CN106664992A

CN106664992A - Dual-body logistics barn with ventilation and heat exchange systems

Info

Publication number: CN106664992A
Application number: CN201611059310.6A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 钱才英
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2016-11-27
Filing date: 2016-11-27
Publication date: 2017-05-17

Abstract

The invention discloses a dual-body logistics barn with ventilation and heat exchange systems. The dual-body logistics barn comprises a dual-body warehouse and a grain unloading device. The dual-body warehouse is provided with a first warehouse body and a second warehouse body, and one ventilation and heat exchange system is arranged in each of the first warehouse body and the second warehouse body. The grain unloading device comprises a first grain unloading box, a second grain unloading box and a driving device, the first grain unloading box comprises a first box body and a first auger, the first auger comprises a first rotating shaft, a first spiral plate, a first one-way overrunning clutch and a first slave gear, the second grain unloading box comprises a second box body and a second auger, and the second auger comprises a second rotating shaft, a second spiral plate, a second one-way overrunning clutch and a second slave gear. The driving device comprises a driving motor and a transmission mechanism, the transmission mechanism comprises a transmission shaft, a transmission gear and a belt pulley, and a driving wheel drives the belt pulley. The dual-body logistics barn with the ventilation and heat exchange systems has the advantages of low cost and small occupied space.

Description

Binary logistics silo with ventilation heat exchange system

Technical field

The invention belongs to logistics warehouse structure-design technique field, and in particular to a kind of binary with ventilation heat exchange system Logistics silo.

Background technology

Food problem is one of current pressing issues highly visible, and China every year will as the first in the world populous nation Substantial amounts of grain is consumed, has grain country to stablize healthily developing industry, national defence, service trade, science and culture cause etc.. Food problem is not only economy and livelihood issues, is also development and safety problem.With the fast-developing and people of pollution-free food The continuous improvement of living standard, grain green storage technology has obtained significant progress in China.In " Chinese stored grain ecological system Under the guidance of theoretical system ", just there is deep change in the foodstuff preservation theory of China, View of Grain Storage Technoiogy is by tradition Grain storage technology to Green Grain Storage technology develops, from extensive warehousing management to the warehousing management development that becomes more meticulous.

Silo traditional at present, mostly using monolithic design, can only simultaneously store a kind of grain, single function.Also there is portion Point silo adopts catamaran design, but but causes occupation of land larger using each grain self-discharging of two sets single discharge mechanisms, relatively costly Shortcoming.It is difficult when relatively deep, area is wider for storing using top layer heat exchange cooling more than its ventilating system additionally, traditional silo To carry out fast cooling cooling to internal layer storing.

The content of the invention

It is an object of the invention to provide one kind takes up room less, cost is relatively low, can carry out fast prompt drop to internal layer grain storage The binary logistics silo with ventilation heat exchange system of temperature.

Realizing the technical scheme of the object of the invention is：A kind of binary logistics silo with ventilation heat exchange system, including it is double Body warehouse and the discharge mechanism being arranged on below binary warehouse；Binary warehouse has the first warehouse and the second warehouse；First warehouse With a ventilation heat exchange system is equipped with the second warehouse；Ventilation heat exchange system includes air exhauster, induced-draught fan and ventilation shaft；It is logical Wind pipeline includes outer ring airduct, inner ring airduct and for connecting and supports the support bar of body；Inner ring airduct is located at outer ring airduct In enclosed space；The opening of inner ring BOD is connected with induced-draught fan, and the opening of outer ring BOD is connected with air exhauster；Inner ring The top of airduct connects with the top of outer ring airduct；Array mesh is equipped with the body of outer ring airduct and inner ring airduct；Unload Grain device unloads tanker, second unloads tanker and driving means including first；First unloading case includes the first casing and for drawing off the First auger of grain storage in one casing；First casing and the first warehouse are connected；First auger includes first rotating shaft, is fixed on first The first spiral plate in rotating shaft, the first mono-directional overrun clutch being fixed in first rotating shaft and be set in the first mono-directional overrun from The first driven gear in clutch；Second unloading case includes the second casing and the second strand for drawing off grain storage in the second casing Dragon；Second unloads tanker and the connection of the second warehouse；Second auger includes the second rotating shaft, the second spiral being fixed in the second rotating shaft Plate, the second mono-directional overrun clutch being fixed in the second rotating shaft and be set on the second mono-directional overrun clutch it is second driven Gear；The hand of spiral of the first spiral plate and the hand of spiral of secondary spiral lamina are conversely, the locking of the first mono-directional overrun clutch The locking of direction and the second mono-directional overrun clutch is in opposite direction；Driving means include motor and transmission mechanism；Driver Structure includes that support body, the power transmission shaft being rotatably arranged on support body, the travelling gear being fixedly installed on power transmission shaft one end and fixation set Put the belt pulley on the power transmission shaft other end；First driven gear, the second driven gear and travelling gear are bevel gears, transmission Gear is located between the first driven gear and the second driven gear, and is engaged with the first driven gear and the second driven gear suitable Match somebody with somebody；Driving wheel drives belt pulley and travelling gear reciprocating rotation.

