CN106674423B - 一种用于细菌筛分的细菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制作方法 - Google Patents
一种用于细菌筛分的细菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制作方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106674423B CN106674423B CN201611116742.6A CN201611116742A CN106674423B CN 106674423 B CN106674423 B CN 106674423B CN 201611116742 A CN201611116742 A CN 201611116742A CN 106674423 B CN106674423 B CN 106674423B
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- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于细菌筛分的细菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制作方法。首先，在基底材料表面嫁接引发剂，形成自组装单分子层，再将模板细菌固定在基底材料表面。然后在体系中投加不同电性聚合物单体，单体在细菌外表面依靠静电作用形成组装层。继而，在体系中加入催化剂和配体引发原子转移自由基聚合，实现细菌表面的聚合物单体组装层与表面引发生长的聚合物层之间的共价键结合。最后，去除模板细菌，形成印记下细菌物理形态和化学信息的细菌识别聚合物薄膜。该细菌识别聚合物薄膜的制作过程可以有效控制薄膜的生长厚度并印记细菌表面的化学信息。用该方法制作的细菌识别聚合物薄膜与其他检测平台技术兼容性好，相比于传统细菌印记薄膜具有更优的选择性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及医学检测领域，特别涉及致病微生物快速诊断的全人工识别材料的制备方法。
背景技术
全世界每年都有数百万人死于细菌感染或由细菌感染引发的并发症。在临床诊断上，致病细菌的快速诊断与分离仍然面临着巨大挑战。传统细菌识别方法基于细菌培养、分离及生化测试需要较长实验周期且操作繁琐。因此，开发一种新的快速细菌识别技术具有十分重要的现实意义。现有细菌识别材料大多采用天然生物识别单元，例如抗体、核酸适配体和噬菌体。通过结合表面等离子体共振技术、酶联免疫技术及荧光标记手段等，已开发出用于细菌快速识别的生物传感器。但是，基于天然生物识别单元的传感器在实际应用中有着诸多限制条件，其中最主要的就是天然生物识别单元的脆弱性。比如，抗体、噬菌体等生物大分子需要特定操作条件，而且运输储存都需要冷链支持，储藏期限较短，较易失活等。因此，开发全人工合成的细菌识别单元可以有效克服上述缺点，大大拓展细菌识别材料的应用范围。
作为分子印迹技术的衍生，细菌印迹技术正发展成为制作人工合成识别材料的新方法。细菌的表面形貌和细菌外膜的化学特征是开发细菌表面印迹聚合物所利用的重要特性。对细菌形态、大小相似的细菌种类来说，细菌外表面的化学信息就显得尤为重要。现有的细菌印迹聚合物膜方法多是基于表面印迹技术，例如微接触印迹、溶胶凝胶法、光刻法及皮克林乳液聚合法等。通过以细菌细胞为模板进行官能团的自组装，细胞外膜的化学信息可印迹在聚合物界面。然而细菌与聚合物界面的作用机制仍然难以探明，限制了细菌印迹聚合物性能的进一步提升。因此，需要开发一种可以分子级别可控单体排布的细菌印迹膜制备方法。
细菌外膜表面的化学异相性决定了细菌表面识别材料的特异性。其中，细菌外膜的电荷异相性是一项重要的细菌识别特征。细菌表面通常都是显电负性的。具体来说，对于革兰氏阴性菌，是由于细胞外膜表面的磷酸根、羟基和碳酸根等基团的存在；对革兰氏阳性菌来说，是因为存在磷脂、磷壁酸和糖醛酸磷壁酸等基团的分布。但无论是革兰氏阴性菌还是革兰氏阳性菌，细菌外膜的表面都有离散的氨基官能团分布，氨基的存在提供了离散的正电荷分布。这种细菌外膜的异相性电荷分布能用原子力显微镜测绘出。研究表明，这种细菌表面电荷异相性的特征能够影响细菌在带电荷材料表面的附着。也就是，通过控制材料表面的电荷分布，特定细菌对该材料的附着亲和性是可调的。因此，理论上，只要能将材料表面的电荷分布调节成与目标细菌外膜上电荷分布互补，就能获得最大的静电吸引力，从而将目标细菌牢固附着在材料表面。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服现有技术的不足，提供一种新型的用于细菌筛分的细菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制作方法。
一种用于细菌筛分的细菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制作方法的步骤如下：
