CN106497607A - 一种失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法 - Google Patents
一种失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法,属于微波加热应用技术领域。首先将失活石油废催化剂干燥后破碎至200目,将添加剂破碎至200目后将两种物料混合均匀得到混合物料;将微波炉腔升温至800~1000℃,然后按照30~50kg/h的流量将混合物料喷入微波炉腔中,微波焙烧30~60min后,从微波炉腔顶部收集系统收集到水煤气,微波炉腔底部得到焙烧脱炭后的失活石油废催化剂。本发明在炭颗粒充分燃烧脱除的同时制备得到高附加值的水煤气,缩短了生产周期,实现了节能降耗。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法,属于微波加热应用技术领域。
背景技术
铂族金属具有熔点高、密度大,化学性质稳定,耐腐蚀、抗氧化,吸附性能强,催化活性高等特点。目前,铂族金属广泛应用于加氢、脱氢、重整、氧化、异构化、歧化、裂解、脱氨催化剂,其中汽车工业和石化行业是铂族催化剂主要消耗领域。据Johnson Matthey公司统计,石油化工行业铂催化剂用量约占铂消费总量的7%左右,全球铂族金属产量的70-80%被用于生产汽车尾气净化催化剂,而且随着经济的快速发展和环保意识的增强,铂族金属的用量还将大大提高。中国是世界铂族金属第一消耗国,与2009年相比,2013年我国汽车行业对钯、铂的需求量分别增长了2.2倍和1.2倍。预测至2015 年我国对铂族催化材料的用量将超过5800 t,而我国是一个铂族金属资源极其匮乏的国家,资源自给率不足3%,90%的铂族金属依靠进口。因此,开展铂族金属资源回收利用势在必行。
失活石油废催化剂是铂族金属回收利用的主要二次资源。从失活催化剂中回收铂族金属主要分为火法工艺和湿法工艺,如美国SepraMet公司采用的湿法浸出、分子识别分离工艺铂、钯的回收率达99%,铑的回收率达98%;美国MascatInc等采用等离子体冶金法处理失活汽车催化剂,金属Pt、Pd、Rh的回收率分别达80-90%、80-90%和65-75%。但不论采用何种工艺流程,均须对失活催化剂进行脱炭脱硫预处理。其原因在于催化剂失活后催化剂载体孔道中往往存在大量的积炭,这些积炭及有机物的存在一方面导致溶解过程中产生“暴溢”,造成金属损失,同时催化剂中铂族金属易与物料中的硫结合形成硫化物包裹层,影响铂族金属溶解;另一方面,催化剂载体属多孔材料,易将溶解出来的铂族金属再次吸附至载体内,造成铂族金属回收率降低。基于此,要提高铂族金属回收效率,需对失活催化剂焙烧预处理。目前,失活催化剂预处理通常采用电热焙烧炉,存在焙烧时间长、能耗高、铂族金属回收率低,同时炭燃烧的气体产物无法利用且易对环境造成污染。如文献“钯炭催化剂的回收利用”中,吴宇雄等采用分布焚烧法来处理钯炭催化剂,首先在400℃灼烧4-6小时,然后再升温至780-900℃灼烧6小时。另外,潘剑明等采用富氧焚烧钯炭催化剂脱炭的研究中,富氧电热炉焚烧后的催化剂经盐酸、双氧水浸出,钯的浸出率仅为79.5%。因此,急需寻求一种快速、能耗低、铂族金属回收率高、炭燃烧的气体产物能综合利用的脱炭新技术和新工艺。
微波作为一种新型绿色加热方法,具有加热速度快、效率高、反应温度低等特点。利用微波选择性加热的特性不但可快速脱除失活石油废催化剂中的炭,而且有助于打开失活废催化剂载体对铂族金属的包裹体,提高铂族金属的回收率;同时通过加入特殊添加剂,在炭充分燃烧脱除的同时制备得到水煤气。所以,利用微波加热的这些优点,有望实现脱炭过程的高效、节能、环境友好。
发明内容
本发明针对现有技术存在的问题及不足,本发明提供一种失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法。本发明在炭颗粒充分燃烧脱除的同时制备得到高附加值的水煤气,缩短了生产周期,实现了节能降耗,本发明通过以下技术方案实现。
一种失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法,其具体步骤如下:
(1)首先将失活石油废催化剂干燥后破碎至200目,将添加剂破碎至200目后将两种物料按照摩尔比为1:1~3:1混合均匀得到混合物料;
(2)将微波炉腔升温至800~1000℃,然后按照30~50kg/h的流量将步骤(1)得到的混合物料喷入微波炉腔中,微波焙烧30~60min后,从微波炉腔顶部收集系统收集到水煤气,微波炉腔底部得到焙烧脱炭后的失活石油废催化剂。
所述步骤(1)中的添加剂为氢氧化钠、熟石灰或氢氧化铝。
所述微波炉腔上设有频率2.45GHz,功率为0~60kW的微波馈入反应器。
本发明的发明原理为:
添加剂分解
,
水煤气反应
其中添加剂高温易发生分解、能为水煤气反应提供水蒸气,且不与废催化剂中的铂、钯发生化学反应。
上述得到的水煤气中H2含量大于40v/v%,CO含量大于30v/v%,焙烧脱炭后失活石油废催化剂中的炭含量脱除至0.05wt%以下,满足后续提铂、钯需要。
本发明的有益效果是:本发明根据物质吸波特性的测定结果,炭颗粒系强吸波物质,在微波场中短时间内可以被加热至很高的温度;同时通过加入特殊添加剂,使炭与水蒸气发生水煤气反应,在炭颗粒充分燃烧脱除的同时制备得到高附加值的水煤气,缩短了生产周期,实现了节能降耗。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式,对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1
