CN106590907A - Graphene-containing metal cutting fluid and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Graphene-containing metal cutting fluid and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M173/00—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water
- C10M173/02—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water not containing mineral or fatty oils
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/04—Elements
- C10M2201/041—Carbon; Graphite; Carbon black
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
- C10M2209/104—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
- C10M2209/109—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups esterified
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M2215/042—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Alkoxylated derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
- C10M2215/221—Six-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
- C10M2215/222—Triazines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
- C10M2215/223—Five-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
- C10M2215/225—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
- C10M2215/226—Morpholines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/041—Siloxanes with specific structure containing aliphatic substituents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/16—Antiseptic; (micro) biocidal or bactericidal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/64—Environmental friendly compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/20—Metal working
- C10N2040/22—Metal working with essential removal of material, e.g. cutting, grinding or drilling
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a graphene-containing metal cutting fluid and a preparation method thereof. The graphene-containing metal cutting fluid comprises 0.5 to 5% of a lubricating additive, 25 to 35% of a rust inhibitor, 0.5 to 1% of an antifoaming agent, 0.5 to 1.5 % a corrosion inhibitor, 10 to 20% a surfactant, 1 to 2% a preservative fungicide and the balance of water. The preparation method mainly comprises 1) preparing a main additive, and 2) preparing a finished product by mixing stirring. The lubricating additive is a graphene-containing dispersion liquid. The water-based fully synthetic cutting fluid has good lubricity, wear resistance, rust resistance, cleaness and cooling effects. The inorganic material graphene produces small influence on the environment and is conducive to environmental protection.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to metalworking fluid technical field, more particularly, to the metalworking fluid and its system of a kind of graphene-containing
Preparation Method.
Background technology
Metalworking fluid is a kind of important auxiliary material required for metal cutting process, play lubrication, cooling,
The effect such as cleaning and antirust, and then tool life can be extended, improve the functions such as crudy and precision, energy saving.With
The continuous development of metalworking fluid technology, cutting fluid species is more and more numerous and diverse, but can be largely classified into oil base by the difference of medium
Type and aqua type cutting fluid.In general, oil-soluble cutting fluid lubrication is functional, its poor cooling performance, further, since its contain compared with
Many base oils, and very serious impact is caused to environment, therefore oil type cutting fluid will certainly progressively be taken by aqua type cutting fluid
Generation.Water-soluble metalworking liquid has good cooling performance and cleaning performance, and low cost, the advantages of environmentally friendly.However, water base
Type cutting fluid also has many inferior positions, and such as boundary lubrication is poor, so as to cause very seriously fretting wear.Therefore, in reality
Using in, need to add the additive for possessing various functions.At present, added additive is mainly with containing based on the elements such as P, Cl, S
Additive, this kind of additive not only can be produced a very large impact to environment, and harmful to person health.With social progress, people
The enhancing of environmental consciousness, the environmental problem caused by cutting fluid is increasingly paid close attention to by people, and these additives will certainly will be limited progressively
Make and eliminate.In addition, as modernization manufacturing industry is developed rapidly, this proposes requirements at the higher level to metal working fluid quality and performance.
Therefore, develop novel environment friendly lubricating additive and novel water-based cutting formula of liquid has important economic worth and using value.
Graphene, as a kind of novel nano inorganic material, is the focus of research recent years.Using it as solid lubrication
During agent, some unique properties are shown in terms of tribology.At present, only minority scholar's research is with regard to Graphene or stone
Property and application of the black alkene as additive in terms of tribology, research finds Graphene to add in metalworking fluid, can show
Work reduces the coefficient of friction between tool-workpiece.With Graphene content increase, further improve working metal liquid lubrication and
Cooling performance.In addition, cutting fluid is continuously reduced to tool surface wettability also with the increase of Graphene content, this is caused
Graphene more solution enters into tool-workpiece interface, while solid-liquid contact area is also increased, so as to also further increase
Cooling effect, but fail to be promoted because the stability of system is not good enough.
The content of the invention
In order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, it is an object of the invention to provide a kind of metalworking fluid of graphene-containing and
Its preparation method.The aqueous cutting fluid of the present invention has the features such as lubricating good with cooling performance, environmentally friendly.
Technical scheme is specifically described as follows.
The present invention provides a kind of metalworking fluid of graphene-containing, and by weight percentage, its raw material composition is as follows:0.5-
5% lubricating additive, 25-35% antirust agent, 0.5-1% defoamers, 0.5-1.5% corrosion inhibiter, 10-20% surfactants,
1-2% anticorrosion and bactericidal agents, balance of water;Its gross weight meets 100%;Wherein:Described antirust agent be hydramine, described lubrication
Property additive be graphene dispersing solution, its raw material composition presses following percent by weight:
Graphene oxide 0.1~0.3%
APES 1~3%
Diethanol amine 0.3~0.5%
Balance of water.
In the present invention, described antirust agent is in dimethylethanolamine, isopropanolamine, diethanol amine or triethanolamine
It is at least one.
In the present invention, the defoamer is dimethicone or polyethers.