In such scheme, power transmission shaft is by roller bearing seat rotating support on support body.

In such scheme, the body rotation of first rotating shaft is arranged in the first casing, and one end of first rotating shaft stretches out first Casing, the first mono-directional overrun clutch is fixedly installed on first rotating shaft and stretches out on one end of the first casing；First spiral plate is located at In first casing.

In such scheme, the body rotation of the second rotating shaft is arranged in the second casing, and one end of the second rotating shaft stretches out second Casing, the second mono-directional overrun clutch is fixedly installed on the second rotating shaft and stretches out on one end of the second casing；Secondary spiral lamina is located at In second casing.

The present invention has following positive technique effect：（1）Due to the inner ring airduct with the deep enough internal layer grain storage of energy and outward Circle airduct, effectively can be aerated cooling to internal layer grain storage, quick cooling.（2）The more compact simplification of present configuration, structure Relatively reasonable, two augers are only driven with same motor, are compared with traditional product, save a motor, effectively Reduces cost.

Description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is a kind of structural representation of the present invention；

Fig. 2 is a kind of dimensional structure diagram of discharge mechanism in silo shown in Fig. 1；

Fig. 3 is a kind of explosive view of discharge mechanism shown in Fig. 2；

Fig. 4 is a kind of dimensional structure diagram of the first mono-directional overrun clutch in discharge mechanism shown in Fig. 2；

Fig. 5 is a kind of half-sectional structural representation of the first mono-directional overrun clutch shown in Fig. 4；

Fig. 6 is a kind of dimensional structure diagram of elastic component in the first mono-directional overrun clutch shown in Fig. 4；

Fig. 7 is a kind of half-sectional structural representation of elastic component shown in Fig. 6；

Fig. 8 is a kind of explosive view of elastic component shown in Fig. 6；

Fig. 9 is a kind of dimensional structure diagram of ventilation heat exchange system in silo shown in Fig. 1；

Figure 10 is a kind of dimensional structure diagram that body is in charge of at the middle part of ventilation heat exchange system shown in Fig. 9；

Figure 11 is a kind of dimensional structure diagram of information acquiring instrument in silo shown in Fig. 9；

Figure 12 is a kind of top view of information acquiring instrument shown in Figure 11；

Figure 13 is a kind of explosive view of information acquiring instrument shown in Figure 11；

Figure 14 is a kind of explosive view that information acquiring instrument shown in Figure 11 further decomposes；

Figure 15 is a kind of sectional view of information acquiring instrument shown in Figure 11；

Figure 16 is a kind of sectional view of barrel shell in information acquiring instrument shown in Figure 11；

Figure 17 is to advance to roll a kind of sectional view of pipe in information acquiring instrument shown in Figure 11.

Specific embodiment

（Embodiment 1）

Fig. 1 to Figure 17 shows a kind of specific embodiment of the present invention.

The present embodiment is a kind of binary logistics silo with ventilation heat exchange system, as shown in Fig. 1 to Fig. 8, including binary Warehouse 1 and the discharge mechanism 2 being arranged on below binary warehouse.

Binary warehouse 1 has adjacent the first warehouse 11 and the second warehouse 12, and the bottom in the first warehouse is tapered, its bottom Center has the first discharging opening；The bottom in the second warehouse is also tapered, has the second discharging opening at its bottom centre.This enforcement In example, the bottom in binary warehouse is provided with four daggers 13, and binary warehouse is stood on the ground by four daggers.Concrete real In trampling, also shouldn't dagger, but binary warehouse is directly anchored on body of wall or on carrier, for example, to be used for the present embodiment On united reaper.

