CN106634163A - Water-based cleaning agent, preparation method thereof and PCB ink cleaning method - Google Patents
Water-based cleaning agent, preparation method thereof and PCB ink cleaning method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106634163A CN106634163A CN201611128448.7A CN201611128448A CN106634163A CN 106634163 A CN106634163 A CN 106634163A CN 201611128448 A CN201611128448 A CN 201611128448A CN 106634163 A CN106634163 A CN 106634163A
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- cleaning agent
- aqueous cleaning
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D9/00—Chemical paint or ink removers
- C09D9/04—Chemical paint or ink removers with surface-active agents
Abstract
The invention discloses a water-based cleaning agent, a preparation method thereof and a PCB ink cleaning method. The water-based cleaning agent comprises the following components in percent by mass: 5-10% of a surfactant, 10-20% of an environment-friendly solvent, 2-5% of a cleaning assistant, 0.1-0.5% of a defoaming agent, 0.2-2% of a corrosion-resisting agent and the balance of deionized water. The water-based cleaning agent has a strong capability of cleaning ink, especially PCB ink, and is light in smell, free of halogen and flash point, non-corrosive, free of phosphorus, environmentally friendly, good in material compatibility with a surface material and components of a PCB as well as screen stretching glue and an aluminum metal frame for a silk screen, nonflammable, non-explosive, safe to use and relatively low in cost; cleaning wastewater is easy to treat. Process conditions of the preparation method are easy to control, and the prepared water-based cleaning agent is stable in performance. The PCB ink cleaning method is good in cleaning effect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of industrial cleaning agent, and in particular to a kind of aqueous cleaning agent and preparation method thereof and PCB
Ink cleaning method.
Background technology
In printed circuit board (Printed Circuit Board, referred to as PCB) manufacture process, wire mark is must
One of scarce important procedure, then PCB ink is must to use raw material.PCB ink refers to the ink that printed circuit board is adopted, and being will
Obtain the fidelity of copying image, it is desirable to which ink must have good viscosity and suitable thixotropy.Just because PCB ink has
Those features, how to clean PCB ink becomes problems faced in PCB manufactures.
Into 21 century since, China Electronics's product manufacturing industry is annual all to be grown at top speed with more than 20% speed, scale
Occupy second place of the world within continuous 3 years.Therefore, China will consume every year substantial amounts of ink and cleaning in PCB production processes
Agent.The detergent for ink that presently, there are on the market mainly has following several:
(1) traditional ink cleaning agent, mainly mineral oil and organic solvent, such as gasoline, kerosene, ketone, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons
Solvent.These solvents have different degrees of toxicity and there is certain fire safety evaluating hidden danger, to environmental disruption and human body danger
Evil property is big, and its safety in utilization is undesirable.As Chinese patent CN101255293A discloses deinking agent.
(2) emulsion cleaner, this cleaning agent is mainly formed by the emulsification of organic solvent matching surface activating agent, shortcoming
It is to store not easy breakdown of emulsion at that time, unstable properties affect cleaning performance.
(3) plant oil type cleaning agent, this cleaning agent is mainly mixed by plant oil base and emulsifying agent, is had the disadvantage
It is dried slowly, it is expensive.
(4) alkaline water-based detergent for ink, based on highly basic, although dirt-removing power is stronger, but is cleaning undried print
During the PCB of brush mistake, there is damage to the material of PCB surface;During ink on screen printing net plate is cleaned, to taut on screen printing net plate
Net glue, aluminum metal frame equivalent damage are also larger, while there is also certain harm to human body.
Therefore, at present detergent for ink on the market exist it is big to environmental disruption and harm, stability is poor,
High cost, and it is few for the cleaning agent of specific PCB ink, poor to PCB ink specific aims, cleaning performance is not good.
The content of the invention
The above-mentioned deficiency for aiming to overcome that prior art of the embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a kind of aqueous cleaning agent and its system
Preparation Method, with overcome existing detergent for ink to exist it is big to environmental disruption and harm, stability is poor, high cost,
Poor, the not good technical problem of cleaning performance for PCB ink cleaning specific aim.
