CN106565340A - Cultivation material for improving agaricus bisporus yield and amino acid content and cultivating method of cultivation material - Google Patents
Cultivation material for improving agaricus bisporus yield and amino acid content and cultivating method of cultivation material Download PDFInfo
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- CN106565340A CN106565340A CN201610980030.2A CN201610980030A CN106565340A CN 106565340 A CN106565340 A CN 106565340A CN 201610980030 A CN201610980030 A CN 201610980030A CN 106565340 A CN106565340 A CN 106565340A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D3/00—Calcareous fertilisers
Abstract
The invention relates to a cultivation material for improving the agaricus bisporus yield and the amino acid content. The cultivation material is formed by mixing water and the following raw materials according to the weight proportion being (1.3-1.6):1, and the raw materials include, by weight, 20-40 parts of straw, 15-25 parts of cob, 10-15 parts of bran, 10-20 parts of dry cow dung, 10-30 parts of chicken manure power generation ash, 1.0-2.0 parts of calcium sulfate and 1.0-2.0 parts of lime. The cultivation material overcomes the defects that an existing agaricus bisporus production cultivation material and cultivating method are not good, and consequently the yield and the amino acid content are low(the delicious degree is low); and the advantages of improving the delicious yield and the amino acid content at the same time are achieved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of planting material and its cultural method for improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content, applies
On cultivation of agaricus bisporus.
Background technology
The i.e. usually said mushroom (also known as white mushroom) of Agaricus bisporuss (Agaricus bisporus), is that the world cultivates most
Extensively, yield is more, consume a kind of universal edible fungi, and Agaricus bisporuss chromaticness is delicate, and delicious meat is nutritious, is that people like
One of mushroom.Agaricus bisporuss are a kind of aerobic careless corruption funguses, belong to low form mushrooms, and its artificial culture is existing so far
The history of 300 years, Cultivation use are Caulis et Folium Oryzae, wheat straw, corn stalk and cattle manure etc., and its culturing raw material is enriched, and technology is simple, investment
It is few, instant effect, high efficiency.
But due to consumption demand it is vigorous, the yield and quality of Agaricus bisporuss (amino acid content number it is delicious with edible fungi
Correlation of attributes) still need to further be lifted.
A kind of patent of invention " brown Agaricus campestris planting material and preparation method thereof (application of Application No. CN201510298892.2
Day：20150603) a kind of brown Agaricus campestris planting material ", is described, is made up of the raw material of following weight portion：Wheat straw 40-50 parts, pig manure
20-25 parts, Chinese medicine slag 15-20 parts, corn cob 15-20 parts, soybean cake powder 3.5-4.5 parts, quick lime 3-5 parts, calcium superphosphate 1-2
Part, Gypsum Fibrosum 1-2 parts, carbamide 0.2-0.3 parts, sodium selenite 0.2-0.5 parts.The invention further relates to the preparation of the brown Agaricus campestris planting material
Method, including the pretreatment of wheat straw, pig manure, Chinese medicine slag, corn cob, soybean cake powder, and build the step such as heap fermentation, turning, after fermentation
Suddenly, can turn waste into wealth, reduce production cost, meet recycling economy, and its reasonable mixture ratio, nutrition is balanced, and fermentation time is short, mycelia
Grow, be extraordinary selenium supplement green health product, high more than the 10-15% of the more common brown Agaricus campestris of selling price, DEVELOPMENT PROSPECT are wide
It is wealthy.But, the invention can not improve mushroom yield, cannot also improve the quality and local flavor of mushroom.
