壳单体,使得基本上所有的溶胀都发生在外壳的聚合期间而避免了与单独的溶胀和壳聚合步骤相关的时机问题。因此,我们出乎意料地能够在外壳的聚合期间进行溶胀,从而避免以上讨论的时机问题,同时获得具有希望的性能特征的空隙胶乳颗粒。此外,我们能够使用比具有挥发性排放物例如氨的那些更环境友好的溶胀剂。
通过本发明的方法制备的空隙胶乳颗粒可以特征为“非成膜的”。通过“非成膜的”意指空隙胶乳颗粒在环境温度或更低温度下不会形成膜,或换句话说,将仅在高于环境温度的温度下形成膜。为了本说明书的目的,环境温度被认为在15℃至45℃的范围内。因此,例如,当结合到水性涂料组合物中,施加到基底温度并在环境温度或更低温度下干燥或固化时,这些空隙胶乳颗粒不形成膜。这些空隙胶乳颗粒通常在干燥的或固化的涂层中保持为离散颗粒。这些空隙胶乳颗粒能够起遮光剂的作用;即,当以足够的量添加到否则在干燥时将是透明的涂料组合物中时,它们使干燥的涂料组合物不透明。通过术语“不透明的”意指与不包括本发明的空隙胶乳颗粒的相同涂料组合物相比,当本发明的空隙胶乳颗粒存在于涂料组合物中时,涂料组合物的折射率具有更高的折射率,其中在这些涂料触摸起来是干的之后测量该折射率。术语“外壳聚合物”是指在溶胀后本发明的颗粒的外层。
通过本发明的方法制备的空隙胶乳颗粒通常包括中空内部和封闭该中空内部的外壳,虽然如将在随后更详细地解释的,在每个颗粒的外壳和内部空隙之间可以存在一个或多个附加层。一般来说,这些空隙胶乳颗粒可以具有至少200nm、至少250nm、至少300nm、至少350nm、或至少400nm的直径并且不大于1200nm、不大于1000nm、不大于700nm、不大于650nm、不大于600nm、不大于550nm、或不大于500nm的直径。该中空内部总体上具有至少100nm、至少150nm、或至少200nm的直径,但典型地直径不大于1000nm、不大于800nm、不大于600nm、不大于500nm或不大于400nm。围绕该中空内部的层(包括该外壳以及还有可能存在的任何附加层)的厚度总体上是从30至120nm。在一些实施例中,这些颗粒可以具有大于1200nm的直径,具有大于1000nm的直径的中空内部。典型地,这些空隙胶乳颗粒的形状将是大致地球形的,尽管椭圆形、卵形、泪滴形或其他形状也是可能的。具有穿透孔的颗粒是不希望的并且当实施在此披露的方法时不以任何实质量(例如,平均小于0.5%的颗粒)产生。通过检查STEM图像来确定颗粒的尺寸和形态。具有穿透孔的颗粒(即,具有在STEM图像中可见的将多级乳液聚合物颗粒的中空芯连接到外表面的大孔的那些)的百分比通过作为代表性样品中的总颗粒计数的百分比计数如在STEM图像中可视的具有穿透孔的颗粒(如果有的话)来确定。
本发明的方法包括多级乳液聚合方法。该方法包括形成包含至少一种亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体的聚合物的芯、至少一个中间壳、以及包含外壳聚合物的外壳。多级乳液聚合物颗粒可以与溶胀剂(例如碱)接触,该溶胀剂能够使该芯溶胀,特别是在水的存在下。与先前已知的方法不同,本发明的方法将溶胀与外壳的聚合结合。这是通过在基于多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体的存在下添加溶胀剂,并且条件是基本上所有的溶胀都发生在该外壳的聚合期间而实现的。如使用术语“基本上所有的溶胀都发生在该外壳的聚合期间”意指大部分的溶胀发生在该外壳的聚合期间并且很少或没有溶胀发生在基于多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体的存在下添加溶胀剂期间。在一些实施例中,小于10%、或小于5%的溶胀将发生在添加溶胀剂期间,其余的发生在该外壳的聚合期间。与添加溶胀剂相比,在该外壳的形成期间发生的溶胀的百分比通过比较如在添加溶胀剂之后获得的多级乳液聚合物颗粒的STEM图像中观察到的中空芯的平均尺寸与在添加该外层之后获得的多级乳液聚合物颗粒的中空芯的尺寸相比来确定。在一些实施例中,该溶胀剂可以在形成中间层之前添加,并且溶胀可以在形成该中间层期间进行,并且外层可以在溶胀之后添加。
在添加溶胀剂期间小于0.5%单体的单体水平可以通过在与溶胀剂接触之前添加足够量的聚合引发剂以便将在与溶胀剂接触期间存在的单体的量减少到基于这些多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体来实现。也可以使用诱导聚合的其他方法。通过选择使溶胀剂到多级乳液聚合物颗粒的芯中的渗透最小化的中间层和溶胀剂组合,在添加溶胀剂期间并且直到添加外壳单体基本上避免了溶胀。例如,一个或多个中间层可以通过添加交联剂交联,并且可以使用包括钠的溶胀剂。优选的是避免聚合抑制剂。
溶胀的芯引起中间和外壳膨胀,使得当聚合物颗粒随后被干燥和/或再酸化时,壳保持体积扩大,并且作为溶胀的芯的收缩的结果而在颗粒内产生空隙。空隙胶乳颗粒可以各自含有单个空隙。然而,在本发明的其他实施例中,单个空隙胶乳颗粒可以含有多个空隙(例如,空隙胶乳颗粒可以在颗粒内含有两个或更多个空隙)。这些空隙可以通过孔或其他通路彼此连接。这些空隙可以是基本上球形的形状,但可以采用其他形式,例如空隙通道、空隙和聚合物的互穿网络、或海绵状结构。
本发明的方法可以通过使用分批法进行,其中在随后的级中使用一个级的产物。例如,芯级的产物可用于制备下一级的产物,该下一级是外壳或中间包封聚合物级。类似地,该壳级由芯级的产物制备,或者当存在一个或多个包封聚合物级时,由中间包封聚合物级的产物制备。