In the present invention, one or two in BTA or methyl benzotriazazole of corrosion inhibiter.
In the present invention, one kind in triethanolamine oleate, APEO or the polyoxyethylene ester of surfactant or
Two kinds.
In the present invention, at least one of the anticorrosion and bactericidal agent in Hexahydrotriazine compounds, morpholine and its derivative.
The present invention also provides a kind of preparation method of the metalworking fluid of above-mentioned graphene-containing, comprises the following steps that:
(1) antirust agent, surfactant, corrosion inhibiter, defoamer and anticorrosion and bactericidal agent are added to the water and stir mixing, obtained
To mixed liquor;
(2) graphene dispersing solution for preparing is added drop-wise in the mixed liquor obtained by step (1), ultrasonic agitation is obtained final product and contained
The metalworking fluid of Graphene.
Compared to the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention is:
The present invention is a kind of metalworking fluid of graphene-containing, by adding Graphene lubrication addition toward metalworking fluid
Agent, can significantly improve lubricity, wear resistence, wetability and cooling of the cutting fluid etc..
Further, the present invention is a kind of metalworking fluid of graphene-containing, using Graphene as solid lubrication additive,
Belong to environment-friendly materials.Therefore, in use and after use, it is less on environment and healthy impact.
Further, the present invention relates to a kind of metalworking fluid of graphene-containing, because the carrier of this metalworking fluid is water,
Therefore, it can greatly reduce environmental pollution, reduce production cost and energy consumption.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail with reference to specific case study on implementation, but the present invention is not limited only to following case study on implementation.
Embodiment 1
A kind of metalworking fluid of graphene-containing, its raw material composition is calculated by following percentage by weight:0.5% lubrication addition
Agent, 30% antirust agent, 0.8% defoamer, 1% corrosion inhibiter, 15% surfactant, 1.5% anticorrosion and bactericidal agent, balance of water.
Described oiliness additive is graphene dispersing solution, and its raw material composition is calculated by following percetage by weight:
Graphene oxide:0.1%
APES:2%
Diethanol amine:0.4%
Balance of deionized water
The compound method of above-mentioned lubricating additive, its specific operating procedure is as follows:
A certain amount of graphene oxide for preparing is placed in deionized water, then ultrasonic disperse, obtains graphite oxide
Alkene suspension, the APES solution for preparing then is added drop-wise in suspension and quickly stir, afterwards will be mixed
Close liquid and continue ultrasonically treated, be then 4 by diethanol amine and graphene oxide mass ratio:1, diethanol amine, and ultrasound is added dropwise
30min, above-mentioned solution is finally placed in 50 DEG C of oil bath pans react 12h, that is, obtain lubricating additive graphene dispersing solution.
The antirust agent is at least in the preferred dimethylethanolamine of hydramine, isopropanolamine, diethanol amine, triethanolamine
Kind;
The defoamer dimethicone or polyethers;
The corrosion inhibiter is one or both of BTA, methyl benzotriazazole mixture;
The surfactant is one or more in triethanolamine oleate, APEO, polyoxyethylene ester
Mixture;
The anticorrosion and bactericidal agent is at least one in Hexahydrotriazine compounds, morpholine and its derivative.
A kind of above-mentioned graphene-containing metal cutting liquid and preparation method thereof, mainly includes the following steps that:
(1) antirust agent, surfactant, corrosion inhibiter and defoamer be added in deionized water successively, and stir mixing
Be uniformly mixed liquid;
(2) graphene dispersing solution for preparing is added drop-wise in the mixed liquor obtained by step (1), and ultrasound 30min, obtain final product
Graphene-containing aqueous cutting fluid.
Embodiment 2
A kind of metalworking fluid of graphene-containing, its raw material composition is calculated by following percentage by weight:2% lubrication addition
Agent, 30% antirust agent, 0.8% defoamer, 1% corrosion inhibiter, 15% surfactant, 1.5% anticorrosion and bactericidal agent, balance of water.
Described oiliness additive is graphene dispersing solution, and in percentage by weight, its raw material composition and content are same
Embodiment 1.
The compound method of described lubricating additive graphene dispersing solution is with embodiment 1.
The antirust agent is at least in the preferred dimethylethanolamine of hydramine, isopropanolamine, diethanol amine, triethanolamine
Kind;
The defoamer dimethicone or polyethers;
The corrosion inhibiter is one or both of BTA, methyl benzotriazazole mixture;
The surfactant is one or more in triethanolamine oleate, APEO, polyoxyethylene ester
Mixture;
The anticorrosion and bactericidal agent is at least one in Hexahydrotriazine compounds, morpholine and its derivative.
Above-mentioned a kind of graphene-containing metal cutting liquid and preparation method thereof, with embodiment 1.
Embodiment 3
A kind of metalworking fluid of graphene-containing, its raw material composition is calculated by following percentage by weight:4% lubrication addition
Agent, 30% antirust agent, 0.8% defoamer, 1% corrosion inhibiter, 15% surfactant, 1.5% anticorrosion and bactericidal agent, balance of water.
Described oiliness additive is graphene dispersing solution, and in percentage by weight, its raw material composition and content are same
Embodiment 1.
