CN106488840B - 连接两个物体的方法 - Google Patents

连接两个物体的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106488840B
CN106488840B CN201580036962.5A CN201580036962A CN106488840B CN 106488840 B CN106488840 B CN 106488840B CN 201580036962 A CN201580036962 A CN 201580036962A CN 106488840 B CN106488840 B CN 106488840B
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
opening
insertion section
section
interference fit
objects
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CN201580036962.5A
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English (en)
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CN106488840A (zh
Inventor
J·迈尔
M·莱曼
L·托里亚尼
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Woodwelding AG
Inter Ikea Systems BV
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Woodwelding AG
Inter Ikea Systems BV
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Publication of CN106488840A publication Critical patent/CN106488840A/zh
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/08Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using ultrasonic vibrations
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/72Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by combined operations or combined techniques, e.g. welding and stitching
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4805Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
    • B29C65/481Non-reactive adhesives, e.g. physically hardening adhesives
    • B29C65/4815Hot melt adhesives, e.g. thermoplastic adhesives
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/50Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
    • B29C65/5057Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like positioned between the surfaces to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/564Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined hidden in the joint, e.g. dowels or Z-pins
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/565Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits involving interference fits, e.g. force-fits or press-fits
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/60Riveting or staking
    • B29C65/601Riveting or staking using extra riveting elements, i.e. the rivets being non-integral with the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/603Riveting or staking using extra riveting elements, i.e. the rivets being non-integral with the parts to be joined the rivets being pushed in blind holes
    • B29C65/604Riveting or staking using extra riveting elements, i.e. the rivets being non-integral with the parts to be joined the rivets being pushed in blind holes in both parts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/60Riveting or staking
    • B29C65/606Riveting or staking the rivets being integral with one of the parts to be joined, i.e. staking