多级乳液聚合物颗粒的芯组分总体上位于此类颗粒的中心处或附近。然而,在一个实施例中,该芯可以包覆并且包围种子,该种子由与用于制备该芯的聚合物不同的聚合物构成。在这个实施例中,例如,该种子可以包括在特性上是非亲水性的聚合物;即,该种子聚合物可以是一种或多种非离子单烯键式不饱和单体如甲基丙烯酸甲酯的均聚物或共聚物。在一个实施例中,该种子聚合物是甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物,其抵抗用于使该芯溶胀的溶胀剂的溶胀。该种子典型地具有从约30至约200nm或从约50至约100nm的粒径。为了形成该芯,该种子可以包覆有另一种聚合物,该另一种聚合物由至少一种亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体(任选地结合至少一种非亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体如(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯和/或乙烯基芳香族单体)构成。然而,应使用足够的亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体,使得所得聚合物能够用溶胀剂如水性碱溶胀。在一个实施例中,例如,用于包覆种子并提供芯组分的聚合物是甲基丙烯酸甲酯和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物,该共聚物的甲基丙烯酸含量为约30至约60重量百分比。
该芯包含为中空或空隙形成提供足够的溶胀度的亲水性组分。在一些实施例中,该亲水性组分以用于制备芯聚合物的亲水性单体的形式提供(即,用于获得芯的聚合物包括亲水性单体的聚合单元,以使该芯聚合物是亲水性的有效的量)。在其他实施例中,该亲水性组分是该芯的添加剂(例如,该亲水性组分可以与非亲水性聚合物混合)。在另外的实施例中,该亲水性组分既作为嵌入该芯中的添加剂,又作为是该芯的一部分的亲水性聚合物存在。在一些实施例中,该亲水性组分是含酸的单体或添加剂,例如带有羧酸官能团的单体或添加剂。
在一些实施例中,用于制备该芯的一种或多种聚合物可以在已经制备该聚合物之后转化为可溶胀的组分。例如,可以将含有乙酸乙烯酯单元的聚合物水解以形成含有足够羟基的芯聚合物,使得该聚合物是可溶胀的。
该芯的亲水性组分可以通过一种或多种带有亲水性官能团如羧酸基团或一些其他类型的可离子化的官能团的单烯键式不饱和单体的聚合或共聚来提供。在一些实施例中,使此类单烯键式不饱和单体与至少一种非离子单烯键式不饱和单体共聚。
对于制备芯聚合物有用的亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体的实例包括含有酸官能度的单烯键式不饱和单体,例如含有至少一个羧酸基团的单体,包括丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酰氧基丙酸、(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丙酸、衣康酸、乌头酸、马来酸或酸酐、富马酸、巴豆酸、马来酸单甲酯、富马酸单甲酯、衣康酸单甲酯等。在某些实施例中,该亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体是丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸。
可存在于该芯中的亲水性非聚合组分的实例包括含有一个或多个羧酸基团的化合物,例如脂肪族或芳香族单羧酸和二羧酸,例如苯甲酸、间甲苯酸、对氯苯甲酸、邻-乙酰氧基苯甲酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、辛酸、环己烷羧酸、月桂酸和邻苯二甲酸单丁酯等。
该亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体可以作为聚合单元以基于芯聚合物的重量从约5至约80、从约10至约80、从约20至约80、从约30至约70、从约30至约60、从约40至约60、或从约30至约50重量百分比的量存在于该芯聚合物中。
该芯聚合物可附加地含有衍生自非离子单体的重复单元。可以以聚合形式存在于可溶胀的芯聚合物中的非离子单体的实例包括乙烯基芳香族单体如苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、对甲基苯乙烯、叔丁基苯乙烯、或乙烯基甲苯,烯烃如乙烯、乙酸乙烯酯、氯乙烯、偏二氯乙烯、(甲基)丙烯腈、(甲基)丙烯酰胺,(甲基)丙烯酸的(C1-C20)烷基或(C3-C20)烯基酯,诸如(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸羟乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸羟丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸苄酯、(甲基)丙烯酸月桂酯、(甲基)丙烯酸油基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸棕榈基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸硬脂基酯等。
