CN106589910A - 聚氨酯泡沫及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及泡沫材料技术领域,本发明提出了一种聚氨酯泡沫及其制备方法。聚氨酯泡沫主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:60~100份聚合多元醇,40~60份异氰酸酯,1~4份乙烯‑醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,0.5~1.5份交联剂,2~4份发泡剂,1~2份催化剂,0.1~1份纳米颗粒。本发明还提出一种聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,包括以下步骤:将聚合多元醇、异氰酸酯、乙烯‑醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒混合并发泡。制得的聚氨酯泡沫具有优良的机械强度、柔韧性、弹性。在低温及高温的环境中,具有较好性能。聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法简单易操作,易于实现。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及泡沫材料技术领域,且特别涉及一种聚氨酯泡沫及其制备方法。
背景技术
聚氨酯泡沫具有多孔性、低密度、无臭、透气性好、耐老化的特点,应用范围十分广泛,几乎渗透到国民经济各部门,特别在家具、床具、运输、冷藏、建筑、绝热等部门使用得十分普遍,已成为不可缺少的材料之一。
当在户外条件下或温度变化较大的环境中,聚氨酯泡沫须在较大的温度范围内表现出良好的舒适和支撑性能。但模塑软泡聚氨酯泡沫使用温度受到限制。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种聚氨酯泡沫,此聚氨酯泡沫具有较好的物理性质及热性能,在温度较低或较高的条件下可以表现出较好的弹性。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,以制得物理性质较好的聚氨酯泡沫,在较大范围的温度变化下,表现出较好的回弹性。
本发明解决其技术问题是采用以下技术方案来实现的。
本发明提出一种聚氨酯泡沫,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:60~100份聚合多元醇,40~60份异氰酸酯,1~4份乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,0.5~1.5份交联剂,2~4份发泡剂,1~2份催化剂,0.1~1份纳米颗粒。
本发明提出一种聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,包括以下步骤:将聚合多元醇、异氰酸酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒混合并发泡。
本发明实施例的聚氨酯泡沫及其制备方法的有益效果是:对聚合多元醇、异氰酸酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒在进行混合发泡,制得的聚氨酯泡沫具有优良的机械强度、柔韧性、弹性。其中,纳米颗粒填塞到泡沫的孔隙中,使体系内部的孔隙不断减小,空间变得密实,从而可以提高热稳定性、增强高分子基体的力学性能。乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物增强了泡沫的回弹性、韧性,使泡沫可耐严寒和曝晒。聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法简单易操作,易于实现。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
下面对本发明实施例的聚氨酯泡沫及其制备方法进行具体说明。
本发明实施例提供的一种聚氨酯泡沫,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:60~100份聚合多元醇,40~60份异氰酸酯,1~4份乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,0.5~1.5份交联剂,2~4份发泡剂,1~2份催化剂,0.1~1份纳米颗粒。
进一步地,在本发明较佳实施例中,聚合多元醇包括聚醚多元醇、接枝聚醚多元醇中的至少一种。
进一步地,在本发明较佳实施例中,聚醚多元醇、接枝聚醚多元醇的相对分子质量均大于4500。
聚醚多元醇与异氰酸酯反应生成含异氰酸酯端基的聚氨酯预聚体,同时,若发泡剂选用水,异氰酸根与水反应生成的氨基甲酸不稳定,分解生成胺与二氧化碳气体,在聚合物中形成气泡。在聚氨酯的合成过程中,所用原料官能度通常均大于或等于2,当官能度大于2时,生成的聚氨酯分子将出现支化和交联网状结构,交联网状结构使得发泡体系能够迅速凝胶。
具体的,在本发明中,聚醚多元醇为聚醚多元醇KGF5020,聚醚多元醇KGF5020是相对分子质量为5000的最具代表性的高分子量、高活性聚醚多元醇,用途非常广泛。用于普通泡沫的聚醚多元醇分子量一般为3000~4000,高回弹泡沫则多采用分子量在4500~6000的聚醚多元醇。分子量增加,泡沫的拉伸强度、伸长率和回弹性提高。
接枝聚醚多元醇是一类由通用聚醚或含有双链的聚醚在烯烃单体进行接枝共聚合制备的特种聚醚多元醇。常温下为奶黄色至乳白色勤稠液体。用于制备具有较高拉伸强度和较高压缩负荷的高回弹聚氨酯软泡,也可用于制备聚氨脂弹性体等。