    • B29C65/608Riveting or staking the rivets being integral with one of the parts to be joined, i.e. staking the integral rivets being pushed in blind holes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/64Joining a non-plastics element to a plastics element, e.g. by force
    • B29C65/645Joining a non-plastics element to a plastics element, e.g. by force using friction or ultrasonic vibrations
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/78Means for handling the parts to be joined, e.g. for making containers or hollow articles, e.g. means for handling sheets, plates, web-like materials, tubular articles, hollow articles or elements to be joined therewith; Means for discharging the joined articles from the joining apparatus
    • B29C65/7841Holding or clamping means for handling purposes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/006Preventing damaging, e.g. of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/022Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping
    • B29C66/0224Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping with removal of material
    • B29C66/02241Cutting, e.g. by using waterjets, or sawing
    • B29C66/02242Perforating or boring
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/114Single butt joints
    • B29C66/1142Single butt to butt joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/12Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments; Tongue and groove joints; Tenon and mortise joints; Stepped joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/126Tenon and mortise joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/302Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators
    • B29C66/3022Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30221Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined said melt initiators being point-like
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/302Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators
    • B29C66/3022Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30223Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined said melt initiators being rib-like
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/303Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • B29C66/3032Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30321Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of protrusions belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/303Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • B29C66/3032Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30325Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30326Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined in the form of porosity
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B29C66/7212Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the composition of the fibres
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/727General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being porous, e.g. foam
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/74Joining plastics material to non-plastics material