该芯聚合物可以进一步含有作为聚合单元的0.1至20百分比的量的多烯键式不饱和单体。合适的多烯键式不饱和单体的实例包括含有至少两个可聚合的亚乙烯基的共-聚单体,例如含有2-6个酯基的多元醇的α,β-烯键式不饱和单羧酸酯。此类共聚单体包括亚烷基二醇二丙烯酸酯和二甲基丙烯酸酯,例如像,乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯丙二醇二丙烯酸酯和三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯;1,3-甘油二甲基丙烯酸酯;1,1,1-三羟甲基丙烷二甲基丙烯酸酯;1,1,1-三羟甲基乙烷二丙烯酸酯;季戊四醇三甲基丙烯酸酯;1,2,6-己烷三丙烯酸酯;山梨醇五甲基丙烯酸酯;亚甲基双-丙烯酰胺、亚甲基双-甲基丙烯酰胺、二乙烯基苯、甲基丙烯酸乙烯酯、巴豆酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸乙烯酯、乙烯基乙炔、三乙烯基苯、氰尿酸三烯丙酯、二乙烯基乙炔、二乙烯基乙烷、乙烯硫醚、二乙烯基醚、二乙烯基砜、二烯丙基氨腈、乙二醇二乙烯基醚、邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯、二乙烯基二甲基硅烷、甘油三乙烯基醚、己二酸二乙烯基酯;(甲基)丙烯酸二环戊烯基酯;(甲基)丙烯酸二环戊烯氧基酯;二醇单环戊烯基醚的不饱和酯;具有末端烯键式不饱和度的α,β-不饱和一元和二元羧酸的烯丙基酯,包括甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯、丙烯酸烯丙酯、马来酸二烯丙酯、富马酸二烯丙酯、衣康酸二烯丙酯等。
多级乳液聚合物颗粒可以含有一个或多个中间包封聚合物层。中间包封聚合物部分地或完全地包封该芯。每个包封聚合物层可以部分地或完全地被另一个包封聚合物层包封。每个包封聚合物层可以通过在该芯或由一种或多种包封聚合物包封的芯的存在下进行乳液聚合来制备。该中间包封聚合物层可以起多级乳液聚合物颗粒的其他层之间的增容层,有时称为连接层(tie layer)或连接包覆层(tie coat layer),的作用;例如,中间包封聚合物层可以有助于将外壳粘附到该芯上。中间包封聚合物层还可用于改性最终的空隙胶乳颗粒的某些特征。
至少一种中间包封聚合物可含有作为聚合单元的一种或多种亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体和一种或多种非离子单烯键式不饱和单体。对于制备该芯有用的亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体和非离子单烯键式不饱和单体对于制备此种中间包封聚合物也是有用的。总体上,然而,该中间包封聚合物含有比该芯聚合物更低比例的亲水性单体,使得该中间包封聚合物在与溶胀剂接触时溶胀较少。其他中间包封聚合物可含有作为聚合单元的非离子单烯键式不饱和单体和很少或没有(例如小于5重量%)亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体。中间包封聚合物可进一步包括交联剂,例如亚烷基二醇二丙烯酸酯和二甲基丙烯酸酯,例如像,乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯丙二醇二丙烯酸酯和三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯;1,3-甘油二甲基丙烯酸酯;1,1,1-三羟甲基丙烷二甲基丙烯酸酯;1,1,1-三羟甲基乙烷二丙烯酸酯;季戊四醇三甲基丙烯酸酯;1,2,6-己烷三丙烯酸酯;山梨醇五甲基丙烯酸酯;亚甲基双-丙烯酰胺、亚甲基双-甲基丙烯酰胺、二乙烯基苯、甲基丙烯酸乙烯酯、巴豆酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸乙烯酯、乙烯基乙炔、三乙烯基苯、氰尿酸三烯丙酯、二乙烯基乙炔、二乙烯基乙烷、乙烯硫醚、二乙烯基醚、二乙烯基砜、二烯丙基氨腈、乙二醇二乙烯基醚、邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯、二乙烯基二甲基硅烷、甘油三乙烯基醚、己二酸二乙烯基酯;(甲基)丙烯酸二环戊烯基酯;(甲基)丙烯酸二环戊烯氧基酯;二醇单环戊烯基醚的不饱和酯;具有末端烯键式不饱和度的α,β-不饱和一元和二元羧酸的烯丙基酯,包括甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯、丙烯酸烯丙酯、马来酸二烯丙酯、富马酸二烯丙酯、衣康酸二烯丙酯等。
该外壳是聚合的并且可以例如由热塑性聚合物构成。该外壳聚合物具有高于环境温度,典型地至少60℃、至少70℃、至少80℃或至少约90℃的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。该外壳聚合物的Tg可以为例如从60℃至140℃。虽然该外壳聚合物可以是均聚物,更典型地,它将是由两种或更多种不同单体、尤其是烯键式不饱和单体(例如能够通过自由基聚合而聚合的那些)的重复聚合单元构成的共聚物。该外壳聚合物进一步特征在于带有一个或多个不同类型的官能团,特别是反应性、极性、螯合和/或含杂原子的官能团。可以如所希望的改变并且选择这些官能团以改性空隙胶乳颗粒的某些特征,如包括这些空隙胶乳颗粒的涂料组合物的湿粘附性、耐擦洗性(可洗性)、耐污染性、耐溶剂性和抗粘连性特性。例如,这些官能团可以选自1,3-二酮基、氨基、脲基和脲官能团及其组合。合适的1,3-二酮官能团包括乙酰乙酸酯官能团,其可对应于通用结构-OC(=O)CH2C(=O)CH3。合适的氨基官能团包括伯、仲和叔胺基团。氨基官能团可以以杂环的形式存在。氨基官能团可以例如是噁唑啉环。在本发明中有用的其他类型的官能团包括例如羟基(-OH)、硅烷(例如,三烷氧基甲硅烷基,-Si(OH)3)、磷酸酯(例如,PO3H和其盐)、氟烷(例如,全氟烷基如三氟甲基)、聚醚(例如,聚氧乙烯、聚氧丙烯)、和环氧化物(例如,缩水甘油基)。在一个实施例中,该官能团含有路易斯碱如胺的氮原子。在另一个实施例中,该官能团含有羟基官能团。该官能团可以是反应性的;例如,该官能团可能能够作为亲电体或亲核体反应。该官能团、或彼此接近的官能团的组合,可能能够络合或螯合。