" a kind of wormcast adds material as cultivation of agaricus bisporus material to the patent of invention of Application No. CN200910078469.6
Method (the applying date of material：20120223) a kind of wormcast, is described as the method for cultivation of agaricus bisporus material added material, it is first
First the wormcast for drying naturally is smashed to pieces and is sieved and is adjusted after water content, good material culture of agaricus bisporus is pressed with outdoor one time fermentation
Ratio is mixed, and is removed to mushroom house, be layered on bedstead or ground carry out being inoculated with, earthing, keep the skin wet after mycelia forms former base, and
After start harvesting.The invention from the nutrien utilization of added material and environmental conservation angularly, while in considering added material
Change of microorganism species etc., and cultivation cost is taken into account, in solving the problems, such as current north cultivation of agaricus bisporus, promote double spores
The high-efficiency high-quality benign development of mushroom industry.But, the invention does not solve the problems, such as to improve Agaricus bisporuss amino acid content.
Therefore provide it is a kind of can be while improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content and the double spore mushrooms of raising with low cost
The planting material and its cultural method of mushroom yield and amino acid content oneself become when business urgently.
The content of the invention
In order to the caused yield of the not good institute of planting material and cultural method and aminoacid that overcome existing Agaricus bisporuss production contain
Measure the shortcoming of relatively low (delicious degree is not good), the present invention provide a kind of planting material for improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content and
Its cultural method, having the advantages that can be while improves Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content.
Technical scheme is as follows：
A kind of planting material for improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content, by the raw material of water and following weight proportion with weight
Amount proportioning 1.3-1.6：1 ratio is mixed, and the raw material includes：Caulis et Folium Oryzae 20-40 parts, corn cob 15-25 parts, wheat bran 10-
15 parts, dry cow dung 10-20 part, chicken manure generate electricity ash 10-30 parts, calcium sulfate 1.0-2.0 parts, Calx 1.0-2.0 parts.
It is different from cultivation of agaricus bisporus material of the tradition with Caulis et Folium Oryzae, wheat straw, corn stalk and cattle manure as major ingredient, double spores of the application
Chicken manure generating ash, wheat bran are additionally used in the major ingredient of mushroom-cultivating material.Chicken manure generating ash is drawn materials
Waste material after electricity, which is excellent phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer, polytrophic wheat bran in collocation, improves conventionally employed Caulis et Folium Oryzae, Semen Maydiss
The nutritional labeling of core, dry cow dung as major ingredient.Compare, resource is not only realized using chicken manure generating ash sharp again
With, and the bacteria containing amount of planting material is reduced, reduce the probability of varied bacteria growing.Additionally, conventional adjuvant Calcium Carbonate is replaced
Be changed to calcium sulfate, significantly improve Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content, due to amino acid content it is how much fresh with edible fungi
U.S. degree positive correlation, therefore, the quality of Agaricus bisporuss is improved.The planting material effectively improve Agaricus bisporuss yield and
While amino acid content, also so that the waste material after chicken manure generates electricity is fully utilized, the profit again of chicken manure ash after solving to generate electricity
With problem, Agaricus bisporuss production cost is reduce further, reduce the wasting of resources, alleviate environmental pollution, economic results in society
Significantly, it is that the Agaricus bisporuss for producing high yield and high quality open a Tiao Xin roads.
The raw material includes 30 parts of Caulis et Folium Oryzae, 20 parts of corn cob, 12 parts of wheat bran, 15 parts of dry cow dung, chicken manure generating grey 20 parts, sulfur
1.5 parts of sour calcium, 1.5 parts of Calx.
The cultivation of agaricus bisporus material is preferred scheme, realizes further carrying for Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content
Rise.
The water is 1.5 with the weight proportion of raw material：1.
The ratio of water to material is optimal, both can guarantee that cultivation of agaricus bisporus material for mycelial growth and provides sufficient moisture, and had been avoided that again
The environment beneficial to fungus growth that excess moisture is caused.
The raw material also includes Herba Eichhorniae 10-12 parts, and the Herba Eichhorniae is made up of fresh Herba Eichhorniae dried and crushed.
The fiber of Herba Eichhorniae is more, and it is loose structure which is internal, after being added into cultivation of agaricus bisporus material, can be the double of aerobic type
Spore mushroom mycelium provides ventilative growing space, more conducively growth of the Agaricus bisporuss mycelia in planting material.