The another object of the embodiment of the present invention is to provide a kind of method of PCB ink cleaning, to overcome existing PCB ink clear
The not good technical problem of cleaning performance that washing method is present.
In order to realize foregoing invention purpose, an aspect of of the present present invention, there is provided a kind of aqueous cleaning agent.The aqueous-base cleaning
Agent is by following weight/mass percentage composition into being grouped into:
A kind of another aspect of the present invention, there is provided preparation method of cleaning agent.The preparation method comprises the steps:
Each component materials are measured respectively according to the composition and content ratio contained by aqueous cleaning agent of the present invention;
The each described component materials for weighing are carried out into mixing treatment.
A kind of another aspect of the present invention, there is provided PCB ink cleaning method.The PCB ink cleaning method includes adopting
The aqueous cleaning agent prepared with aqueous cleaning agent of the present invention or preparation method of the present invention carries out the step of cleaning PCB ink.
Compared with prior art, aqueous cleaning agent cleaning ink of the present invention is strong especially for PCB ink cleaning force, and gas
Flat flavor, it is not halogen-containing, without flash-point, do not corrode, without phosphorus, environmental protection, to the net glue of stretching tight used by PCB surface material and components and parts, silk screen,
The material compatibility of aluminum metal edge frame is good, does not fire not quick-fried use safety, and cleaning waste water is disposable, and advantage of lower cost.
Aqueous cleaning agent preparation method of the present invention is due to being directly according to the composition species contained by aqueous cleaning agent of the present invention
And its content is measured and carries out mixing treatment, therefore, the aqueous cleaning agent dispersion that mixing treatment is obtained is stablized, so as to its cleaning
The ability of ink, particularly cleans PCB ink cleaning force by force, due to being to adopt water as solvent, therefore, in preparation process middle ring
Ensure safety, to human body non-hazardous, reduce cost.In addition, its process conditions is easily-controllable, the aqueous cleaning agent stable performance of preparation.
PCB ink cleaning method of the present invention due to being to carry out PCB ink using aqueous cleaning agent of the present invention, therefore, clean
Effect is good, and good with the material compatibility of the net glue that stretches tight used by PCB surface material and components and parts, silk screen, aluminum metal edge frame, right
PCB does not cause to damage.
Specific embodiment
In order that the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention become more apparent, with reference to embodiments, to the present invention
It is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein is not used to only to explain the present invention
Limit the present invention.
The mass content of embodiment of the present invention Related Component noted in the disclosure not only may refer between each composition
The proportionate relationship of quality, it is also possible to represent the concrete content of each composition.Therefore, as long as according to embodiment of the present invention specification phase
The content for closing component is scaled up or reduced within embodiment of the present invention specification scope of disclosure.Specifically, this
Quality described in bright embodiment specification can be mass unit known to the chemical fields such as μ g, mg, g, kg.
On the one hand, the embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of aqueous cleaning agent.Aqueous cleaning agent is by following weight/mass percentage composition
Into being grouped into:
Wherein, the surfactant contained by above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent plays wetting and osmosis.Wherein, surfactant
Wetting action dirt particles and surface to be cleaned can be soaked.Especially because the residual of PCB printing-inks and treating
The electric charge of cleaning surface institute band it is electrical general identical, there is repulsive interaction between the two, when the present embodiment aqueous cleaning agent pair
After PCB ink residues are soaked and permeated so that PCB ink adhesion remitted its furys.Simultaneously using the osmosis of surfactant,
Expand in dirty layer original hole and create new hole, enter logical at dirty layer depth so as to form the present embodiment aqueous cleaning agent
Road, enables the present embodiment aqueous cleaning agent to be sufficiently diffused into dirty layer surface as much as possible, improves cleaning performance.Therefore,
In order to improve surfactant wetting and osmosis, so as to improve the cleaning performance of above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent, in an embodiment
In, the surfactant contained by above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent is answering for Gemini surface active and nonionic surfactant
Compound.In a further embodiment, it is described in the compound of the Gemini surface active and nonionic surfactant
Gemini surface active is 1 with the mass ratio of nonionic surfactant:(1-1.5).