进一步地,在本发明较佳实施例中,异氰酸酯包括甲苯二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯中的一种或两种。
在聚氨酯的合成过程中,多元醇与异氰酸酯生成含有-NH-结构的脲基和氨基甲酸酯,在高温下,脲基和氨基甲酸酯与-NCO反应生成脲基甲酸酯和缩二脲交联,交联结构有助于增加体系的交联度,有助于增加泡沫的强度。
异氰酸酯原料以甲苯二异氰酸酯为主。甲苯二异氰酸酯为无色透明至淡黄色液体,有刺激性气味;遇光颜色变深。与乙醚、二甘醇、丙酮、四氯化碳、苯、氯苯、煤油、橄榄油混溶。能与含羟基的化合物、水、胺和具有活泼氢原子的化合物反应生成氨基甲酸酯、脲、氨基脲等。
二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯与甲苯二异氰酸酯相比,对呼吸器官刺激性小。二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯为白色至淡黄色熔触固体,加热时有刺激性臭味。可溶于丙酮、四氯化碳、苯、氯苯、煤油、硝基苯、二氧六环等。
乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物具有良好的化学稳定性、耐老化、耐臭氧性。密闭泡孔结构、不吸水、防潮、耐水性能良好。耐海水、油脂、酸、碱等化学品腐蚀,抗菌、无毒、无味、无污染。回弹性和抗张力高,韧性高,具有良好的防震、缓冲性能。隔热,保温防寒及低温性能优异,可耐严寒和曝晒。加入乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物有助于泡沫性能的改善。
交联剂是一种能在线型分子间起架桥作用,从而使多个线型分子相互键合交联成网状结构的物质。在本发明中,交联剂为二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺中的一种或两种。二乙醇胺为无色粘性液体或结晶。有碱性,能吸收空气中的二氧化碳和硫化氢等气体。三乙醇胺无色至淡黄色透明粘稠液体,微有氨味,低温时成为无色至淡黄色立方晶系晶体。露置于空气中时颜色渐渐变深。易溶于水、乙醇、丙酮、甘油及乙二醇等,微溶于苯、乙醚及四氯化碳等,在非极性溶剂中几乎不溶解。
发泡剂促进发泡气体释放,形成空隙或泡孔,使聚合物体积膨胀、泡沫上升,气泡不再产生,聚合物泡沫壁最终达到饱和平衡,完成聚发泡过程。。该过程产生大量热量,此热量有助于反应的完成。在本发明中,发泡剂可用水或物理发泡剂,如二氯甲烷。水产生二氧化碳,使聚氨酯发泡。
催化剂促进异氰酸酯的放热反应,在本发明中,催化剂可以为三乙胺、辛酸亚锡或二丁基锡二月硅酸酯中的一种或多种。
进一步地,在本发明较佳实施例中,纳米颗粒包括纳米二氧化硅、纳米二氧化钛、纳米碳酸钙、纳米碳纤维中的一种或多种。
纳米颗粒填塞到泡沫的孔隙中,使体系内部的孔隙不断减小,空间变得密实,从而可以提高热稳定性、增强高分子基体的力学性能。如纳米二氧化硅、纳米二氧化钛、纳米碳酸钙、纳米碳纤维。
本发明还提供了上述聚氨酯泡沫的制作方法,包括以下步骤:
将聚合多元醇、异氰酸酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒混合并通过发泡剂进行发泡。
进一步地,在本发明较佳实施例中,可以将聚合多元醇、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒置于反应釜中在20~30℃的条件下以2000~5000r/min的速率搅拌1~2小时后,再与30~50℃的异氰酸酯混合通过发泡剂进行发泡。
在反应釜中进行充分的搅拌,纳米颗粒可以均匀的分散在混合物中,在与异氰酸酯混合发泡的过程中,纳米颗粒可以充分的填塞到泡沫的孔隙中,可以更好的提高热稳定性。
在常温下,异氰酸酯反应速度较慢,加热至30~50℃,异氰酸酯的反应速率加快,进而增加发泡速率。
以下结合实施例对本发明的特征和性能作进一步的详细描述。
实施例1
本实施例提供的一种聚氨酯泡沫,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:60份聚合多元醇,40份异氰酸酯,1份乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,0.5份交联剂,2份发泡剂,1份催化剂,0.1份纳米颗粒。
其中,聚合多元醇为三羟甲基丙烷聚醚,异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯,交联剂为二乙醇胺,发泡剂为二氯甲烷,催化剂为三乙胺,纳米颗粒为纳米二氧化钛。
一种聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,将本实施例中的聚合多元醇、甲苯二异氰酸酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒置于容器中搅拌,用发泡机在20℃的条件下发泡。
实施例2
本实施例提供的一种聚氨酯泡沫,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:80份聚合多元醇,50份异氰酸酯,3份乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,1份交联剂,3份发泡剂,1份催化剂,1份纳米颗粒。
其中,聚合多元醇为聚醚多元醇KGF5020,异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯,交联剂为二乙醇胺,发泡剂为水,催化剂为三乙胺、辛酸亚锡及二丁基锡二月硅酸酯的混合物,纳米颗粒为纳米二氧化硅。