1)将金基底依次在丙酮、乙醇、去离子水中超声处理，并在氮气气流中干燥，将处理过的金基底放入1mM ATRP引发剂的乙醇溶液中放置过夜，所述的ATRP引发剂为含巯基的ATRP引发剂，引发剂的巯基与金构成稳定的Au-S键，形成单分子自组装层；将组装好的金基底依次用四氢呋喃和乙醇冲洗，在氮气在吹干备用，
2)选取处于指数生长期的纯种菌，用pH＝7.2的PBS缓冲液离心、重悬操作三次，洗净细菌表面胞外聚合物，用pH＝7.2的PBS缓冲液将菌液浓度调节为108cfu/ml，将10μl细菌菌液滴加并平铺在步骤1)得到的金基底上，放入4℃环境中1小时，让细菌充分附着固定在表面；
3)称取甲基丙烯酸盐类阳离子单体、甲基丙烯酸盐类两性离子单体和交联剂溶解在DMSO/H2O溶剂中；再在溶液中溶解催化剂前驱体和配体，将溶液经过冷冻解冻泵循环法操作三次，除尽溶解氧；
4)将步骤2)得到的带有模板细菌的金基底放入圆底烧瓶，用乳胶塞密封，并不断曝入氮气，维持无氧气氛，将步骤(3)得到的溶液用注射器打入烧瓶，淹没金基底，再加入还原剂，其与催化剂前驱体反应生成低价态金属离子，引发原子转移自由基聚合反应，反应在30℃环境中进行，反应时间为12小时，结束时，将反应暴露于空气中以终止反应；
5)将步骤4)得到的表面生长了聚合物薄膜的金基底取出，依次用十二烷基硫酸钠溶液和去离子水冲洗数次，将模板细菌从聚合物中洗脱后，细菌印记聚合物薄膜即制作完成。
优选的，所述的金基底为表面镀金的玻璃片。
优选的，步骤1)所选取的ATRP引发剂为含巯基的且含α位卤代的ATRP反应引发剂，步骤3)中所选取的催化剂前驱体为二价铜或三价铁的卤化物，配体为ATRP配体，步骤4)中的还原剂为能将二价铜或三价铁还原为一价铜或二价铁的化合物。
优选的，所述的甲基丙烯酸盐类阳离子单体、甲基丙烯酸盐类两性离子单体和交联剂的摩尔比例为10～20:200:1～2，所述的DMSO/H2O溶剂中DMSO与H2O的体积比为1：8～10。
本发明制作方法采用表面引发的原子转移自由基聚合反应，将聚合物薄膜原位生长于金基底表面，通过控制聚合反应时间，可控制聚合物薄膜厚度，避免聚合物生长覆盖住模板细菌，造成模板细菌难以脱除；
通过两种不同电性的聚合物单体共聚，将细菌表面的电荷分布特征印记在聚合物薄膜界面上，薄膜印迹处的电荷三维分布与模板细菌外表面的电荷三维分布互补，形成强的电荷吸引，从而实现目标细菌在界面印迹处的选择性附着。
本发明实现了利用细菌外膜的电荷分布特征及细菌的形态特征实现对细菌识别。与模板细菌相同的细菌菌种在该细菌印迹聚合物膜表面获得最大附着力。利用附着力的差别，实现对不同菌种细菌的识别与筛分。
说明书附图
附图1是细菌印迹聚合物薄膜制作过程示意图；
图2是所制作的大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜的红外光谱分析图谱；
图3为玻璃片表面生长大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜前(a)和生长后(b)的水接触角图像；
图4(a)为制作的大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜在除去模板大肠杆菌前的原子力显微镜图，图4(b)为除去模板大肠杆菌后的印迹聚合物薄膜原子力显微镜图。
图5为大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜筛分大肠杆菌(a)、希瓦氏菌(b)、金黄色葡萄球菌(c)、粪肠球菌(d)效果图。
图1中，1、表面镀金的玻璃片，2、ATRP引发剂，3、模板细菌，4、甲基丙烯酸盐类阳离子单体，5、甲基丙烯酸盐类两性离子单体，6、细菌印迹坑。
具体实施方式
本发明用以下实例说明，但本发明不限于下述实例，在不脱离前后所述宗旨的范围下，变化实例都包含在本发明的技术范围内。
实施例1 大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制备
将表面镀金的超平整玻璃片依次在丙酮、乙醇/去离子水中超声处理各15分钟，并在氮气气流中干燥。将处理过的金基底放入1mM的巯基十一烷基溴代异丙酸酯(ω-mercaptoundecyl bromoisobutyrate)的乙醇溶液中放置过夜，引发剂的巯基与金构成稳定的Au-S键，形成单分子自组装层。将组装好的金基底依次用四氢呋喃和乙醇冲洗，在氮气在吹干备用。
在LB培养基中接种大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)菌种，在37℃恒温培养箱中培养，当大肠杆菌生长处于指数生长期时，抽取20ml菌液装入无菌离心管中，用离心机以5000G离心5分钟，倒除上清液，再加入20mlPBS缓冲液(pH＝7.2)重悬。如此离心、重悬操作三次，洗净细菌表面胞外聚合物。再用PBS溶液将大肠杆菌菌液浓度调节为108cfu/ml。将10μl大肠杆菌菌液滴加并平铺在修饰的金基底上，放入4℃环境中1小时，让细菌充分附着固定在表面。
