CN1066972A - 用于穿刺血管的装置 - Google Patents

用于穿刺血管的装置 Download PDF

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CN1066972A
CN1066972A CN92104102.0A CN92104102A CN1066972A CN 1066972 A CN1066972 A CN 1066972A CN 92104102 A CN92104102 A CN 92104102A CN 1066972 A CN1066972 A CN 1066972A
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E·达德尔
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    • A61B17/34Trocars; Puncturing needles
    • A61B17/3403Needle locating or guiding means
    • A61B2017/3413Needle locating or guiding means guided by ultrasound
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/48Other medical applications
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    • A61B5/489Blood vessels

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Abstract

一种血管穿刺装置具有根据多普勒效应可确定 血管位置的超声探头(20)。穿刺针头(30)通过引导 孔道(13)能至少接近于与探头发射的波束同轴地导 引。穿刺必须在无菌状态下进行。因此探头包括在 一个具有其中设有超声波束反射器(12)与针头导引 孔道的无菌偶接构件(1)的无菌外套内,偶接构件可 以是外套的一部分,或者可以设计成放置在外套上的 一个附件。带有偶接构件的无菌外套,作为一次性使 用用品,无需对穿刺装置进行费时的、反复的气体无 菌处理。

Description

本发明涉及用于穿刺血管的装置,它带有一个根据多普勒效应确定血管位置的超声探头,还带有一个供穿刺针头用的导引孔道,通过这条孔道,针头的轴线在针头进入人体时能至少接近于与探头发射的波束同轴地移动,还涉及用于这种穿刺装置的无菌外套。这样一种装置中的超声探头具有一个发射接收装置,利用这个装置超声波可以发射进入人的身体内并且部分地反射的波束的信号可以被记录下来。由于多普勒效应,流动血液的反射导致一个频移,从这频移可以获得一个声和/或光的信号。寻求这一信号的最大值就能够找出穿刺针头的穿刺点。
这种类型的装置例如从瑞士专利说明书676787号(=P.6297)成为公知。其中的发射/接收装置设计成使供针头用的导引孔道穿过声谐振器。这样的设计是不利的,因为穿刺必须在无菌的情况下进行,而所需要的对超声探头的气体无菌处理却是非常费时的。对一种不带有内带导引孔道的较简单的超声探头,可以用一种一次性使用的无菌外套来达成无菌保护(参看例如欧洲专利EP-A0104618)。但是,在这种较简单的探头中,针头不能与所发射的超声波束同轴推进。
本发明的一个目的是创造出一种穿刺装置,其超声探头可以包封在一个无菌外套内,针头可至少接近于与所发射的波束同轴地被导引。这一目的通过以下的技术措施来达成;在探头与人体表面之间设置一个使超声波束偏转的无菌偶接构件,该偶接构件包含针头导引孔道,并且是一个外套的一部份或者一个附件,通过这个外套可以将探头至少是部份地以无菌方式包封住。这样一种偶接构件是由无菌的或者可进行无菌处理的材料制成,它将超声波通过一个反射器表面反射导引入人体中,其内设有一条针头导引孔道。这种偶接构件可以是无菌外套的一部份,但是,它也可以是放置在外套上的一个附件。带有偶接构件的无菌外套最好是一次性使用的。
在一种能拿在手中的小巧的穿刺装置中,外套设计成把整个装置包封起来。在其它的穿刺装置中,例如,光和/或声显示装置装在装置的一个分开设置的固定部份内,只要在处理范围内的穿刺装置(也就是探头和可能一部份的连接导线)是处于无菌包封内就足够了。
偶接构件可以由一种能优异地传导超声波的固体材料制成,超声波反射器可以例如由一个根据声音光学的原理布置的自由外表面构成。或者,偶接构件也可以包含一个里面充灌以能满意地传导超声波的凝胶的壳体,反射器由例如一个金属构件构成,该金属构件同时形成壳体壁和针头导引孔道的一部份。
本发明将以示例方式结合不同实施例与附图进行更详细的描述,在附图中:
图1示出带有本发明的无菌外套的第一实施例的超声探头;
图2是一个第二实施例的透视图;
图3是第二实施例的偶接构件的纵向剖视面;
图4示出第三实施例的偶接构件,其超声波反射器是一块合成塑料膜片而不是一个金属构件;
图5a示出一个小巧的穿刺装置的非无菌部件;
图5b是示出一个体现本发明的用于包覆图5a所示部件的外套的纵向剖视图(第四实施例);
图6a示出一个带有可卸偶接构件的探头;
图6b示出图6a的偶接构件装上一个充灌有凝胶的“球囊”。