Discharge mechanism 2 unloads tanker 3, second unloads tanker 4 and driving means 5 including first；First unloads tanker and the second unloading Case is respectively positioned at the both sides of driving means.

First unloads tanker 3 including the first casing 31, the first auger 32, the first charging aperture being arranged on the first box top wall 33 and the first discharge nozzle 34 for being arranged on the first casing diapire；First auger includes first rotating shaft 321, is fixed on first turn The first spiral plate 322 on axle, the first mono-directional overrun clutch 85 being fixed in first rotating shaft and to be set in first unidirectional super The first driven gear 323 more on clutch；The body rotation of first rotating shaft is arranged in the first casing, one end of first rotating shaft The first casing is stretched out, the first mono-directional overrun clutch 85 is fixedly installed on first rotating shaft and stretches out on one end of the first casing；First Spiral plate is located in the first casing.

Second unloads tanker 4 including the second casing 41, the second auger 42, the second charging aperture being arranged on the second box top wall 43 and the second discharge nozzle 44 for being arranged on the second casing diapire；Second auger includes the second rotating shaft 421, is fixed on second turn Secondary spiral lamina 422 on axle, the second mono-directional overrun clutch being fixed in the second rotating shaft and it is set in the second mono-directional overrun The second driven gear 423 on clutch；The body rotation of the second rotating shaft is arranged in the second casing, and one end of the second rotating shaft is stretched Go out the second casing, the second mono-directional overrun clutch is fixedly installed on the second rotating shaft and stretches out on one end of the second casing；Second spiral Plate is located in the second casing.

First rotating shaft and the second rotating shaft are located along the same line, the hand of spiral of the first spiral plate and the spiral shell of secondary spiral lamina Rotation is in opposite direction, and the locking direction of the first mono-directional overrun clutch and the locking of the second mono-directional overrun clutch are in opposite direction.The First discharging opening in one charging aperture and the first warehouse is connected, and second charging aperture is connected with second discharging opening in the second warehouse, and first Auger and the second auger elapse the grain storage entered in respective casing from warehouse by rotating push mode.

Driving means include motor 7 and transmission mechanism 8；Motor is provided with driving wheel 71；

Transmission mechanism includes support body 81, the power transmission shaft 82 being rotatably arranged on support body, the biography being fixedly installed on power transmission shaft one end Moving gear 83 and the belt pulley 84 being fixedly installed on the power transmission shaft other end；In the present embodiment, power transmission shaft passes through roller bearing seat 87 rotating supports are on support body.Driving wheel drives pulley rotation by belt 72.

First driven gear, the second driven gear and travelling gear are bevel gears, the first driven gear and second driven Gear size is identical, and the first driven gear and the second driven gear are oppositely arranged, and travelling gear is located at the first driven gear and the Between two driven gears, and adaptation is engaged with the first driven gear and the second driven gear.

As shown in Fig. 4 to Fig. 8, the first mono-directional overrun clutch and the second mono-directional overrun clutch include being provided with installing hole 8511 ring support 851, the multiple breach 852 being arranged on ring support, the roller 853 being arranged in each breach and it is arranged on ring support On multiple elastic components 854 for providing reseting elasticity for roller；Each breach has hang down wall 8521 and skew wall 8522；Each vertical wall The central axis of place plane and ring support is coplanar, and each skew wall is perpendicular to coupled vertical wall.Second mono-directional overrun clutch Structure is identical with the structure of the first mono-directional overrun clutch, but the placement direction of the second mono-directional overrun clutch and first unidirectional Freewheel clutch is conversely, so that the locking of the first mono-directional overrun clutch and the second mono-directional overrun clutch is in opposite direction.

Each elastic component includes cylinder base 8541, thimble 8542, the spring 8543 and tail-hood 8544 of reseting elasticity is provided for thimble； Thimble has sliding pin portion 85421 and anticreep plate portion 85422；Cylinder base has cylinder 85411 and the spacing plate portion positioned at cylinder one end 85412, the external diameter of spacing plate portion is more than cylinder external diameter, and the center of spacing plate portion is provided with slide opening 85413, the anticreep plate portion of thimble External diameter more than slide opening aperture；The sliding pin portion of thimble is plugged in slide opening and stretches out cylinder, the anticreep plate portion of thimble and spring In cylinder, tail-hood is fixedly installed on the other end of cylinder.