The raw material also includes peat 5-8 parts.
Peat is also loose structure, and which is arranged in pairs or groups with Herba Eichhorniae, can further lift the breathability of cultivation of agaricus bisporus material, more
Beneficial to the fast-growth of Agaricus bisporuss mycelia, it is to avoid the growth of miscellaneous bacteria.
The raw material includes 30 parts of Caulis et Folium Oryzae, 20 parts of corn cob, 12 parts of wheat bran, 15 parts of dry cow dung, chicken manure generating grey 20 parts, sulfur
1.5 parts of sour calcium, 1.5 parts of Calx, 11 parts of Herba Eichhorniae, 7 parts of peat, the water are 1.5 with the weight proportion of raw material：1.
Using formula, not only Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content are increased dramatically for this, and Agaricus bisporuss mycelia
Fast-growth, miscellaneous bacteria are few.
A kind of cultural method using the above-mentioned cultivating bisporous mushroom of planting material, including the following steps for carrying out successively：
1) material preparation step：First in stirring container one add stirring equal remaining raw material in addition to calcium sulfate and Calx
It is even；Then, after calcium sulfate and Calx being dissolved in a small amount of water in stirring container two, stir in adding stirring container one；
Finally remaining water is added and continues to stir in stirring container one；Afterwards, planting material pack is carried out into autoclaving；
2) inoculation step：After step 1) sterilizing after cultivation material bag temperature be down to≤27 DEG C when, Agaricus bisporuss strain is connect
Plant into the planting material；
3) mycelia culture step：Treat step 2) cultivation material bag that has been inoculated with moves into the mycelia culture room that temperature is 22-26 DEG C
Culture 55-65 days；
4) management of producing mushroom and harvesting step：Step 3 is covered with after mycelium) after cultivation material bag, the cultivation material bag is moved into
In mushroom house after sterilization, open cultivation material bag bag mouth carries out earthing process to the planting material surface, controls mushroom house humiture,
Timely collecting is carried out during the non-parachute-opening of mushroom lid after fruiting.
The cultivation of agaricus bisporus method effectively reduces production cost, and convenient to operation.
The step 3) in mycelia culture temperature be 24 DEG C, cultivated days be 65 days.
The mycelia culture temperature and the growth of cultivated days optimum Agaricus bisporuss mycelia, can make full use of planting material.
The step 4) in earthing pH value be 7.4-8.4, thickness of earth covering is 4.5-5cm, the step 4) in mushroom house
Temperature is 15-17 DEG C, and the humidity of mushroom house is 89-97%.
The earthing pH value and thickness optimum, not only reduce the infection probability of miscellaneous bacteria, and good permeability cause double spores
Mushroom mycelium growth is vigorous.The mushroom house humiture is beneficial to Agaricus bisporuss fruiting.
The step step 4) in mushroom house sterilization concretely comprise the following steps：18- is added with every cubic metre of space 8-12g potassium permanganate
The amount of 22ml formaldehyde carries out fumigation, and door and window ventilation is opened after 24 hours.
The fumigation is quick effectively, without dead angle.
Compared with prior art, the present patent application has advantages below：
1) lifted using the yield of Agaricus bisporuss after the cultivation of agaricus bisporus material, lifting amplitude is 17.91-
42.72%, in addition to cystine and L-Tyrosine, remaining 15 kinds aminoacid (aspartic acid, threonine, serine, paddy ammonia
Acid, glycine, alanine, Rhizoma et radix valerianae propylhomoserin, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, Phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, essence
Propylhomoserin, proline) content is improved largely, the equal ＞ 8% of total amino acidss content increase rate, wherein, alanine and dried meat ammonia
The amplification maximum about ＞ 19% of acid content；
2) the cultivation of agaricus bisporus material employs chicken manure and generates electricity ash, not only abundant raw material source, save labor, and favorably
In the negative effect completely using chemical nitrogen is solved, more directly using the bacteria containing amount that planting material is reduced for chicken manure, expand
Chicken manure generates electricity the use range of ash, provides new culture medium for cultivation of agaricus bisporus, is that circular agriculture explores one and has
The technological approaches of effect, open an effective development Agaricus bisporuss artificial culture and the practical road for expanding the scale of production；
3) cultivation of agaricus bisporus material increases Herba Eichhorniae, peat, beneficial to mycelial growth, reduces miscellaneous bacteria quantity；
4) method being inoculated with after processing planting material using autoclaving using the cultural method of the cultivating bisporous mushroom,
Easy to operate, low cost.