这些官能团可以通过不同的手段引入该外壳聚合物中。在一个实施例中,这些官能团在聚合物形成期间例如通过一种或多种带有所希望的官能团的可聚合单体(下文称为“官能化的单体”)的聚合引入该外壳聚合物中。此种聚合可以作为共聚进行,其中一种或多种官能化的单体与一种或多种非官能化的单体共聚。在此所述的具有官能团的单体可以在多级乳液的制备中的任何级添加,条件是在溶胀后带有此类官能团的聚合物至少部分地或完全地留在颗粒的外壳聚合物中。
例如,该外壳聚合物可以是乙烯基芳香族单体(例如苯乙烯)和含有官能团例如a-1,3-二酮基、氨基、脲基、脲、羟基、硅烷、氟烷、醛、酮、磷酸酯或聚醚官能团的可自由基聚合的烯键式不饱和单体的共聚物。该共聚物可以含有一种或多种其他附加类型的共聚单体,例如(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯(例如甲基丙烯酸甲酯)。不同单体的比例可以如可能希望的进行改变以赋予所得外壳聚合物某些特征。典型地,该共聚物含有从0.1至10重量%的含有该一个或多个官能团的一种或多种可自由基聚合的烯键式不饱和单体。此类共聚物可进一步包含80-99.9重量%的乙烯基芳香族单体如苯乙烯和0-10重量%(例如,0.1-10重量%)的(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯如甲基丙烯酸甲酯。
该可自由基聚合的烯键式不饱和单体可以含有(甲基)丙烯酸酯(即,丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯)基团或(甲基)丙烯酰胺(即,丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺)基团。此类(甲基)丙烯酸酯和(甲基)丙烯酰胺基团能够参与与乙烯基芳香族单体的自由基共聚。烯丙基也可用于提供可聚合的不饱和位点。
例如,可以使用咪唑啉酮(甲基)丙烯酸单体如2-(2-氧代-1-咪唑烷基)乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯和N-(2-(2-氧代-1-咪唑烷基)乙基(甲基)丙烯酰胺作为共聚单体。其他合适的含有在本发明的实践中有用的官能团的可自由基聚合的烯键式不饱和单体包括但不限于乙酰乙酰氧基(甲基)丙烯酸酯(例如乙酰乙酰氧基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯,AAEM),乙酰乙酸烯丙酯,衍生的甲基丙烯酰胺如甲基草酸化的(methyloxalated)二丙酮(甲基)丙烯酰胺,氨基烷基(甲基)丙烯酸酯(包括二烷基和单烷基氨基乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯),和烯键式不饱和的可聚合的吖丙啶基单体(诸如,例如在美国专利号3,719,646(出于所有目的以其全文通过引用结合在此)中描述的那些)。其他合适的含有有用的官能团的可自由基聚合的烯键式不饱和单体包括羟乙基乙烯脲甲基丙烯酸酯(HEEUMA)和氨基乙基乙烯脲甲基丙烯酸酯(AEEUMA)。该可自由基聚合的烯键式不饱和单体可以在每个单体分子上含有多个官能团;例如,该单体可以每个分子带有两个或更多个脲和/或脲基,例如在美国专利号6,166,220(出于所有目的以其全文通过引用结合在此)中描述的化合物。适用于在本发明中用作官能化的单体的具体的可自由基聚合的烯键式不饱和单体的说明性实例包括但不限于氨基乙基丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯,二甲基氨基丙基丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯,3-二甲基氨基-2,2-二甲基丙基-1-丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯,2-N-吗啉代乙基丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯、2-N-哌啶乙基丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯,N-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰胺,N-(3-二甲基氨基-2,2-二甲基丙基)丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰胺,N-二甲基氨基甲基丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰胺,N-(4-吗啉代-甲基)丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰胺,乙烯基咪唑,乙烯基吡咯烷酮,N-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基)乙烯脲,N-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙酰氨基乙基)-N,烯丙基烷基乙烯脲,N-甲基丙烯酰胺甲基脲,N-甲基丙烯酰脲,2-(1-咪唑基)乙基甲基丙烯酸酯,2-(1-咪唑烷-2-酮)乙基甲基丙烯酸酯,N-(甲基丙烯酰胺基)乙基脲,(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯,(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯如(甲基)丙烯酸2-羟乙酯,γ-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丙基三烷氧基硅烷,N,N-二甲基(甲基)丙烯酰胺,二丙酮(甲基)丙烯酰胺,乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯磷酸酯,聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯,聚乙二醇甲基醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯,二乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯以及其组合。