In a particular embodiment, the Gemini surface active is referred to as " 21 century also known as Gemini surface active agent
Surfactant ".Gemini surface active is chemical combination of the class with 2 hydrophobic groups, 2 hydrophilic groups and 1 bridged group
Thing, it has broken the water base structure of conventional surfactant list hydrophobic chain single parent, with the following performance:Critical micelle concentration
2-3 grade lower than conventional surfactants, the ability with very high reduction interfacial surface tension;Micella molecules align is tight
It is close, with higher charge density, can be resistant to high salinity;Excellent wetability;It is simply that with higher surface
Active, very low Kraff points and good water solubility.According to the difference of hydrophilic group, cationic, anion can be classified as
Type, nonionic and amphoteric, wherein Gemini sulfonate surfactants belong to one kind of anionic, active
The high, advantage such as heat endurance is good, salt-resistance is good.For the capillary reduction ability of the aqueous solution and reduction efficiency, Gemini
Sulfonate surfactant and conventional surfactants especially can produce bigger with the compounding of nonionic surfactant
Cooperative effect, therefore, the preferred Gemini sulfonate surfactants of above-mentioned Gemini surface active.
In another specific embodiment, AEO, aliphatic acid are selected in above-mentioned nonionic surfactant
At least one in FMEE, isomeric alcohol polyethenoxy ether.Wherein, the biological degradability of AEO
It is good, with the fatty alcohol alkyl chain chain washing of the product containing 10 or so oxirane of 12-14 carbon atom addition dirt-removing power preferably,
Preferably AEO-9.Fatty acid methyl ester ethoxylate (FMEE) is a kind of nonionic surfactant of low foam, in low temperature bar
(60 0C being less than under part) and there is excellent washing performance, particularly dispersion force is outstanding, can effectively prevent during washing
The superior performances such as the anti-contamination of dirt, its infiltration, emulsification.Isomeric alcohol polyethenoxy ether has preferably emulsification washing (-)off properties, special
It is not that the alcohol of isomery ten is had outstanding performance in terms of cleaning, therefore, the preferred heterogeneous ten alcohol polyoxyethylene ether of isomeric alcohol polyethenoxy ether.
The presence of the environmentally friendly solvent contained by above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent, effectively can be particularly grease or oil in PCB by ink
Contact scar thing is dissolved using rule of similarity, so as to improve the cleaning performance of above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent, and, the solvent
Environmental protection, so as to ensure that the Environmental Safety of above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent.In order to effectively play the effect of environmentally friendly solvent, in an embodiment
In, the environmentally friendly solvent is from least one in solvent of ether ester type, polyalcohol dibasic ester (EGDA).The environmentally friendly solvent category of the selection
In novel environment friendly high boiler, various types of resins, pigment, dyestuff, the filling that can be particularly to ink in PCB printing-inks residual
The component such as agent and auxiliary agent is effectively dissolved, so as to reach the effect of " dissolving " PCB printing-ink residual soils.And the selection
Environmentally friendly solvent boiling point it is high, on the premise of water-based solvent, it is ensured that above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent high-flash, or without flash-point, so as to
Ensure that its security performance.Wherein, Propylene Glycol Ether Ester Series Solvent is the senior solvent of degradable environment-friendly of function admirable, to pole
Property and it is nonpolar have very strong solvability, to the mixture in ink include amino methyl acid esters, vinyl, polyester, fibre
The plain acetate of dimension, alkyd resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin and nitrocellulose dissolving power are fabulous.Polyalcohol dibasic ester
(EGDA) it is efficient, safe and nontoxic as higher boiling high-quality environmentally friendly solvent, it is the fine solvent of various organic resins, can be effectively clear
Except ink residue.