Specific embodiment
Below technical scheme is described in detail.
Embodiment 1
A kind of planting material for improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content of the present invention, the planting material by water and
The raw material of following weight proportion is with weight proportion 1.5：1 ratio is mixed, and the raw material includes：30 parts of Caulis et Folium Oryzae, corn cob
20 parts, 12 parts of wheat bran, 15 parts of dry cow dung, chicken manure generate electricity ash 20 parts, 1.5 parts of calcium sulfate, 1.5 parts of Calx.
Using the cultural method of the above-mentioned cultivating bisporous mushroom of planting material, including the following steps for carrying out successively：
1) material preparation step：First in stirring container one add stirring equal remaining raw material in addition to calcium sulfate and Calx
It is even；Then, after calcium sulfate and Calx being dissolved in a small amount of water in stirring container two, stir in adding stirring container one；
Finally remaining water is added and continues to stir in stirring container one；Afterwards, planting material pack is carried out into autoclaving；
2) inoculation step：After step 1) sterilizing after cultivation material bag temperature be down to≤27 DEG C when, Agaricus bisporuss strain is connect
Plant into the planting material；
3) mycelia culture step：Treat step 2) cultivation material bag that has been inoculated with moves into the mycelia culture room culture that temperature is 24 DEG C
65 days；
4) management of producing mushroom and harvesting step：Step 3 is covered with after mycelium) after cultivation material bag, the cultivation material bag is moved into
In mushroom house after sterilization, open cultivation material bag bag mouth carries out earthing process to the planting material surface, controls mushroom house humiture,
Timely collecting is carried out during the non-parachute-opening of mushroom lid after fruiting.
The step 4) in earthing pH value be 7.4, thickness of earth covering is 4.8cm, the step 4) in mushroom house temperature be
16 DEG C, the humidity of mushroom house is 90%.
The step step 4) in mushroom house sterilization concretely comprise the following steps：20ml first is added with every cubic metre of space 10g potassium permanganate
The amount of aldehyde carries out fumigation, and door and window ventilation is opened after 24 hours.
Embodiment 2
Which with the difference of embodiment 1 is：The raw material includes：40 parts of Caulis et Folium Oryzae, 25 parts of corn cob, 10 parts of wheat bran, dry cattle
20 parts of excrement, 30 parts of chicken manure generating ash, 1.5 parts of calcium sulfate, 1 part of Calx.The water is 1.3 with the weight proportion of raw material：1.
The step 3) in mycelia culture temperature be 22 DEG C, cultivated days be 60 days.
The step 4) in earthing pH value be 8, thickness of earth covering is 5cm, the step 4) in mushroom house temperature be 15 DEG C,
The humidity of mushroom house is 97%.
The step step 4) in mushroom house sterilization concretely comprise the following steps：22ml formaldehyde is added with every cubic metre of space 8g potassium permanganate
Amount carry out fumigation, after 24 hours open door and window ventilation.
Embodiment 3
Which with the difference of embodiment 1 is：The weight proportion of its raw material is：20 parts of Caulis et Folium Oryzae, 15 parts of corn cob, wheat bran 15
Part, 10 parts of 10 parts of dry cow dung, chicken manure generating ash, 1 part of calcium sulfate, 2 parts of Calx.The water is 1.6 with the weight proportion of raw material：1.