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,首先制备前体聚合物并且然后使其反应以便引入所希望的官能团并且因此提供该外壳聚合物。例如,可以通过使带有羧酸基团的前体聚合物与氮丙啶反应将胺官能团引入该外壳聚合物中。在这个实例中,该前体聚合物可以是通过使烯键式不饱和羧酸如(甲基)丙烯酸、任选地与其他单体如(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯和/或乙烯基芳香族单体(例如苯乙烯)一起聚合制备的聚合物。
适用于聚合用于制备多级乳液聚合物颗粒的单体的自由基引发剂可以是适用于水性乳液聚合的任何水溶性引发剂。适用于制备本申请的多级乳液聚合物颗粒的自由基引发剂的实例包括过氧化氢,叔丁基过氧化物,碱金属过硫酸盐如钠、钾和锂的过硫酸盐,过硫酸铵,以及此类引发剂与还原剂的混合物。基于单体的总量,引发剂的量可以是例如从0.01至3重量百分比。
在一些实施例中,使用氧化还原聚合引发剂体系。在氧化还原自由基引发体系中,还原剂可以与氧化剂结合使用。适用于水性乳液聚合的还原剂包括亚硫酸盐(例如碱金属偏亚硫酸氢盐、亚硫酸氢盐和次硫酸盐)。在一些实施例中,糖(例如抗坏血酸和异抗坏血酸或碱金属(异)抗坏血酸盐)也可以是用于水性乳液聚合的合适的还原剂。
在氧化还原体系中,还原剂的量可以是例如基于单体的总量从0.01至3重量百分比。
氧化剂包括,例如像,过氧化氢和铵或碱金属的过硫酸盐,过硼酸盐,过乙酸盐,过氧化物和过碳酸盐以及水不溶性氧化剂,例如像,过氧化苯甲酰,月桂基过氧化物,叔丁基过氧化物,叔丁基氢过氧化物,2,2’-偶氮二异丁腈,叔戊基氢过氧化物,叔丁基过氧化新癸酸酯和叔丁基过氧化新戊酸酯。基于单体的总量,氧化剂的量可以是例如从0.01至3重量百分比。
自由基聚合温度典型地是在约10℃至100℃的范围内。在过硫酸盐体系的情况下,该温度可以是在约60℃至约100℃的范围内。在氧化还原体系中,该温度可以是在约30℃至约100℃的范围内、在约30℃至约60℃的范围内、或在约30℃至约45℃的范围内。引发剂的类型和量在多级聚合的各个级中可以是相同或不同的。
在聚合期间可以单独地或一起使用一种或多种非离子或离子(例如阳离子,阴离子)乳化剂或表面活性剂,以便乳化单体和/或保持所得聚合物颗粒呈分散的或乳化的形式。合适的非离子乳化剂的实例包括叔辛基苯氧基乙基聚(39)-乙氧基乙醇,十二烷氧基聚(10)乙氧基乙醇,壬基苯氧基乙基-聚(40)乙氧基乙醇,聚乙二醇2000单油酸酯,乙氧基化的蓖麻油,氟化的烷基酯和烷氧基化物,聚氧乙烯(20)失水山梨醇单月桂酸酯,蔗糖单椰油酸酯,二(2-丁基)苯氧基聚(20)乙氧基乙醇,羟乙基纤维素聚丁基丙烯酸酯接枝共聚物,二甲基硅酮聚环氧烷接枝共聚物,聚(环氧乙烷)聚(丙烯酸丁酯)嵌段共聚物,环氧丙烷和环氧乙烷的嵌段共聚物,用30摩尔的环氧乙烷乙氧基化的2,4,7,9-四甲基-5-癸炔-4,7-二醇,N-聚氧乙烯(20)月桂酰胺,N-月桂基-N-聚氧乙烯(3)胺和聚(10)乙二醇十二烷基硫醚。合适的离子乳化剂的实例包括月桂基硫酸钠,十二烷基苯磺酸钠,硬脂酸钾,二辛基磺基琥珀酸钠,十二烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠,壬基苯氧基乙基聚(1)乙氧基乙基硫酸铵盐,苯乙烯磺酸钠,十二烷基烯丙基磺基琥珀酸钠,棕榈酸,棕榈油酸,硬脂酸,油酸,亚油酸,亚麻酸,脂肪酸(例如亚麻籽油脂肪酸)的混合物,乙氧基化壬基酚的磷酸酯的钠盐或铵盐,辛苯聚醇-3-磺酸钠,椰油酰基肌氨酸钠,1-烷氧基-2-羟丙基磺酸钠,α-烯烃(C14-C16)磺酸钠,羟基烷醇的硫酸盐,N-(1,2-二羧乙基)-N-十八烷基磺基琥珀酰胺酸四钠,N-十八烷基磺基琥珀酰胺酸二钠,烷基酰胺基聚乙氧基磺基琥珀酸二钠,磺基琥珀酸的二钠乙氧基化壬基酚半酯和叔辛基苯氧基乙氧基聚(39)乙氧基乙基硫酸盐的钠盐。
该一种或多种乳化剂或表面活性剂总体上以基于单体的重量从零至3百分比的水平使用。该一种或多种乳化剂或表面活性剂可以在添加任何单体进料之前、在添加单体进料期间或其组合添加。
合适的溶胀剂通常是碱,包括挥发性碱如氨,氢氧化铵,和挥发性低级脂肪胺,如吗啉、三甲胺和三乙胺,碳酸盐,碳酸氢盐等。也可以使用固定或永久碱,例如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化锂、锌铵络合物、铜铵络合物、银铵络合物、氢氧化锶、氢氧化钡等。可以添加溶剂,例如像,乙醇、己醇、辛醇和溶剂以及在美国专利号4,594,363中描述的那些以帮助固定或永久碱穿透。在一些实施例中,该溶胀剂是氨或氢氧化铵。由于没有挥发性排放物,碱金属氢氧化物如氢氧化钠是优选的。该溶胀剂可以是呈含有挥发性碱的水性液体或气态介质的形式。可以选择外壳和任何中间包封层的组成以便在环境温度下或在适度升高的温度下是对溶胀剂可渗透的。在一个实施例中,使该溶胀剂在稍微低于该外壳聚合物的玻璃化转变温度的温度下与多级乳液聚合物颗粒接触。例如,该接触温度可以比该外壳聚合物的Tg低5℃至20℃、10℃至30℃、或5℃-40℃。