    • B29C66/748Joining plastics material to non-plastics material to natural products or their composites, not provided for in groups B29C66/742 - B29C66/746
    • B29C66/7486Paper, e.g. cardboard
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  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
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Abstract

本申请公开了用于通过将设置在其中一个所述物体上的插入部(6)锚固在设置在其中另一个所述物体的开口(2)中来连接两个物体(1,5)的方法。所述锚固通过热塑性材料的液化和液化材料与可渗透材料互相渗透来实现,这两种材料被布置在插入部(6)和开口(2)壁的相对表面上。在这样的液化和互相渗透之前建立过盈配合,其中使这样的相对表面彼此压靠,并且为了锚固,施加机械振动能和可能的剪切力(22),其中所述剪切力对过盈配合施以剪切应力。

Description

连接两个物体的方法
技术领域
本发明属于机械工程和建筑领域并且涉及用于连接两个物体的方法。其中一个物体包括插入部,另一个物体包括开口,并且对于待连接的两个物体,插入部锚固在开口中,其中在锚固区域中,其中一个物体包括具有热塑性能的固体材料,且另一个物体包括在该具有热塑性能的材料液化时可被其渗透的固体材料。该可渗透材料例如是纤维的或多孔的,其例如是结构泡沫材料。
背景技术
例如由公开文献WO96/01377(Createc)、WO98/042988(Woodwelding)和WO2006/002569(Woodwelding)或WO2008/080238已知,将包括具有热塑性能材料的插入件锚固在纤维材料或多孔材料如刨花板或木材中。对于这种锚固,插入件相对于开口定位,然后将机械振动特别是超声波振动以及将插入件压入开口中的力同时施加到插入件。在定位插入件的步骤中不使用相关力,即在施加振动能量时,被定位的插入件将自由振动,或者由于将其压在纤维材料或多孔材料上的指定力而将振动能量传递给后者。在施加振动和力的步骤中,具有热塑性能的材料由于摩擦热至少在与纤维材料或多孔材料接触的地方被液化,且其渗透到开口壁的纤维材料或多孔材料中并在重新固化时形成与多孔材料或纤维材料的形状配合连接。
根据公开文献WO96/01377,插入件和插入件将被锚固在其中的盲孔彼此适配,使得插入件在相对于开口定位时不会到达开口底部。这通过将插入件和/或开口设计为连续渐缩或逐步渐缩实现。在施加超声振动的同时,插入件通过压力的作用进一步前进到开口中,这导致主要在横向插入侧具有热塑性能的材料液化。在类似的方法中,尺寸稍大的插入件被定位在开口的口部上并且在压力和振动的作用下被推进到开口中并在其中横向锚固。在这两种情况下都需要在施加振动期间沿开口的深度方向移动插入件的主体。
根据公开文献WO98/042988和WO2006/002569,插入件和插入件将被锚固在其中的盲孔彼此适配,使得定位在开口中的插入件位于开口底部上。在施加超声波振动期间,插入件被压靠在该底部上。这导致具有热塑性能的材料液化,特别是在远侧插入件端部的区域中,即在开口底部处的基本远侧的锚固件中,但几乎没有任何横向锚固,其中插入件的主体在施加振动期间不移动或几乎不移动。
US5,879,115教导了一种用于将塑料插入件连接到具有凹部的塑料基座的方法和装置。该过程依赖于插入件和基座两者的塑料材料熔化并流入空间,在该空间中插入件和基座的塑料被熔合在一起而形成熔池,以在再凝固之后产生整体接头(焊缝)。这种方法的应用限于两个都是热塑性材料的物体之间的接合,所述热塑性材料都能够彼此整体地混合。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种用于连接两个物体的替代方法,其中一个物体包括插入部且另一个包括开口,其中为了连接,插入部锚固在开口中,且至少在需要这种锚固的区域中,所述物体中的一个包括具有热塑性能的固体材料,另一个物体包括在该具有热塑性能的材料液化时可被其渗透的固体材料。
本发明的另一个目的是改进以上简述的已知方法,其中借助于以机械振动特别是超声波振动形式提供的能量实现这种连接。使用本发明的方法,可以通过最简单的插入部和开口设计且在最短振动施加时间内实现非常均匀的特别是横向锚固,即便所期望的锚固区域相对较大。
总体来说,上述目的通过在第一方法步骤中建立插入部与插入部将被锚固在其中的开口壁特别是侧壁之间的过盈配合来实现,且仅随后施加导致液化的能量,这主要在过盈配合起作用的地方实现。使用该方法实现的锚固具有与根据WO96/01377的以上简述的方法实现的锚固类似的强度(每锚固面积单位),但是其可以在锚固步骤期间在不需要将插入部主体在开口内移动相应距离的情况下实施,并且这独立于期望锚固的位置。这个事实相应减少实现锚固所需的时间。此外,由于液化在期望锚固的所有位置同时开始,因此所实现的锚固是非常均匀的。
根据本发明,提供包括第一材料的第一物体和包括第二材料的第二物体,其中第一材料是固体(在环境温度下)且具有热塑性能(即其借助热能可液化;在下文中,该材料被称为“热塑性材料”),且第二材料也是固体(在环境温度下)且在第一材料处于液化状态时可被第一材料渗透(即第二材料是纤维的或多孔的,其包括可渗透的表面结构或者其在压力下不能抵抗这种渗透)。特别是第二材料是这样的,其在第一材料渗透所述表面结构时所适用的条件下不会变得可流动。例如第二材料可以是不具有热塑性能的材料,即,是不同于热塑性材料的材料。第二材料可以是这样的,其不经历可逆液化过程,这意味着其是不能经历可逆液化过程的材料或具有显著高于第一材料变得可流动的温度的熔化温度的材料。例如如果第二材料是可熔化的,则其熔化温度或玻璃化转变温度可高于第一材料的玻璃化转变温度或熔融温度至少50℃或至少80℃或至少100℃。
第二材料的相应例子是木基材料,例如刨花板(在本文中,“刨花板”包括通过将任何形状的木材颗粒与粘合剂混合而制造的任何复合材料,与产品形状无关,包括例如定向刨花板)、高密度纤维板(HDF)、中密度纤维板(MDF)或木材或金属或陶瓷泡沫材料或基于非热塑性(热固性)聚合物的材料的可能的开孔结构。
第一物体和第二物体中的任一个包括开口,且另一个包括待锚固在开口中的插入部,其中所述材料构成插入部和开口壁的表面的至少一部分。开口和插入部在尺寸上彼此适配用于过盈配合(压配合),即插入部与开口相比至少局部尺寸过大,导致当插入部在开口内具有期望位置时插入部和开口壁之间有至少局部压力,即导致插入部和/或开口壁弹性压缩。所述第一材料和第二材料在这种压缩的至少一部分区域中彼此对置。
特别是,第二物体可包括开口,且第一物体可包括插入部。