The step 3) in mycelia culture temperature be 26 DEG C, cultivated days be 55 days.
The step 4) in earthing pH value be 8.4, thickness of earth covering is 4.5cm, the step 4) in mushroom house temperature be
17 DEG C, the humidity of mushroom house is 89%.
The step step 4) in mushroom house sterilization concretely comprise the following steps：18ml first is added with every cubic metre of space 12g potassium permanganate
The amount of aldehyde carries out fumigation, and door and window ventilation is opened after 24 hours.
Embodiment 4
Which with the difference of embodiment 1 is：The weight proportion of its raw material is：22 parts of Caulis et Folium Oryzae, 22 parts of corn cob, wheat bran 12
Part, 25 parts of 18 parts of dry cow dung, chicken manure generating ash, 2 parts of calcium sulfate, 1.6 parts of Calx.The water is 1.6 with the weight proportion of raw material：
1。
Embodiment 5
Which with the difference of embodiment 1 is：The raw material also includes 11 parts of Herba Eichhorniae.
Embodiment 6
Which with the difference of embodiment 2 is：The raw material also includes 10 parts of Herba Eichhorniae.
Embodiment 7
Which with the difference of embodiment 3 is：The raw material also includes 12 parts of Herba Eichhorniae.
Embodiment 8
Which with the difference of embodiment 5 is：The raw material also includes 7 parts of peat.
Embodiment 9
Which with the difference of embodiment 6 is：The raw material also includes 5 parts of peat.
Embodiment 10
Which with the difference of embodiment 7 is：The raw material also includes 8 parts of peat.
Test data
(1) different impacts of the planting material to the various amino acid contents of Agaricus bisporuss
Determine every 100g 17 kinds of amino of Agaricus bisporuss in the Agaricus bisporuss and each embodiment of the planting material cultivation of prior art
The content of acid.
Various amino acid content (the units of Agaricus bisporuss of 1 different planting material cultivations of table：g/100g)
Testing result shows, with the Agaricus bisporuss of the planting material cultivation of the present invention compared with being cultivated using prior art planting material
Agaricus bisporuss, in addition to cystine and L-Tyrosine, remaining 15 kinds of amino acid content is improved largely, wherein, alanine and dried meat
The amplification highest of histidine content, the total amino acidss content of embodiment 8 averagely improve 19.10%；1 total amino acidss content of embodiment
13.45% is averagely improve, and its cost is not added with the scheme of peat and Herba Eichhorniae less than other, be most economical effective side
Case.
(2) the different impacts of planting material and cultural method to Agaricus bisporuss yield
Every batch Agaricus bisporuss yield of the planting material and each embodiment planting material of prior art is determined, wherein, per batch
For 35 bag cultivating material, it is 180g per bag cultivating material dry weight, every kind of planting material carries out 3 batches altogether and repeats to test.
The Agaricus bisporuss yield of 2 different planting material cultivations of table
Shown by 3 repetition result of the tests of upper table：The planting material and cultural method of the application is to Agaricus bisporuss yield
Affect notable, the wherein average growth rate of embodiment 8 is up to 42.72%；The average growth rate of embodiment 1 is up to 34.66, and its cost
Less than the scheme that other are not added with peat and Herba Eichhorniae, it is most economical effective scheme.
The planting material and its cultural method of raising Agaricus bisporuss yield of the present invention and amino acid content is not only only
Above-described embodiment is limited only to, every any improvement or replacement according to the principle of the invention all should be in protection scope of the present invention
Within.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of planting material for improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content, it is characterised in that：The planting material by water and with
The raw material of lower weight proportion is with weight proportion 1.3-1.6：1 ratio is mixed, and the raw material includes：Caulis et Folium Oryzae 20-40 parts, jade
Rice core 15-25 parts, wheat bran 10-15 parts, dry cow dung 10-20 part, chicken manure generating ash 10-30 parts, calcium sulfate 1.0-2.0 parts, Calx
1.0-2.0 part.