当多级乳液聚合物颗粒在外壳聚合单体的存在下经受穿透这些多级乳液聚合物颗粒的中间壳的碱性溶胀剂时,该芯的亲水性组分溶胀。在本发明的一个实施例中,该芯的亲水性组分是酸性的(具有小于6的pH)。在外壳聚合单体的存在下用碱性溶胀剂的处理中和了该酸性并提高该亲水性组分的pH至大于6,或至少约7,或到至少约8,或至少约9,或至少约10,或到至少约13,从而通过该芯的亲水性组分的水合引起溶胀。该芯的溶胀或膨胀可能涉及将该芯的外周边部分合并到紧邻该芯的层(例如外壳或中间包封壳)的内周边的孔中以及还有这种相邻层和整个颗粒整体的部分扩大或鼓起。
该芯与该外壳的重量比总体上可以是例如在从1:5至1:20(例如,从1:8至1:15)的范围内。为了降低最终空隙胶乳颗粒的干密度,总体上应降低相对于芯的量的外壳的量;然而,应当存在足够的外壳使得该芯仍然被包封。
本领域中先前描述的用于生产空隙胶乳颗粒的方法可以适配为用于本发明,条件是这些方法被改性以包括在基于多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体的存在下添加溶胀剂,并且;基本上所有的溶胀都发生在该外壳的聚合期间。先前已知的经受此种改性的方法可以包括例如在美国专利号4,427,836;4,468,498;4,594,363;4,880,842;4,920,160;4,985,469;5,216,044;5,229,209;以及5,273,824中描述的那些,出于所有目的将这些专利的每一个通过引用以其全文结合在此。例如,根据本发明的颗粒可以通过将在此所述的官能单体结到以下实例中描述的颗粒的外壳中来制备:(1)美国专利号4,427,836的实例0-14,(2)美国专利号4,468,498的实例0-12,(3)美国专利号4,594,363的实例1-4,(4)美国专利号4,880,842的实例I-IX,(5)美国专利号4,920,160的实例1-13,(6)美国专利号4,985,469的实例1-7,(7)美国专利号5,216,044的实例1-7,(8)美国专利号5,229,209的实例1-8和(9)美国专利号5,273,824的实例1-50。
图1以示意图形式示出了可用于制备根据本发明的多级乳液聚合物颗粒和空隙胶乳颗粒的示例性方法。在步骤1中,使甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)均聚以形成作为由聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯构成的小颗粒的种子1。种子1通过甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)单体和甲基丙烯酸(MAA)单体的共聚而包覆有一层甲基丙烯酸甲酯/甲基丙烯酸共聚物,以提供芯2(步骤2)。在步骤3中,包封聚合物层3通过苯乙烯(S)单体和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)单体的共聚形成。在包封层3形成期间,在添加溶胀剂之前添加聚合引发剂以将存在的单体的量减少至基于多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体。在步骤3之后获得多级乳液聚合物颗粒7。在步骤4中使多级乳液聚合物颗粒7与水性氢氧化钠接触。尽管在步骤4期间添加氢氧化钠,但是基本上所有的颗粒的溶胀发生在步骤5中的单体聚合期间。氢氧化钠在苯乙烯(S)单体的共聚或苯乙烯单体和官能化的单体(S/FM)例如咪唑啉酮(甲基)丙烯酸单体的共聚期间充当溶胀剂。芯2的MMA/MAA共聚物的羧酸官能团被至少部分地中和,并且芯2作为中和的芯2吸收水的结果而体积溶胀。芯2的体积增加将包封聚合物层3和外壳4向外推并且多级乳液聚合物颗粒的总直径增加。在步骤6中干燥颗粒提供空隙胶乳颗粒6。空隙胶乳颗粒6的特征在于具有围绕中空内部5的外壳4。种子1和芯2的残余物可仍存在于中空内部5内。在这个实施例中,包封聚合物层3能够起芯2与外壳4之间的连接包层(tie-coat)的作用,该连接包层在步骤4中通过苯乙烯(S)单体和官能化的单体(FM)例如咪唑啉酮(甲基)丙烯酸单体的共聚形成。在其他实施例中,可以省略官能化的单体,并且可以省略包封聚合物层3。芯层2与外壳4之间的多于一个包封聚合物层可以存在,如果这样期望的话。
根据本发明的空隙胶乳颗粒在涂料组合物中,例如水基漆和纸涂料中是有用的。根据本发明的空隙胶乳颗粒可能能够赋予它们被添加到其中的纸涂料配制品改善的光泽、亮度和不透明度。此外,根据本发明的空隙胶乳颗粒可能能够赋予它们被添加到其中的水性涂料组合物(例如漆)不透明度。此外,涂料组合物的湿粘附性可以通过包括根据本发明的空隙胶乳颗粒改善,尤其是当该外壳聚合物含有选自1,3-二酮基、氨基、脲基和脲官能团的官能团时。
例如,除了水之外,涂料组合物可以含有根据本发明的空隙胶乳颗粒,一种或多种成膜胶乳聚合物(例如丙烯酸(A/A)胶乳和/或乙烯基丙烯酸(V/A)胶乳),以及如果这样期望的话,任何典型地用于此类胶乳涂料组合物中的添加剂或其他组分,例如聚结溶剂、杀生物剂、颜料、填料、不同于空隙胶乳颗粒的遮光剂(例如二氧化钛,CaCO3)、增稠剂、流平剂、pH调节剂、表面活性剂、防冻剂等。空隙胶乳颗粒可以以例如0.5至10重量百分比的水平存在于此类涂料组合物中。
与本发明的空隙胶乳颗粒组合使用的成膜胶乳聚合物也可以选择为使得其还含有官能团,这些官能团帮助改性或增强涂料组合物的某些特性,例如湿粘附性、耐擦洗性、耐溶剂性、耐污染性等。例如,该成膜胶乳聚合物可以是通过聚合所谓的湿粘附单体(任选地与一种或多种其他类型的共聚单体组合)制备的聚合物。该湿粘附单体可以是例如带有脲、脲基、1,3-二酮基、氨基或其他此种官能团的烯键式不饱和化合物。此类官能化的成膜胶乳聚合物是本领域中众所周知的并且例如在美国专利号3,935,151;3,719,646;4,302,375;4,340,743;4,319,032;4,429,095;4,632,957;4,783,539;4,880,931;4,882,873;5,399,706;5,496,907;以及6,166,220中进行描述,出于所有目的将这些专利的每一个通过引用以其全文结合在此。