在第一实施例中(图1)可看到如下部份:带有可以例如由合成塑料材料注塑成型的壳体11的偶接构件1、由一块平的金属板制成的超声波反射器12(超声波束的反射器)、和穿过反射器的中央部位的针头导引孔道13;此外,还有由一根电缆21连接至穿刺装置的一个固定部份(未示出)上的超声探头20。
超声探头20向其内充灌有一种偶接凝胶(未示出)的腔室15内发射一束超声波束(用两个箭头U表示),波束被反射器12反射至出口开口15a。在这第一实施例中,出口开口15a是圆形的,超声波束垂直于这个开口反射出去。针头导引孔道13因此也是垂直于这出口开口15a。当该穿刺装置在使用时,出口开口15a放置成与人体表面成一个角度,在其间的楔形间隙中充灌偶接凝胶。
探头20可以推入壳体11内。探头20最好设计成使其连接电缆21能够通过一个插头21a和盖板21b连接到探头头部上。这连接电缆21和偶接构件1是在无菌状态下封装的,只在紧接在工作前才把它们开封,然后连接到超声探头20上形成一个准备使用的无菌穿刺装置。在使用无菌钳子时必须注意确保非无菌的探头20不会污染构成探头的无菌外套的偶接构件1和盖板21b的外表面。
当探头20推入壳体11内时,可能会有空气泡被截留在探头的端面20a和腔室15内的偶接凝胶之间。因此,最好能在壳体壁上设置一条通气通道,例如一个通孔或一条槽沟(未示出)。
在第二实施例中(图2和3),超声探头20是棒条状的,偶接构件1导引超声波(由弧线W表示)以一个锐角A的角度穿过椭圆形的出口开口15a。在这种情况中,出口开口15a可以平放在人体的表面(由点划线51表示)。在利用多普勒效应确定血管50的位置后,连接在针筒31上的针头30被推动沿着汇聚的超声波束(焦点在F)进入该血管50内。在图2中,充灌在腔室15(图3)内的偶接凝胶以16表示。
在第二实施例中的超声波反射器12是由一构例如是钢材的圆柱体斜切制成。作为针头导引的纵向通孔13可以在中心或稍许偏离中心处穿过。孔道13的断面在孔道的口部14处扩大,使之与例如为了下述目的而设置在针头30后端的方形构件32可靠地配合。在刺穿血管50之后,针筒31必须从针头30上移走。为此目的,探头20连同偶接构件1沿着抓住的针头30朝后推动,使方形构件32进入孔道口部14。当探头20仍由一只手把持住时,针筒31就可以用另一只手从针头上移走;这时方形构件32就能够防止针头转动。当然,不用方形构件32和相应的孔道口部14,其它的结构也能被用来防止针头30的转动。
紧接在进行穿刺之前,将无菌偶接构件1连接到捧条形超声探头上,没有被偶接构件盖住的探头部位可以首先包封在例如一个无菌外套或者一个无菌的乳胶软管内。也可以在偶接构件1上装上一个用弹性体材料制成的、卷起来的软管111,如图3所示。将这个偶接构件1连接到非无菌的探头上,随着就可以将软管111展开盖在探头上。软管111也可以用来包住一部份的连接电缆21,这样,后者就不再需要是无菌的了。
超声波反射器12可以用一种不渗透的材料、例如金属或玻璃制成。但还有其它的可能性:图4示出一个实施例,其中的超声波反射器由一块绷在一个腔室121上面的膜片120构成。在充灌有凝胶的腔室15中和在膜片120内传播的超声波在膜片120和腔室121之间的界面120a上被反射。壳壁部份122形成膜片120在其上伸展的框架。在针头导引孔道13穿过膜片120的部位,没有超声波反射。因此,在膜片120附近的孔道壁125最好是薄的。
第四实施例(图5a和5b)是一种小巧的穿刺装置2,这种穿刺装置是用电池作电源的,并具有声和光的显示装置、例如一个扬声器25和一串发光二极管26,由多普勒效应产生的信号可以籍助这些显示装置被显示出来。该穿刺装置还具有操作按钮27,利用这些按钮可以启动或关闭该穿刺装置,并且,例如,还可以调节音量。穿刺装置2一方面包含带有超声探头20、显示装置25、26和操作按钮27的非无菌的装置部份2′,另一方面包含本发明的无菌外套,这外套由跟偶接构件1连接的下部外壳构件17和上部外壳构件18构成。外套设计成使扬声器25和外套壁17a之间有良好的声音传播连接,而靠近操作按钮27处的外套壁18a是挠性的,使按钮能够被按动。外套必须用透明材料制造,使光显示装置27可以看得见。
第四实施例中的偶接构件1与第二实施例中的偶接构件(图3)具有类似的结构;显然,其它的结构设计在这里也是可能的。图5b示出了偶接构件1的也可以用在其它的实施例中的其它特征:偶接构件1的贴人体的一侧用一块弹性体材料的膜片112封住,而偶接凝胶16由一块膜片113跟探头20隔开。由于挠性膜片112是凸圆形,偶接构件1可以跟与其接触的人体表面的外形适配。在操作时,针头穿过膜片112。针头导引孔道13也可以用一块可穿透的膜片(未示出)封住,以防止凝胶16从腔室15中流失。膜片113可以是非常簿的,它必须紧贴在超声探头20的辐射面上,使在这个界面处的声音传播损失降到最低。
第四实施例中的偶接构件1可以视作由两个外壳构件17、18构成的无菌外套的一个附件。图6a示出偶接构件1作为附件形成的另一个例子。这个偶接构件1连接到一个事先包封在一个无菌的弹性体材料的袋状软管中的探头20上。该偶接构件1包含反射器12、针头导引装置13′(设有针头导引孔道13)、含有例如一条沟槽131的卡接部130、以及连结构件132。探头20、反射器12与人体表面之间的间隙当然也必须用偶接凝胶16填充。一个如图6b所示地将偶接构件1包封住的充灌有凝胶的“球囊”115在实用上满足了这一要求。