一种聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,将本实施例中的聚合多元醇、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒置于反应釜中搅拌1小时,搅拌温度为25℃,搅拌速率为3000r/min,得第一混合物。
将第一混合物与40℃的异氰酸酯通过发泡机发泡,得到聚氨酯泡沫产品。
实施例3
本实施例提供的一种聚氨酯泡沫,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:80份聚合多元醇,50份异氰酸酯,3份乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,1份交联剂,3份发泡剂,1份催化剂,1份纳米颗粒。
其中,聚合多元醇为聚醚多元醇KGF5020、接枝聚醚多元醇,异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯,交联剂为二乙醇胺,发泡剂为水;催化剂为三乙胺、辛酸亚锡及二丁基锡二月硅酸酯的混合物,纳米颗粒为纳米二氧化钛。
一种聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,将本实施例中的聚合多元醇、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒置于反应釜中搅拌1.5小时,搅拌温度为30℃,搅拌速率为3000r/min,得第一混合物。
将第一混合物与40℃的异氰酸酯通过发泡机发泡,得到聚氨酯泡沫产品。
实施例4
本实施例提供的一种聚氨酯泡沫,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:100份聚合多元醇,60份异氰酸酯,4份乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,1.5份交联剂,4份发泡剂,2份催化剂,0.5份纳米颗粒。
其中,聚合多元醇为聚醚多元醇KGF5020、接枝聚醚多元醇,异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯与二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯的混合物,交联剂为二乙醇胺与三乙醇胺的混合物,发泡剂为水,催化剂为三乙胺及二丁基锡二月硅酸酯的混合物,纳米颗粒为纳米碳酸钙。
一种聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,将本实施例中的聚合多元醇、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒置于反应釜中搅拌2小时,搅拌温度为30℃,搅拌速率为5000r/min,得第一混合物。
将第一混合物与50℃的异氰酸酯通过发泡机发泡,得到聚氨酯泡沫产品。
实施例5
本实施例提供的一种聚氨酯泡沫,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:60份聚合多元醇,40份异氰酸酯,4份乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,0.5份交联剂,4份发泡剂,1份催化剂,0.1份纳米颗粒。
其中,聚合多元醇为接枝聚醚多元醇,异氰酸酯为二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯,交联剂为三乙醇胺,发泡剂为水,催化剂为辛酸亚锡,纳米颗粒为纳米碳纤维与纳米碳酸钙的混合物。
一种聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,将按重量份计的聚合多元醇、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒置于反应釜中搅拌1.5小时,搅拌温度为20℃,搅拌速率为2000r/min,得第一混合物。
将第一混合物与30℃的异氰酸酯通过发泡机发泡,得到聚氨酯泡沫产品。
对比例1
本实施例提供的一种聚氨酯泡沫,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:60份聚合多元醇,40份异氰酸酯,0.5份交联剂,2份发泡剂,1份催化剂。
其中,聚合多元醇为聚醚多元醇KGF5020,异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯,交联剂为二乙醇胺,发泡剂为水,催化剂为三乙胺。
一种聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,将本实施例中的聚合多元醇、甲苯二异氰酸酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒用发泡机在20℃的条件下发泡。
对比例2
本实施例提供一种聚氨酯泡沫,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:90份植物油聚醚,35份异氰酸酯,3份水,1份催化剂A400,1份交联剂DEOA85,1份表面活性剂DC6070。
一种聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,将90份植物油聚醚,3份水,1份催化剂A400,1份交联剂DEOA85,1份表面活性剂DC6070混合后再与35份异氰酸酯同时注入到模具中,升温至65℃,生成泡沫。