在本发明的一个实施例中,成膜胶乳聚合物被选择用于与在此所述的非成膜空隙胶乳颗粒组合用于涂料组合物中,其中该成膜胶乳聚合物含有能够与在这些非成膜空隙胶乳颗粒的外壳中存在的官能团相互作用的官能团以便提供交联效果。例如,当将该涂料组合物施用于基底表面上并干燥时,可产生此种交联效果。这种相互作用典型地通过两种类型的官能团之间的化学反应发生,导致共价键的形成,尽管该相互作用可以可替代地是非共价缔合如络合或盐的形成的结果。涂料的不透明度和耐溶剂性可以例如通过彼此组合地使用此种官能化的成膜胶乳聚合物和官能化的非成膜空隙胶乳颗粒而增强。
能够彼此相互作用的官能团对的实例如下。官能团A可以是在该非成膜空隙胶乳颗粒上(作为该外壳聚合物的一部分)并且官能团B可以存在于该成膜胶乳聚合物组分中。可替代地,官能团A可以存在于该成膜聚合物中并且官能团B可以存在于该非成膜空隙胶乳颗粒的外壳中。
官能团对 | 官能团A | 官能团B |
1 | 羰基 | 酰肼 |
2 | 环氧基 | 胺 |
3 | 噁唑啉 | 醛 |
4 | 乙酰乙酰基 | 胺 |
在本发明的又另一个实施例中,该涂料组合物被配制为含有一种或多种每个分子带有两个或更多个官能团的非聚合化合物,这些官能团能够与在该非成膜空隙胶乳颗粒的外壳中存在的官能团相互作用。此类非聚合化合物因此也可以起交联剂的作用。例如,当该外壳含有乙酰乙酸酯基团时,可以使用在每个分子上含有多个伯胺基团的非聚合化合物。
在还另一个实施例中,选择在该非成膜空隙胶乳颗粒的外壳中存在的官能团以便能够彼此缩合,从而在不同颗粒之间形成键联。例如,该外壳可带有–Si(OH)3官能团,这些官能团可经历脱水反应以形成硅氧烷键联(例如,-Si(OH)2-O-Si(OH)2-)。
在优选的实施例中,该方法不包括氨作为溶胀剂,即,使该方法是“无氨的”。
实例(预示的)
多级乳液聚合物颗粒和空隙胶乳颗粒通过如图1所描绘的以下方法制备。在步骤1中,使甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)均聚以形成作为由聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯构成的小颗粒的种子1。种子1通过甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)单体和甲基丙烯酸(MAA)单体的共聚而包覆有一层甲基丙烯酸甲酯/甲基丙烯酸共聚物,以提供芯2(步骤2)。在步骤3中,包封聚合物层3通过苯乙烯(S)单体和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)单体的共聚形成。在包封层3形成期间,在添加溶胀剂之前添加聚合引发剂以将存在的单体的量减少至基于多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体。在步骤3之后获得多级乳液聚合物颗粒7。在步骤4中使多级乳液聚合物颗粒7与水性氢氧化钠接触。尽管在步骤4期间添加氢氧化钠,但是基本上所有的颗粒的溶胀发生在步骤5中的单体聚合期间。氢氧化钠在苯乙烯(S)单体的共聚或苯乙烯单体和官能化的单体(S/FM)例如咪唑啉酮(甲基)丙烯酸单体的共聚期间充当溶胀剂。芯2的MMA/MAA共聚物的羧酸官能团被至少部分地中和,并且芯2作为中和的芯2吸收水的结果而体积溶胀。芯2的体积增加将包封聚合物层3和外壳4向外推并且多级乳液聚合物颗粒的总直径增加。在步骤6中干燥颗粒提供空隙胶乳颗粒6。空隙胶乳颗粒6的特征在于具有围绕中空内部5的外壳4。种子1和芯2的残余物可仍存在于中空内部5内。在这个实施例中,包封聚合物层3能够起芯2与外壳4之间的连接包层(tie-coat)的作用,该连接包层在步骤4中通过苯乙烯(S)单体和官能化的单体(FM)例如咪唑啉酮(甲基)丙烯酸单体的共聚形成。在其他实施例中,可以省略官能化的单体,并且可以省略包封聚合物层3。芯层2与外壳4之间的多于一个包封聚合物层可以存在,如果这样期望的话。
Claims (16)
1.一种用于形成空隙胶乳颗粒的方法,其中该方法包括使包含芯、至少一个部分地或完全地包封该芯的中间壳的多级乳液聚合物颗粒与溶胀剂接触,在所述使包含芯、至少一个部分地或完全地包封该芯的中间壳的多级乳液聚合物颗粒与溶胀剂接触之前添加足够量的聚合引发剂,以便将在所述使包含芯、至少一个部分地或完全地包封该芯的中间壳的多级乳液聚合物颗粒与溶胀剂接触期间存在的单体的量减少到基于该多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体;并且在所述使包含芯、至少一个部分地或完全地包封该芯的中间壳的多级乳液聚合物颗粒与溶胀剂接触后聚合外壳,其中:
该芯包含含有甲基丙烯酸甲酯的聚合物种子和共聚的甲基丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的种子包层,其中所述种子的至少一个组分是亲水性的;
该至少一个中间壳包含作为聚合单元的一种或多种亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体、一种或多种非离子单烯键式不饱和单体、或所述一种或多种亲水性单烯键式不饱和单体与所述一种或多种非离子单烯键式不饱和单体的混合物,
该外壳包含具有至少60℃的Tg的聚合物,
该芯和该至少一个中间壳在基于这些多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体的存在下与溶胀剂接触,并且;