Builder contained by above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent can assist in the effect of the components such as above-mentioned surfactant, or further
Play synergistic effect between the component such as above-mentioned surfactant, so as to improve the cleaning performance of aqueous cleaning agent.Implementing
In example, the builder is from least one in sodium citrate, disodium edta, carboxymethylcellulose calcium (CMC).Its
In, sodium citrate and disodium edta are all excellent intercalating agent/complexing agents, can precipitate metal ion rapidly, make
Dirt and ash dispersion and suspension, improve the performance of surfactant.Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is dissolved in after water such as encolloid solution, right
There is physicochemical impact in cleaning agent particulate, reduce critical micelle concentration.Additionally, CMC is polar compound, due to carboxylic
Acidic group, therefore have the saponaceous characteristic of class, can hydrolyze, with surface-active, emulsification and spumescence, suspension and stable
The performance of dispersion.In addition, sodium citrate, disodium edta, sodium carboxymethylcellulose can also be played in cleaning agent
The effect of anti redeposition agent.
In resist Sodium Benzoate, BTA, methyl benzotriazazole contained by above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent at least
It is a kind of.
Defoamer contained by above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent is emulsion-type silicon oil foam killer.These defoamers give above-mentioned water base clear
Lotion Low-foam and easily rinses characteristic.
In addition, by the control to the composition species and content contained by above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent, its pH value is 6-8.Therefore,
Aqueous cleaning agent in the various embodiments described above is neutral aqueous cleaning agent.
By mentioned earlier, above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent has by the synergy between the composition and composition contained by it
The mechanism of action of following method:
The wetting of surfactant and penetration mechanism:By the wetting action of surfactant, by dirt particles and treat clear
Wash surface to be soaked.In aqueous medium, solid-liquid interface forms diffusion electric double layer, due to PCB printing-inks residual and treat clear
Wash surface institute band electric charge it is electrical general identical, there is repulsive interaction between the two, weaken adhesion strength, while using table
The penetration mechanism of face activating agent, expands in dirty layer original hole and creates new hole, so as to form the various embodiments described above water
The passage that based cleaning agent is entered at dirty layer depth, enables the various embodiments described above aqueous cleaning agent to be sufficiently diffused into as much as possible
Dirty layer surface, improves cleaning performance.
Mechanism of intumescence:The various embodiments described above aqueous cleaning agent can make to expand effect inside PCB printing-inks dirt layer, make
There is crackle and gap inside ink dirt Rotating fields, increase the active area of the various embodiments described above aqueous cleaning agent.Strong
Expansion makes dirt more easy to fall off.
Grease or the deliquescent Mechanism of Degreasing of oiliness pollution:Rule of similarity.Using in PCB printing-inks residual
The extraordinary solvent of ether ester type of dissolubility, the polyalcohol dibasic ester such as various types of resins, pigment, dyestuff, filler and auxiliary agent
(EGDA) equal solvent, reaches the effect of " dissolving " PCB printing-ink residual soils.
Dispersion mechanism:Surfactant, water and builder in the various embodiments described above aqueous cleaning agent can promote ink residual
Dirt is stayed to be stripped out so that cleaning agent can continue to and dirty layer effect, accelerate wash course.
Therefore, the various embodiments described above aqueous cleaning agent is good to PCB material compatibility, to PCB elements and the aluminium of silk-screen screen frame
Alloy etc. is corrosion-free, and PCB ink is particularly to ink quickly can effectively be cleaned.And the composition contained by aqueous cleaning agent is
Neutral products without acid-base material, moderate performance is not halogen-containing, without phosphorus corrosion-free without flash-point, environmentally safe, to human body
Fanout free region, low cost, and in neutrality, waste water is disposable.
On the other hand, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides a kind of preparation method of above-mentioned aqueous cleaning agent.The preparation side
Method comprises the steps:
Step S01:It is former that the composition contained by aqueous cleaning agent and content ratio as described above measures respectively each composition
Material;
Step S02:The each described component materials for weighing are carried out into mixing treatment.