The compound method of described lubricating additive graphene dispersing solution is with embodiment 1.
The antirust agent is at least in the preferred dimethylethanolamine of hydramine, isopropanolamine, diethanol amine, triethanolamine
Kind;
The defoamer dimethicone or polyethers;
The corrosion inhibiter is one or both of BTA, methyl benzotriazazole mixture;
The surfactant is one or more in triethanolamine oleate, APEO, polyoxyethylene ester
Mixture;
The anticorrosion and bactericidal agent is at least one in Hexahydrotriazine compounds, morpholine and its derivative.
Above-mentioned a kind of graphene-containing metal cutting liquid and preparation method thereof, with embodiment 1.
Performance test is tested
The metalworking fluid test data of the graphene-containing of above-described embodiment 1-3 is as shown in table 1.
Table 1
In sum, the present invention relates to a kind of cutting fluid of graphene-containing and preparation method thereof, the lubricity of the cutting fluid,
Cooling and rust-preventing characteristic are fabulous, and without the additive of the element such as base oil and P, S, Cl, therefore to environment and harm
It is little, belong to environment-friendly type water base cutting fluid.The above is only the basic explanation under present inventive concept, and according to the technology of the present invention
Any equivalent transformation that scheme is made, belongs to protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of metalworking fluid of graphene-containing, it is characterised in that by weight percentage, its raw material composition is as follows:0.5-
5% lubricating additive, 25-35% antirust agent, 0.5-1% defoamers, 0.5-1.5% corrosion inhibiter, 10-20% surfactants,
1-2% anticorrosion and bactericidal agents, balance of water;Its gross weight meets 100%;Wherein:Described antirust agent be hydramine, described lubrication
Property additive be graphene dispersing solution, its raw material composition presses following percent by weight:
Graphene oxide 0.1~0.3%
APES 1~3%
Diethanol amine 0.3~0.5%
Balance of water.
2. the metalworking fluid of graphene-containing according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described antirust agent is selected from diformazan
At least one in ethylethanolamine, isopropanolamine, diethanol amine or triethanolamine.
3. the metalworking fluid of graphene-containing according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the defoamer is dimethyl-silicon
Oil or polyethers.
4. the metalworking fluid of graphene-containing according to claim 1, it is characterised in that corrosion inhibiter is selected from BTA
Or one or two in methyl benzotriazazole.
5. the metalworking fluid of graphene-containing according to claim 1, it is characterised in that surfactant is selected from oleic acid three
One or two in monoethanolamine, APEO or polyoxyethylene ester.
6. the metalworking fluid of graphene-containing according to claim 1, it is characterised in that anticorrosion and bactericidal agent is selected from hexahydro three
At least one in piperazine compound, morpholine and its derivative.
7. a kind of preparation method of the metalworking fluid of graphene-containing according to claim 1, it is characterised in that concrete step
It is rapid as follows:
(1) antirust agent, surfactant, corrosion inhibiter, defoamer and anticorrosion and bactericidal agent are added to the water and stir mixing, mixed
Close liquid;
(2) graphene dispersing solution for preparing is added drop-wise in the mixed liquor obtained by step (1), ultrasonic agitation obtains final product graphitiferous
The metalworking fluid of alkene.
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Cited By (5)
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CN107312609A (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-11-03 | 济南天健碳纳米材料有限公司 | A kind of graphene synthetic cutting fluid and preparation method thereof |
CN107603724A (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2018-01-19 | 广西大学 | A kind of graphene synergy need not discharge environment-friendly type water-base cutting fluid and preparation method thereof |
CN108865388A (en) * | 2018-07-24 | 2018-11-23 | 上海应用技术大学 | A kind of synthesis type cutting fluid of the molybdenum sulfide containing nano particle and preparation method thereof |
CN108998167A (en) * | 2018-09-01 | 2018-12-14 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | A kind of graphene modified emulsifying liquid, preparation method and application |
CN115386415A (en) * | 2021-05-25 | 2022-11-25 | 常州海纳环保科技有限公司 | Formula for improving dispersion stability of graphene in superfinishing liquid and preparation method |
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107312609A (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-11-03 | 济南天健碳纳米材料有限公司 | A kind of graphene synthetic cutting fluid and preparation method thereof |
CN107603724A (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2018-01-19 | 广西大学 | A kind of graphene synergy need not discharge environment-friendly type water-base cutting fluid and preparation method thereof |
CN108865388A (en) * | 2018-07-24 | 2018-11-23 | 上海应用技术大学 | A kind of synthesis type cutting fluid of the molybdenum sulfide containing nano particle and preparation method thereof |
CN108998167A (en) * | 2018-09-01 | 2018-12-14 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | A kind of graphene modified emulsifying liquid, preparation method and application |
CN108998167B (en) * | 2018-09-01 | 2022-03-04 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | Graphene modified emulsion, and preparation method and application thereof |
CN115386415A (en) * | 2021-05-25 | 2022-11-25 | 常州海纳环保科技有限公司 | Formula for improving dispersion stability of graphene in superfinishing liquid and preparation method |
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