2. the planting material for improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described
Raw material includes 30 parts of Caulis et Folium Oryzae, 20 parts of corn cob, 12 parts of wheat bran, 15 parts of dry cow dung, 20 parts of chicken manure generating ash, 1.5 parts of calcium sulfate, stone
1.5 parts of ash.
3. the planting material for improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described
Water is 1.5 with the weight proportion of raw material：1.
4. the planting material for improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described
Raw material also includes Herba Eichhorniae 10-12 parts, and the Herba Eichhorniae is made up of fresh Herba Eichhorniae dried and crushed.
5. the planting material for improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：It is described
Raw material also includes peat 5-8 parts.
6. the planting material for improving Agaricus bisporuss yield and amino acid content according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：It is described
Raw material includes 30 parts of Caulis et Folium Oryzae, 20 parts of corn cob, 12 parts of wheat bran, 15 parts of dry cow dung, 20 parts of chicken manure generating ash, 1.5 parts of calcium sulfate, stone
1.5 parts of ash, 11 parts of Herba Eichhorniae, 7 parts of peat, the water are 1.5 with the weight proportion of raw material：1.
7. a kind of usage right requires the cultural method of the cultivating bisporous mushroom of planting material described in any one of 1-6, it is characterised in that：
Including the following steps for carrying out successively：
1) material preparation step：First remaining raw material in addition to calcium sulfate and Calx is added in stirring container one and stirred；Connect
After calcium sulfate and Calx being dissolved in a small amount of water in stirring container two, stir in adding stirring container one；Finally
Remaining water is added and continues to stir in stirring container one；Afterwards, planting material pack is carried out into autoclaving；
2) inoculation step：After step 1) sterilizing after cultivation material bag temperature be down to≤27 DEG C when, Agaricus bisporuss strain is seeded to
In the planting material；
3) mycelia culture step：Treat step 2) cultivation material bag that has been inoculated with moves into the mycelia culture room that temperature is 22-26 DEG C and cultivates
55-65 days；
4) management of producing mushroom and harvesting step：Step 3 is covered with after mycelium) after cultivation material bag, the cultivation material bag is moved into and is sterilized
In mushroom house afterwards, open cultivation material bag bag mouth carries out earthing process to the planting material surface, controls mushroom house humiture, in fruiting
Timely collecting is carried out during the non-parachute-opening of mushroom lid afterwards.
8. the cultural method of cultivating bisporous mushroom according to claim 7, it is characterised in that：The step 3) in mycelia training
Foster temperature is 24 DEG C, and cultivated days are 65 days.
9. the cultural method of cultivating bisporous mushroom according to claim 7, it is characterised in that：The step 4) in earthing
PH value is 7.4-8.4, and thickness of earth covering is 4.5-5cm, the step 4) in mushroom house temperature be 15-17 DEG C, the humidity of mushroom house is
89-97%.
10. the cultural method of cultivating bisporous mushroom according to claim 7, it is characterised in that：The step step 4) in
Mushroom house sterilization is concretely comprised the following steps：The amount of 18-22ml formaldehyde is added to carry out fumigation with every cubic metre of space 8-12g potassium permanganate,
Door and window ventilation is opened after 24 hours.
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Cited By (2)
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| CN109748350A (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2019-05-14 | 广州普邦园林股份有限公司 | The adsorbent and restorative procedure of one heavy metal species and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated water body |
| CN111990166A (en) * | 2020-07-23 | 2020-11-27 | 安徽省农业科学院棉花研究所 | Method for preparing agaricus bisporus compost by using wheat straws |
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| CN111990166A (en) * | 2020-07-23 | 2020-11-27 | 安徽省农业科学院棉花研究所 | Method for preparing agaricus bisporus compost by using wheat straws |
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