Specifically, as above Wenshui base is clear for the composition and content ratio contained by the aqueous cleaning agent described in above-mentioned steps S01
Described in lotion, in order to save length, will not be described here.
Mixing treatment in above-mentioned steps S02 can adopt the conventional mixing treatment in this area, such as stir, charging sequence
Can feed according to the charging sequence of conventional cleaning agent, no matter which kind of method is mixing treatment is carried out using, as long as each composition is former
Material is well mixed.
Therefore, the aqueous cleaning agent dispersion that the aqueous cleaning agent preparation method is obtained is stablized, so as to it cleans ink
Ability, it is strong particularly to clean PCB ink cleaning force, due to be using water as solvent, therefore, in preparation process middle ring security personnel
Entirely, to human body non-hazardous, cost is reduced.In addition, its process conditions is easily-controllable, the aqueous cleaning agent stable performance of preparation.
Another further aspect, above on the basis of aqueous cleaning agent and preparation method thereof, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides one
Plant the cleaning method of PCB ink.The present embodiment cleaning method is comprised the step of:Using embodiment of the present invention aqueous-base cleaning above
Aqueous cleaning agent prepared by agent or above embodiment of the present invention preparation method carries out cleaning PCB ink.
Below technical scheme is described further with specific embodiment.
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment provides a kind of PCB ink special-purpose non-toxic environmental protection neutrality aqueous cleaning agent, in terms of quality percentage, by following
Component is constituted:
The present embodiment aqueous cleaning agent preparation method is:By the above-mentioned each component mixing and stirring of the present embodiment 1.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment provides a kind of PCB ink special-purpose non-toxic environmental protection neutrality aqueous cleaning agent, in terms of quality percentage, by following
Component is constituted:
The present embodiment aqueous cleaning agent preparation method is:By the above-mentioned each component mixing and stirring of the present embodiment 1.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment provides a kind of PCB ink special-purpose non-toxic environmental protection neutrality aqueous cleaning agent, in terms of quality percentage, by following
Component is constituted:
The present embodiment aqueous cleaning agent preparation method is:By the above-mentioned each component mixing and stirring of the present embodiment 1.
Embodiment 4
The present embodiment provides a kind of PCB ink special-purpose non-toxic environmental protection neutrality aqueous cleaning agent, in terms of quality percentage, by following
Component is constituted:
The present embodiment aqueous cleaning agent preparation method is:By the above-mentioned each component mixing and stirring of the present embodiment 1.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example provides a kind of cleaning agent, composed of the following components in terms of quality percentage:
The present embodiment aqueous cleaning agent preparation method is:By the above-mentioned each component mixing and stirring of the present embodiment 1.
Correlated performance is tested
The PCB ink special-purpose non-toxic environmental protection neutrality aqueous cleaning agent that above-described embodiment 1-4 is provided and comparative example 1 carry
For cleaning agent carry out respectively such as the test of correlated performance in table 1 below.Test result is as shown in table 1 below:
Table 1
It can be seen from Table 1 that, from table 1 it follows that environmental protection neutrality aqueous cleaning agent provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Cleaning rate reaches 100%, and rust-preventing characteristic is good, hence it is evident that better than comparative example 1.
Presently preferred embodiments of the present invention is the foregoing is only, not to limit the present invention, all essences in the present invention
Any modification, equivalent and improvement made within god and principle etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of aqueous cleaning agent, it is characterised in that:It is by following weight/mass percentage composition into being grouped into:
2. aqueous cleaning agent as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:The surfactant is Gemini surface active
With the compound of nonionic surfactant.
3. aqueous cleaning agent as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that:The Gemini surface active and non-ionic surface
The mass ratio of activating agent is 1:(1-1.5).
4. aqueous cleaning agent as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, it is characterised in that:The Gemini surface active is selected
Gemini sulfonate surfactants;The nonionic surfactant selects AEO, fatty acid methyl ester
At least one in ethoxylate, isomeric alcohol polyethenoxy ether.