Each vertical wall is provided with an accommodating hole 8523, and the central axis upright of accommodating hole is in vertical wall；The cylinder base of each elastic component In being fixedly installed on a corresponding accommodating hole, for example by be spirally connected or bonding mode be connected；Vertical wall is stretched out in the sliding pin portion of each thimble, Top pressure is on a corresponding roller.

The axis hole of the first driven gear and the second driven gear is circular, and the first mono-directional overrun clutch and second unidirectionally surpasses More when in lockup state, respective roller is locked at the axis hole hole wall of the first driven gear or the second driven gear to clutch On.

Each roller bearing seat includes the pedestal being fixedly installed on support body, two rolling bearings being arranged in pedestal and use In two end caps rolling bearing closure in pedestal, power transmission shaft passes through two rolling bearings；Supported using double rolling bearing Mode the operation of power transmission shaft can be caused more steady.

As described in Fig. 1, a ventilation heat exchange system 7 is equipped with the first warehouse and the second warehouse.

As shown in Fig. 9 and Figure 10, each ventilation heat exchange system 7 includes air exhauster 71, induced-draught fan 72 and ventilation shaft 73；Ventilation Pipeline includes outer ring airduct 731, inner ring airduct 732 and for connecting and supports the support bar 733 of body；Inner ring airduct is located at outer In circle airduct enclosed space.One end of ventilation shaft is connected with air exhauster, and the other end is connected with induced-draught fan；Taken out by this suction one Air supply mode, the wind-force that can cause whole ventilation shaft obtains more quickly circulating, so as to improving heat exchanging efficiency.

In the present embodiment, the top of inner ring airduct connects with the top of outer ring airduct, the opening of inner ring BOD and suction Blower fan is connected, and the opening of outer ring BOD is connected with air exhauster.

In the present embodiment, each support bar is fixedly linked by welding manner and ventilation shaft body.

In the present embodiment, multiple array mesh 74 through body, array net are additionally provided with the body of ventilation shaft Hole is generally distributed on the body of outer ring airduct and inner ring airduct；This structure causes ventilation shaft to realize hot friendship Change, also the gas in the body of part can be discharged into storing by array mesh, greatly reduce temperature fall time, lift cooling Efficiency.Meanwhile, if what is be passed through in ventilation shaft is activity suppression gas, such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen, or add The gas of certain drug ingedient, the property of can also be for storing carries out disease prevention and cure and kills insect pest.

As shown in Figure 1, it is equipped with least one information acquiring instrument 6 in the first warehouse and the second warehouse.

As shown in Figure 11 to Figure 17, each information acquiring instrument 6 include barrel shell 61, be rotatably arranged in barrel shell master gear 62, Be rotatably arranged on barrel shell four rolling pipes 63 of advancing, be fixedly installed on each pinion 64 advanced in rolling pipe outer wall, for band The driving motor 65 that dynamic master gear is rotated；Four pinions are uniformly arranged on master gear outer circumferential side, setting in a center of symmetry；Main tooth When wheel is rotated, each pinion synchronous axial system is driven.

In the present embodiment, the periphery wall of master gear is provided with driving cog 621, and internal perisporium is provided with driven tooth 622；The dynamic electricity of original The quantity of machine 65 is two, and each driving motor is provided with the output gear 651 with output gear；The driven tooth of output gear and master gear Engagement adaptation；The driving cog of master gear and pinion engagement adaptation.

Spiral power plate 631 is fixed with the lumen wall of traveling rolling pipe, spiral power plate is with rolling pipe turn of advancing When dynamic, the material stirred in rolling pipe of advancing by spiral is obtained thrust and moves ahead or retreat.In the present embodiment, spiral power plate Center enclose to form a circular material path 639, when rolling pipe of advancing is advanced, grain storage is mainly from the circular material path and spiral Release backward in the gap between screw of power plate, this structure can in time to advance rolling pipe in feed smoothly to advance, in addition by In the presence of the circular material path, to the larger mobile space of grain storage advanced in rolling pipe, prevent grain storage because it is overcrowding and by spiral shell Rotation power plate is blended.