Claims (12)

1、一种用于穿刺血管的装置,它带有一个根据多普勒效应确定血管位置的超声探头,还带有一个供穿刺针头用的导引孔道,通过这条孔道,针头的轴线在针头进入人体时能至少接近于与探头发射的波束同轴地移动,其特征在于在探头(20)与人体表面之间设置一个使超声波束偏转的无菌偶接构件(1),该偶接构件含有针头导引孔道(13),并且是一个外套的一部份或者一个附件,通过这个外套可以将探头(20)至少是部份地以无菌方式包封住。
2、按权利要求1所述的穿刺装置,其特征在于偶接构件(1)包含一个壳体(11),壳体的一个壁设计成一个超声波束的反射器(12),还包含填充在壳体(11)内的一种偶接凝胶(16),针头导引孔道(13)设置在反射器(12)的中央部位。
3、按权利要求2的所述的穿刺装置,其特征在于偶接构件(1)在靠近人体的一侧用一个弹性体材料的膜片(112)封住。
4、按权利要求2或3所述的穿刺装置,其特征在于偶接凝胶(16)由一块膜片(113)跟探头(20)密封地分隔开。
5、按权利要求2至4中任一项所述的穿刺装置,其特征在于在针头导引孔道(13)与偶接凝胶(16)之间有一层可以用针头(30)刺透的膜片。
6、按权利要求2至5中任一项所述的穿刺装置,其特征在于超声波反射器(12)是用一种如金属或玻璃的不渗透物质制成。
7、按权利要求1至6中任一项所述的穿刺装置,其特征在于偶接构件(1)可以连接到探头(20)上,并在与探头(20)的连接点处具有一个用弹性体材料制成的、卷起来的软管(111),该软管能被展开盖在探头(20)上。
8、按权利要求1至6中任一项所述的穿刺装置,其特征在于穿刺装置是以电池作电源的,它具有声和/或光显示装置(25、26)和操作按钮(27)、并且能包封在一个至少含两个部份的外套(17、18)中,该外套至少部份是传声的、透明的和挠性的。
9、按权利要求1至6中任一项所述的穿刺装置,其特征在于连接构件(1)能连接在至少一部份包封在一个无菌外套的探头(20)上。
10、按权利要求1所述的穿刺装置,其特征在于连接构件(1)包含一个超声波反射器(12)、一个针头导引装置(13′)和一种偶接凝胶(16),这些部件(12、13′、16)都包封在一个球囊状的膜囊(115)内。
11、按权利要求1至10中任一项所述的穿刺装置,其特征在于针头导引孔道(13)和相对应的针头(30)上设有一种凭籍它可防止针头(30)绕其自身轴线转动的装置。
12、用于按权利要求1至11中任一项所述的穿刺装置的无菌外套。
CN92104102.0A 1991-05-27 1992-05-26 用于穿刺血管的装置 Pending CN1066972A (zh)

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