基本上所有的溶胀都发生在该外壳的聚合期间,其中“基本上所有的溶胀都发生在该外壳的聚合期间”意指小于10%的溶胀将发生在添加溶胀剂期间,其余的发生在该外壳的聚合期间。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该引发剂是自由基引发剂。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该引发剂是氧化还原聚合引发剂。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该至少一个中间壳进一步包含交联聚合物。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该溶胀剂是氢氧化钠。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,包括第一中间层,该第一中间层包含甲基丙烯酸、苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,进一步包括第二中间层,该第二中间层包含共聚的甲基丙烯酸甲酯和苯乙烯。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该外壳是聚合的苯乙烯。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该外壳是共聚的苯乙烯和一种或多种官能化的单体。
10.一种用于形成空隙胶乳颗粒的方法,其中该方法包括使包含芯、至少一个中间壳的多级乳液聚合物颗粒与溶胀剂接触,在所述使包含芯、至少一个中间壳的多级乳液聚合物颗粒与溶胀剂接触之前添加足够量的聚合引发剂,以便将在所述使包含芯、至少一个中间壳的多级乳液聚合物颗粒与溶胀剂接触期间存在的单体的量减少到基于该多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体;并且在所述使包含芯、至少一个中间壳的多级乳液聚合物颗粒与溶胀剂接触之后聚合外壳,其中该芯和该至少一个中间壳在基于这些多级乳液聚合物颗粒的重量小于0.5%单体的存在下与溶胀剂接触,并且基本上所有的溶胀都发生在该外壳的聚合期间,其中“基本上所有的溶胀都发生在该外壳的聚合期间”意指小于10%的溶胀将发生在添加溶胀剂期间,其余的发生在该外壳的聚合期间,其中该芯包含含有甲基丙烯酸甲酯的聚合物种子和共聚的甲基丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的种子包层。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中该至少一个中间壳进一步包含交联聚合物。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中该溶胀剂是氢氧化钠。
13.如权利要求10所述的方法,包括第一中间层,该第一中间层包含甲基丙烯酸、苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,进一步包括第二中间层,该第二中间层包含共聚的甲基丙烯酸甲酯和苯乙烯。
15.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中该外壳是聚合的苯乙烯。
16.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中该外壳是共聚的苯乙烯和一种或多种官能化的单体。
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2015
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- 2015-08-07 EP EP15833136.3A patent/EP3194156A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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- 2015-08-07 CN CN201580044995.4A patent/CN106794655B/zh active Active
- 2015-08-07 US US15/504,375 patent/US10351689B2/en active Active
- 2015-08-07 CA CA2958240A patent/CA2958240C/en active Active
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BR112017003443B1 (pt) | 2021-10-13 |
CA2958240A1 (en) | 2016-02-25 |
EP3194156A1 (en) | 2017-07-26 |
US20170240716A1 (en) | 2017-08-24 |
BR112017003443A2 (pt) | 2017-11-28 |
MX2022007776A (es) | 2022-08-02 |
US11384216B2 (en) | 2022-07-12 |
MY177505A (en) | 2020-09-17 |
CN106794655A (zh) | 2017-05-31 |
CN110317306A (zh) | 2019-10-11 |
US10351689B2 (en) | 2019-07-16 |
CA2958240C (en) | 2022-02-15 |
MX2017002216A (es) | 2017-05-22 |
WO2016028511A1 (en) | 2016-02-25 |
US20190292346A1 (en) | 2019-09-26 |
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