Barrel shell 61 includes the secondary cylinders 612 of main cylinder 611 and four, four secondary cylinders around main cylinder central axis into center It is symmetrical arranged；The central axis of main cylinder is also the center of rotation axis of the master gear, the center of rotation axis of each secondary cylinder It is parallel with the center of rotation axis of master gear.

Each two ends for advancing rolling pipe are equipped with the Taper Pipe portion 632 of reduced diameter as drag reduction portion, advance for reducing Resistance.

The two ends of barrel shell are respectively fixed with a coniform antidrag cap 66, and each antidrag cap is provided with a temperature sensor 67 Antidrag cap is exposed independent from the induction end of a humidity sensor 68, each temperature sensor and humidity sensor.

The first rolling bearing 633 and the second rolling bearing 634 are arranged with the outer wall of each rolling pipe of advancing, each rolling pipe of advancing Outer wall is provided with first step wall 635 and second step wall 636；

One side of barrel shell is provided with four clutch shaft bearing storage tanks 613, and four clutch shaft bearing storage tanks are located at the barrel shell end On inwall；Each first rolling bearing is embedded in a corresponding clutch shaft bearing storage tank, and the inner ring of each first rolling bearing is arranged It is fixed on one end of corresponding one rolling pipe of advancing, and the first step wall of rolling pipe of advancing is along the central axial direction pressure of the rolling pipe It is connected on the inner ring of corresponding first rolling bearing；

Another side of barrel shell is provided with four second bearing storage tanks 614, and four second bearing storage tanks are located at and expose to cylinder The shell end；Each rolling pipe of advancing is provided with male threaded joint 637；One internal thread crimp being screwed onto on male threaded joint 638, it is crimped on the outer ring of a corresponding second bearing, and along the traveling central axial direction of pipe is rolled the second bearing Inner ring is crimped on the second step wall of the traveling rolling pipe；The internal thread crimp blocks a corresponding second bearing simultaneously to be held Put the opening of groove.

Installing plate 615 is fixed with barrel shell, master gear is rotatably arranged on installing plate, the motor body of each driving motor Also it is fixedly installed on the installing plate.

Information acquiring instrument in the present embodiment when in use, is powered by built-in power to driving motor, driving motor band Dynamic master gear is rotated, and then synchronously four traveling rolling pipes of drive are rotated by each pinion, so as to be stored up by promotion in silo Grain and advance or retreat.

Because each antidrag cap is provided with temperature sensor and humidity sensor, the information acquiring instrument in the present embodiment is being advanced In, the temperature and humidity of drill-through grain layer can be given, so as to obtain the physical message of the grain storage of different depth, and can pass through interior Radio-cell in being placed in antidrag cap or barrel shell is transferred to user.

In concrete practice, it is also possible to powered to the information acquiring instrument in the present embodiment by cable and transmission data, tool Body is that cable is passed through behind the tip of an antidrag cap, is connected with the wiring board in antidrag cap or barrel shell.

The present embodiment can also be arranged with lamplit camera, each coniform antidrag cap in each coniform antidrag cap Made using transparent material so that camera can photograph the in good time state of grain storage, for example observe go mouldy, insect bite etc. Bad phenomenon, prevents and treats it in time.

Due to adding information acquiring instrument, and with locomotivity, can be to the storage of different depth diverse location in warehouse The information of grain, to obtain in good time intuitively data.

The course of work of the present embodiment is as follows：Grain storage Jing first charging apertures in first warehouse enter into first and unload tanker In, the grain storage Jing second charging apertures in the second warehouse enter into second and unload in tanker；

Motor drives belt pulley and travelling gear synchronous reciprocating in transmission mechanism to rotate；When motor is rotated forward, pass Moving gear drives the first driven gear and the second driven gear synchronous axial system, the first driven gear to pass through the first mono-directional overrun clutch Device drives first rotating shaft to rotate, namely drives the first auger to rotate；Now due to the locking direction of the second mono-directional overrun clutch It is in opposite direction with the locking of the first mono-directional overrun clutch, therefore the second mono-directional overrun clutch will not drive the second axis of rotation, Namely now although the second driven gear is rotated, the second auger is not rotated；

When motor is inverted, travelling gear drives the first driven gear and the second driven gear synchronous axial system, and second is driven Gear drives the second axis of rotation by the second mono-directional overrun clutch, namely drives the second auger to rotate；Now due to first The locking direction of mono-directional overrun clutch and the locking of the second mono-directional overrun clutch are in opposite direction, therefore the first mono-directional overrun clutch Device will not drive first rotating shaft to rotate, although namely now the first driven gear is rotated, the first auger do not rotate.