称取65mg甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(methacrylatoethyl trimethylammonium chloride)、1400mg3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐(3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium propane sulfonate)和7mg N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺溶解在5ml DMSO/H2O溶剂中(体积比为1：9)。再在溶液中溶解11.2mg溴化铜和14.5mg三(2-吡啶甲基)胺作为催化剂前驱体和配体。将溶液经过冷冻解冻泵循环法操作三次，除尽溶解氧。
将带有大肠杆菌的金基底放入圆底烧瓶，用乳胶塞密封，并不断曝入氮气，维持无氧气氛，将除去氧气的步骤(3)中的溶液用注射器打入烧瓶，淹没金基底。再加入0.3ml28mM抗坏血酸溶液作为还原剂，引发原子转移自由基聚合反应。反应在30℃环境中进行，反应时间为12小时。结束时，将反应暴露于空气中以终止反应。
将表面生长了聚合物薄膜的金基底取出，依次用十二烷基硫酸钠溶液和去离子水冲洗数次，将模板大肠杆菌细菌从聚合物中洗脱后，细菌印记聚合物薄膜即制作完成。
将制作完成的大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜放入原子力显微镜观察，可见大肠杆菌细菌大小形状的坑洞形成于聚合物表面，即表示大肠杆菌印迹聚合物膜已成功制备。
结果数据:
图2是所制作的大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜的红外光谱分析图谱，可见1720cm-1处为甲基丙烯酸盐的O-C＝O键伸缩振动峰，1654cm-1处为其C＝O键伸缩振动峰。在1490cm-1处可见甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵单体的季铵根特征峰，1044cm-1和1190cm-1处为3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐的磺酸跟特征峰。
图3为玻璃片表面生长大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜前(a)和生长后(b)的水接触角图像。结果表明生长了聚合物薄膜后基底的亲水性明显改善。
图4(a)为制作的大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜在除去模板大肠杆菌前的原子力显微镜图，可见模板大肠杆菌，(b)为除去模板大肠杆菌后的印迹聚合物薄膜原子力显微镜图，可见模板大肠杆菌已完全去除，薄膜表面留下印记。
图5为大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜筛分大肠杆菌(a)、希瓦氏菌(b)、金黄色葡萄球菌(c)、粪肠球菌(d)效果图。使用大肠杆菌、希瓦氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌菌液分别流经本方法所制作的大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜，经荧光染色后所拍摄的荧光图像。菌液量为10ul,浓度皆为107cfu/ml，细菌经罗丹明123染料染色。结果表明，附着的大肠杆菌数量明显多于其他三种细菌，即大肠杆菌能有效地选择性附着在所制作的大肠杆菌印迹聚合物薄膜表面，发挥筛分大肠杆菌的作用。
实施例2金黄色葡萄球菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制备
将表面镀金的超平整玻璃片依次在丙酮、乙醇/去离子水中超声处理各15分钟，并在氮气气流中干燥。将处理过的金基底放入1mM的1巯基2溴2甲基丙烷(1-Propanethiol,2-bromo-2-methyl)的乙醇溶液中放置过夜，引发剂的巯基与金构成稳定的Au-S键，形成单分子自组装层。将组装好的金基底依次用四氢呋喃和乙醇冲洗，在氮气在吹干备用。
在LB培养基中接种金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)菌种，在37℃恒温培养箱中培养，当金黄色葡萄球菌生长处于指数生长期时，抽取20ml菌液装入无菌离心管中，用离心机以5000G离心5分钟，倒除上清液，再加入20mlPBS缓冲液(pH＝7.2)重悬。如此离心、重悬操作三次，洗净细菌表面胞外聚合物。再用PBS溶液将金黄色葡萄球菌液浓度调节为108cfu/ml。将10μl金黄色葡萄球菌液滴加并平铺在修饰的金基底上，放入4℃环境中1小时，让细菌充分附着固定在表面。