对实施例1~5、对比例1~2的聚氨酯泡沫在25℃的条件下进行性能测试,在0℃、50℃的条件下对本发明实施例2、实施例3的泡沫产品进行测试,测试方法及标准参照ECER44法规及GB27887-2011,测试结果见表1。
表1聚氨酯泡沫性能对比表
由表1可知,本发明实施例2、实施例3的泡沫产品密度较好,撕裂强度、拉伸强度较好,机械强度更佳;泡沫的断裂伸长率及回弹率较好,柔韧性较佳。
实施例2、实施例3的聚氨酯泡沫产品在-30℃、25℃、80℃的条件下均表现出较好的物理性质、机械性能,25℃时性能最佳,密度较好,撕裂强度、拉伸强度较好、柔韧性较佳。通过实施例的聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法制得的泡沫可以在低温及高温环境下使用。
综上所述,本发明实施例通过对聚合多元醇、异氰酸酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、交联剂、发泡剂、催化剂、纳米颗粒在一定的条件下进行混合发泡,制得的聚氨酯泡沫具有优良的机械强度、柔韧性、弹性。其中,纳米颗粒填塞到泡沫的孔隙中,使体系内部的孔隙不断减小,空间变得密实,从而可以提高热稳定性、增强高分子基体的力学性能。乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物增强了泡沫的回弹性、韧性,使泡沫可耐严寒和曝晒。聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法简单易操作,易于实现。
以上所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。本发明的实施例的详细描述并非旨在限制要求保护的本发明的范围,而是仅仅表示本发明的选定实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种聚氨酯泡沫,其特征在于,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:60~100份聚合多元醇,40~60份异氰酸酯,1~4份乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,0.5~1.5份交联剂,2~4份发泡剂,1~2份催化剂,0.1~1份纳米颗粒。
2.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯泡沫,其特征在于,主要由按照重量份计的以下组分经发泡制作而成:80~100份所述聚合多元醇,40~50份所述异氰酸酯,2~4份所述乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,0.5~1.5份所述交联剂,2~3份所述发泡剂,1~2份所述催化剂,0.1~1份所述纳米颗粒。
3.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯泡沫,其特征在于,所述聚合多元醇包括聚醚多元醇、接枝聚醚多元醇中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求3所述的聚氨酯泡沫,其特征在于,所述聚醚多元醇、所述接枝聚醚多元醇的相对分子质量均大于4500。
5.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯泡沫,其特征在于,所述异氰酸酯包括甲苯二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯中的一种或两种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯泡沫,其特征在于,所述纳米颗粒包括纳米二氧化硅、纳米二氧化钛、纳米碳酸钙、纳米碳纤维中的一种或多种。
7.一种权利要求1至6任一项所述的聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:将所述聚合多元醇、所述异氰酸酯、所述乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、所述交联剂、所述发泡剂、所述催化剂、所述纳米颗粒混合并发泡。
8.根据权利要求7所述的聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,其特征在于,混合所述聚合多元醇、所述异氰酸酯、所述乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、所述交联剂、所述发泡剂、所述催化剂、所述纳米颗粒的方法包括:在反应釜中搅拌所述聚合多元醇、所述乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、所述交联剂、所述发泡剂、所述催化剂、所述纳米颗粒制得第一混合物,将所述第一混合物与所述异氰酸酯混合。
9.根据权利要求8所述的聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述反应釜中搅拌所述第一混合物的条件为:搅拌温度20~30℃,搅拌速率2000~5000r/min,搅拌时间1~2小时。
10.根据权利要求8所述的聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法,其特征在于,所述第一混合物与所述异氰酸酯混合时,所述异氰酸酯的温度为30~50℃。
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