The present embodiment has advantages below：（1）Driving means it is relatively reasonable in structure compact, two augers only use same drive Dynamic Motor drive, compares with traditional product, saves a motor, also reduces entirety and takes up room, and is conducive to small-sized Change, especially meet carrier and install and use demand.

Obviously, the above embodiment of the present invention is only intended to clearly illustrate example of the present invention, and is not right The restriction of embodiments of the present invention.For those of ordinary skill in the field, may be used also on the basis of the above description To make other changes in different forms.There is no need to be exhaustive to all of embodiment.And these The obvious change or variation that the connotation for belonging to of the invention is extended out still falls within protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. a kind of binary logistics silo with ventilation heat exchange system, including binary warehouse and unloading below binary warehouse is arranged on Grain device；Binary warehouse has the first warehouse and the second warehouse；It is characterized in that：One is equipped with first warehouse and the second warehouse Individual ventilation heat exchange system；Ventilation heat exchange system includes air exhauster, induced-draught fan and ventilation shaft；Ventilation shaft include outer ring airduct, Inner ring airduct and for connecting and support the support bar of body；Inner ring airduct is located in the airduct enclosed space of outer ring；Inner ring airduct The opening of bottom is connected with induced-draught fan, and the opening of outer ring BOD is connected with air exhauster；The top of inner ring airduct and outer ring wind The top connection of pipe；Array mesh is equipped with the body of outer ring airduct and inner ring airduct；Discharge mechanism includes the first unloading Case, second unload tanker and driving means；First unloading case includes the first casing and for drawing off grain storage in the first casing first Auger；First casing and the first warehouse are connected；First auger includes first rotating shaft, the first spiral being fixed in first rotating shaft Plate, the first mono-directional overrun clutch being fixed in first rotating shaft and be set on the first mono-directional overrun clutch it is first driven Gear；Second unloading case includes the second casing and the second auger for drawing off grain storage in the second casing；Second unloads tanker and Two warehouses are connected；Second auger includes the second rotating shaft, the secondary spiral lamina being fixed in the second rotating shaft, is fixed in the second rotating shaft The second mono-directional overrun clutch and the second driven gear for being set on the second mono-directional overrun clutch；The spiral shell of the first spiral plate Rotation direction and secondary spiral lamina the hand of spiral conversely, the first mono-directional overrun clutch locking direction and the second mono-directional overrun from The locking of clutch is in opposite direction；Driving means include motor and transmission mechanism；Transmission mechanism includes support body, is rotatably arranged on Power transmission shaft, the travelling gear being fixedly installed on power transmission shaft one end and the skin being fixedly installed on the power transmission shaft other end on support body Belt wheel；First driven gear, the second driven gear and travelling gear are bevel gears, travelling gear be located at the first driven gear and Between second driven gear, and adaptation is engaged with the first driven gear and the second driven gear；Driving wheel drives belt pulley and biography Moving gear reciprocating rotation.

2. the binary logistics silo with ventilation heat exchange system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Power transmission shaft passes through Roller bearing seat rotating support is on support body.

3. the binary logistics silo with ventilation heat exchange system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：First rotating shaft Body rotation is arranged in the first casing, and the first casing is stretched out in one end of first rotating shaft, and the first mono-directional overrun clutch is fixed and set Put on the one end for stretching out the first casing in first rotating shaft；First spiral plate is located in the first casing.

4. the binary logistics silo with ventilation heat exchange system according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：Second rotating shaft Body rotation is arranged in the second casing, and the second casing is stretched out in one end of the second rotating shaft, and the second mono-directional overrun clutch is fixed and set Put on the one end for stretching out the second casing in the second rotating shaft；Secondary spiral lamina is located in the second casing.