该失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法,其具体步骤如下:
(1)首先将失活石油废催化剂(失活石油废催化剂中包括以下质量百分比组分:Al2O333.8%,SiO249.8%,C8%)干燥(在80℃条件下干燥2h)后破碎至200目,将添加剂(熟石灰)破碎至200目后将两种物料按照摩尔比为1:1混合均匀得到混合物料;
(2)将调节微波输出功率20kW使微波炉腔升温至850℃,然后按照30kg/h的流量将步骤(1)得到的混合物料喷入微波炉腔中,微波焙烧30min后,从微波炉腔顶部收集系统收集到水煤气,微波炉腔底部得到焙烧脱炭后的失活石油废催化剂;其中微波炉腔上设有频率2.45GHz,功率为0~60kW的微波馈入反应器;
经测定,水煤气中H2含量为43.6v/v%,CO含量大于32.2v/v%,焙烧脱炭后失活石油废催化剂中的炭含量脱除至0.036wt%以下,满足后续提铂、钯需要。
实施例2
该失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法,其具体步骤如下:
(1)首先将失活石油废催化剂(失活石油废催化剂中包括以下质量百分比组分:Al2O333.8%,SiO249.8%,C8%)干燥(在80℃条件下干燥2h)后破碎至200目,将添加剂(熟石灰)破碎至200目后将两种物料按照摩尔比为1.5:1混合均匀得到混合物料;
(2)将调节微波输出功率60kW使微波炉腔升温至800℃,然后按照50kg/h的流量将步骤(1)得到的混合物料喷入微波炉腔中,微波焙烧40min后,从微波炉腔顶部收集系统收集到水煤气,微波炉腔底部得到焙烧脱炭后的失活石油废催化剂;其中微波炉腔上设有频率2.45GHz,功率为0~60kW的微波馈入反应器;
经测定,水煤气中H2含量为45.3v/v%,CO含量大于34.8v/v%,焙烧脱炭后失活石油废催化剂中的炭含量脱除至0.041wt%以下,满足后续提铂、钯需要。
实施例3
该失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法,其具体步骤如下:
(1)首先将失活石油废催化剂(失活石油废催化剂中包括以下质量百分比组分:Al2O333.8%,SiO249.8%,C8%)干燥(在80℃条件下干燥2h)后破碎至200目,将添加剂(熟石灰)破碎至200目后将两种物料按照摩尔比为3:1混合均匀得到混合物料;
(2)将调节微波输出功率5kW使微波炉腔升温至1000℃,然后按照40kg/h的流量将步骤(1)得到的混合物料喷入微波炉腔中,微波焙烧60min后,从微波炉腔顶部收集系统收集到水煤气,微波炉腔底部得到焙烧脱炭后的失活石油废催化剂;其中微波炉腔上设有频率2.45GHz,功率为0~60kW的微波馈入反应器;
经测定,水煤气中H2含量为46.3v/v%,CO含量大于35.1v/v%,焙烧脱炭后失活石油废催化剂中的炭含量脱除至0.046wt%以下,满足后续提铂、钯需要。
实施例4
该失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法,其具体步骤如下:
(1)首先将失活石油废催化剂(失活石油废催化剂中包括以下质量百分比组分:Al2O333.8%,SiO249.8%,C8%)干燥(在80℃条件下干燥2h)后破碎至200目,将添加剂(氢氧化钠)破碎至200目后将两种物料按照摩尔比为2:1混合均匀得到混合物料;
(2)将调节微波输出功率40kW使微波炉腔升温至950℃,然后按照45kg/h的流量将步骤(1)得到的混合物料喷入微波炉腔中,微波焙烧40min后,从微波炉腔顶部收集系统收集到水煤气,微波炉腔底部得到焙烧脱炭后的失活石油废催化剂;其中微波炉腔上设有频率2.45GHz,功率为0~60kW的微波馈入反应器;
经测定,水煤气中H2含量为42.8v/v%,CO含量大于33.5v/v%,焙烧脱炭后失活石油废催化剂中的炭含量脱除至0.044wt%以下,满足后续提铂、钯需要。
以上对本发明的具体实施方式作了详细说明,但是本发明并不限于上述实施方式,在本领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内,还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下作出各种变化。
Claims (3)
1.一种失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法,其特征在于具体步骤如下:
(1)首先将失活石油废催化剂干燥后破碎至200目,将添加剂破碎至200目后将两种物料按照摩尔比为1: ~3:1混合均匀得到混合物料;
(2)将微波炉腔升温至800~1000℃,然后按照30~50kg/h的流量将步骤(1)得到的混合物料喷入微波炉腔中,微波焙烧30~60min后,从微波炉腔顶部收集系统收集到水煤气,微波炉腔底部得到焙烧脱炭后的失活石油废催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中的添加剂为氢氧化钠、熟石灰或氢氧化铝。
3.根据权利要求1所述的失活石油废催化剂微波快速脱碳并制备水煤气的方法,其特征在于:所述微波炉腔上设有频率2.45GHz,功率为0~60kW的微波馈入反应器。
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