5. aqueous cleaning agent as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that:The AEO is AEO-9, described
Isomeric alcohol polyethenoxy ether is heterogeneous ten alcohol polyoxyethylene ether.
6. claim 1-3,5 it is arbitrary as described in aqueous cleaning agent, it is characterised in that:The environmentally friendly solvent is molten from ether-ether class
At least one in agent and polyalcohol dibasic ester (EGDA);The builder selects sodium citrate, disodium edta, carboxylic
At least one in methylcellulose.
7. claim 1-3,5 it is arbitrary as described in aqueous cleaning agent, it is characterised in that:The resist is Sodium Benzoate, benzene
And at least one in triazole, methyl benzotriazazole;The defoamer selects emulsion-type silicon oil foam killer.
8. claim 1-3,5 it is arbitrary as described in aqueous cleaning agent, it is characterised in that:The aqueous cleaning agent pH value is 6-8.
9. a kind of preparation method of cleaning agent, it is characterised in that comprise the steps:
It is former that each composition is measured respectively according to the composition and content ratio contained by the arbitrary described aqueous cleaning agent of claim 1-8
Material;
The each described component materials for weighing are carried out into mixing treatment.
10. a kind of PCB ink cleaning method, including using the arbitrary described aqueous cleaning agent of claim 1-8 or claim 9
Aqueous cleaning agent prepared by described preparation method carries out the step of cleaning PCB ink.
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Cited By (6)
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CN108250828A (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2018-07-06 | 深圳市合明科技有限公司 | For cleaning aqueous cleaning agent of white household electrical appliances ink and preparation method thereof |
CN108587297A (en) * | 2018-04-10 | 2018-09-28 | 苏州龙腾万里化工科技有限公司 | A kind of photosensitive type detergent for ink |
CN109735226A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-05-10 | 珠海市润星泰电器有限公司 | A kind of lining material and preparation method thereof for light-alloy slurrying |
CN112522037A (en) * | 2020-12-11 | 2021-03-19 | 苏州柯仕达电子材料有限公司 | Neutral water-based cleaning agent for cleaning PCB and preparation method thereof |
CN114007338A (en) * | 2020-07-28 | 2022-02-01 | 珠海方正印刷电路板发展有限公司 | Cleaning method and cleaning device for printed circuit board |
CN114980550A (en) * | 2022-07-22 | 2022-08-30 | 昆山市板明电子科技有限公司 | Circuit board ink stripping agent and circuit board ink stripping method |
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN108250828A (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2018-07-06 | 深圳市合明科技有限公司 | For cleaning aqueous cleaning agent of white household electrical appliances ink and preparation method thereof |
CN108587297A (en) * | 2018-04-10 | 2018-09-28 | 苏州龙腾万里化工科技有限公司 | A kind of photosensitive type detergent for ink |
CN109735226A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-05-10 | 珠海市润星泰电器有限公司 | A kind of lining material and preparation method thereof for light-alloy slurrying |
WO2020119787A1 (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2020-06-18 | 珠海市润星泰电器有限公司 | Coated material for light alloy pulping and preparation method therefor |
CN114007338A (en) * | 2020-07-28 | 2022-02-01 | 珠海方正印刷电路板发展有限公司 | Cleaning method and cleaning device for printed circuit board |
CN112522037A (en) * | 2020-12-11 | 2021-03-19 | 苏州柯仕达电子材料有限公司 | Neutral water-based cleaning agent for cleaning PCB and preparation method thereof |
CN114980550A (en) * | 2022-07-22 | 2022-08-30 | 昆山市板明电子科技有限公司 | Circuit board ink stripping agent and circuit board ink stripping method |
CN114980550B (en) * | 2022-07-22 | 2022-11-22 | 昆山市板明电子科技有限公司 | Circuit board ink stripping agent and circuit board ink stripping method |
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Application publication date: 20170510 |