称取50mg二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(Diallyldimethylammonium chloride)、1300mg丙烯酰胺羧基甜菜碱(carboxybetaine acrylamide)和5mg N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺溶解在5ml DMSO/H2O溶剂中(体积比为1：8)。再在溶液中溶解11.2mg溴化铜和7.8mg 2,2'-联吡啶作为催化剂前驱体和配体。将溶液经过冷冻解冻泵循环法操作三次，除尽溶解氧。
将带有金黄色葡萄球菌的金基底放入圆底烧瓶，用乳胶塞密封，并不断曝入氮气，维持无氧气氛，将除去氧气的步骤(3)中的溶液用注射器打入烧瓶，淹没金基底。再加入0.3ml 28mMp葡萄糖溶液作为还原剂，引发原子转移自由基聚合反应。反应在30℃环境中进行，反应时间为12小时。结束时，将反应暴露于空气中以终止反应。
将表面生长了聚合物薄膜的金基底取出，依次用十二烷基硫酸钠溶液和去离子水冲洗数次，将模板金黄色葡萄球菌细菌从聚合物中洗脱后，细菌印记聚合物薄膜即制作完成。
将制作完成的金黄色葡萄球菌印迹聚合物薄膜放入原子力显微镜观察，可见金黄色葡萄球菌细菌大小形状的坑洞形成于聚合物表面，即表示金黄色葡萄球菌印迹聚合物膜已成功制备。
实施例3-6
实施例3-6中，制作方法除了所用模板细菌、聚合物单体、还原剂、催化剂前驱体和配体有所不同外，其他与实施例1相同，见表1。实施例3-6均成功制备了相应细菌印迹聚合物薄膜。
Claims (4)
1.一种用于细菌筛分的细菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制作方法，其特征在于它的步骤如下：
1）将金基底依次在丙酮、乙醇、去离子水中超声处理，并在氮气气流中干燥，将处理过的金基底放入1mM ATRP引发剂的乙醇溶液中放置过夜，所述的ATRP引发剂为含巯基的ATRP引发剂，引发剂的巯基与金构成稳定的Au-S键，形成单分子自组装层；将组装好的金基底依次用四氢呋喃和乙醇冲洗，氮气再 吹干备用，
2）选取处于指数生长期的纯种菌，用pH=7.2的PBS缓冲液离心、重悬操作三次，洗净细菌表面胞外聚合物，用pH=7.2的PBS缓冲液将菌液浓度调节为108 cfu/ml，将10μl细菌菌液滴加并平铺在步骤1）得到的金基底上，放入4℃环境中1小时，让细菌充分附着固定在表面；
3）称取甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵、3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐和N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺溶解在DMSO/H2O溶剂中；或者称取二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵、丙烯酰胺羧基甜菜碱和N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺溶解在DMSO/H2O溶剂中；
再在溶液中溶解催化剂前驱体和配体，将溶液经过冷冻解冻泵循环法操作三次，除尽溶解氧；
4）将步骤2）得到的带有模板细菌的金基底放入圆底烧瓶，用乳胶塞密封，并不断曝入氮气，维持无氧气氛，将步骤3）得到的溶液用注射器打入烧瓶，淹没金基底，再加入还原剂，其与催化剂前驱体反应生成低价态金属离子，引发原子转移自由基聚合反应，反应在30℃环境中进行，反应时间为12小时，结束时，将反应暴露于空气中以终止反应；
5）将步骤4）得到的表面生长了聚合物薄膜的金基底取出，依次用十二烷基硫酸钠溶液和去离子水冲洗数次，将模板细菌从聚合物中洗脱后，细菌印迹聚合物薄膜即制作完成。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种用于细菌筛分的细菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制作方法，其特征在于所述的金基底为表面镀金的玻璃片。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种用于细菌筛分的细菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制作方法，其特征在于步骤1）所选取的ATRP引发剂为含巯基的且含α位卤代的ATRP反应引发剂，步骤3）中所选取的催化剂前驱体为二价铜或三价铁的卤化物，配体为ATRP配体，步骤4）中的还原剂为能将二价铜或三价铁还原为低价态的化合物。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种用于细菌筛分的细菌印迹聚合物薄膜的制作方法，其特征在于所述的甲基丙烯酸盐类阳离子单体、甲基丙烯酸盐类两性离子单体和交联剂的摩尔比例为10~20:200:1~2，所述的DMSO/H2O溶剂中DMSO与H2O的体积比为1：8~10。
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