在建立过盈配合的方法步骤中,插入部被定位在开口内的期望位置,在此通过上述过盈配合保持插入部。为了实现过盈配合,即为了在插入部和开口壁之间产生压缩,需要用于迫使插入部进入尺寸较小的开口或者用于将开口壁部段压靠于插入部的干涉力。干涉力的大小基本上与过盈配合的强度和面积相关,且其主要取决于并受到插入部和开口的相对尺寸的限制以及取决于两种材料中的一种或两种的压缩性。
在建立过盈配合的步骤之后实施的锚固步骤中,向物体中的一个或另一个施加能量,其中该能量特别是在区域(锚固区域)中作为热量,在所述区域中由于过盈配合,插入部和开口壁的表面区域彼此压靠,并且包括热塑性材料和可渗透材料中的每一种。热量使热塑性材料液化且过盈配合压力导致两种材料相互渗透,其中使过盈配合至少部分松弛。
如果能量作为机械振动(如超声波振动)被施加,则应该克服过盈配合,使得至少在所述区域中该振动引起摩擦并由此在插入部和开口壁之间产生摩擦热。为了克服过盈配合,需要在插入部和开口壁之间施加剪切载荷,其中该剪切载荷可由插入部或开口壁中的一个相对于另一个的足够强的振动引起,或者通过振动和作用在两个物体之间的附加剪切力引起。为了防止不期望的运动,特别是两个物体因剪切力而彼此相对平移运动,可能需要以合适的方式抵消后者。
在进一步的方法步骤中停止能量供应,直到在锚固步骤中液化和移位的热塑性材料再固化,由此在互相渗透区域形成某种复合材料,该复合材料以形状配合连接方式连接两个物体。
如上所述,在锚固步骤中液化热塑性材料所需的能量被供应给两个物体之一,优选以机械振动特别是超声波振动的形式,该机械振动在插入部和开口壁之间被转化成摩擦热。振动优选具有平行于过盈配合起作用的插入部和开口壁的表面的主振动方向。因此为了实现横向锚固优选基本平行于开口深度的纵向振动或具有基本平行于开口深度轴线的旋转振动。如果施加上述附加剪切力,则优选平行于主振动方向,即对于上述两种情况,其平行于开口深度作用或作为具有平行于开口深度轴线的转矩作用。
其它类型的能量如用电磁能照射在过盈配合起作用的位置处提供合适的吸收装置,或者相应的加热(如感应加热或电阻加热)也是可行的。
如上所述,参与锚固的热塑性材料和可渗透材料可仅存在于插入部的选定表面和开口壁上。然而,它们也可构成两个物体的较大部分,所述两个物体可包括不同材料的另外部分,或者可完全由热塑性材料或可渗透材料构成。
在过盈配合作用的区域中,被压在一起的两个表面中的一个可包括用作能量导向器的结构,即从主表面突出的点状元件或线状元件。当建立过盈配合时,这些能量导向结构可破坏或不破坏相对表面,且当计算插入部的过大尺寸时需要相应考虑这些能量导向结构。
可渗透材料和热塑性材料需要具有机械性能(在建立过盈配合步骤的条件下,即通常在环境温度下)以能够承受过盈配合压力。优选地,防止会削弱过盈配合的两种材料中的任何一种材料蠕变。这通过在建立过盈配合的步骤的温度下选择基本没有蠕变倾向的材料(低于其玻璃化转变温度或优选低于其玻璃化转变温度至少50℃的无定形聚合物和低于其熔融温度的部分结晶聚合物),或者通过在建立过盈配合的步骤和锚固步骤之间保持时间间隔足够短,以便在过盈配合被蠕变过多地削弱之前开始锚固步骤(所述时间间隔越短,可以容忍任一种材料越多的蠕变倾向,即对于聚合物:使用温度越接近上述给定的温度极限)。如果以机械振动形式施加能量,则可渗透材料还需要能承受锚固步骤的振动摩擦。
适于本发明方法的可渗透材料至少在根据本发明方法(建立过盈配合的步骤和锚固步骤)的条件下是固体,其中在本文上下文中的“固体”是指材料是刚性的,基本上不是弹性柔韧的(没有弹性体特性)且不可塑性变形,且不可弹性压缩或仅可极小弹性压缩。所述可渗透材料还包括(实际的或潜在的)液化材料可以流入或被压入以锚固的空间。所述可渗透材料例如是纤维的或多孔的或包括可渗透的表面结构,其例如通过适当的机械加工或涂覆(用于渗透的实际空间)制造。或者,可渗透材料能在液化的热塑性材料的流体静压下形成这样的空间,这意味着,当处于环境条件下时其不可渗透或仅可渗透很低程度。这种性能(具有用于渗透的潜在空间)意味着在机械阻力方面的不均匀性。具有这种性能的材料的例子是多孔材料,其孔隙填充有可从孔隙挤出的材料、软材料和硬材料的复合材料或异质材料(如木材),其中组成部分之间的界面粘合小于由渗透的液化材料施加的力。因此,一般来说,可渗透材料在结构(“空闲”空间如孔、空腔等)或材料组成(可替换材料或可分离材料)方面具有不均匀性。
对于根据本发明的用于产生适当可重复的连接质量的方法,可渗透材料需要具有足够的可预测和均匀的机械性能,以使过盈配合具有可预测的强度。由于活性骨的情况几乎不是这样,该方法不适合医疗目的。
在具有开口如盲孔的实施例中,通过将插入部引入开口中而将插入部插入开口,由于干涉力,砧物体承受相当大的机械载荷。根据可渗透材料的组成或可能的砧物体的其它材料的组成,可能存在由于在锚固步骤之前将插入部引入开口而引起破裂或其它损坏的风险。
例如在实施例中,砧物体可包括具有宽面和在该宽面之间的窄侧面的板形部分(如通过是板形的或者通过包括板形构件),其中开口从窄侧面向内延伸(即,开口具有在窄侧面上的口部)。
通常,如果需要,可采取措施防止出现破裂或其它损坏(例如隆起或剥落的部分)。特别是,可采取用于减小受到干涉力的相反表面积的措施:
-插入部和开口的横截面通过不具有相同形状而彼此适配,使得过盈配合仅限于横截面的周界一部分。
○如果受到干涉力的部件之间的距离类似于或小于热塑性材料在随后锚固步骤期间的流动距离,则锚固还是可涉及整个周界,干涉力部分之间的部分用作挤压的热塑性材料可到达的附加空间。例如如果开口横截面是圆形的,而插入部横截面是具有紧密间隔齿的星形,则在锚固期间热塑性材料可流动以填充齿间空间。
○如果干涉力部分之间的距离大,则锚固将相应地限于周界部分,基本对应于干涉力部分。
○在这种概念的实施例中,这样的横截面边缘可用作能量导向元件和/或可在建立过盈配合时被压入开口侧壁中。
-附加地或作为替代,插入部和开口的横截面配对可以沿开口深度而不同,使得过盈配合被限制到沿该深度布置的预定区域。特别是过盈配合可限制到距离开口口部(到较深部分)一定距离的区域,因为破裂或其它损坏的风险在开口周缘处最高。
○在示例中,开口可以是在较深位置处具有较小直径的阶梯形或渐缩形,而插入部不具有任何台阶/渐缩形或者是呈不同的阶梯形/渐缩形。
-附加地或作为另一替代,插入部可设有中空部分,特别是如果它是例如略有弹性的材料。在例子中,远端可以是中空的。
-附加地或作为另一替代,插入部可设有刚性或柔性/柔软的翼部。然后例如可通过空气压力或类似方式将插入部射入开口中。所述翼部可以确保插入部定位在正确位置而不引起开裂。
-附加地或作为另一替代,可仅在锚固步骤之前和在物体已彼此相对从第一物体的内部定位之后立即产生干涉力。特别是第一物体可设有可从近侧接近的内开口,且例如通过振动工具可将膨胀元件推入开口中,其后将能量传递到第一物体。其中的膨胀元件具有比内开口更大的横截面,这样膨胀元件使第一物体膨胀,从而引起来自内部的干涉力。
可应用于本发明方法的可渗透材料的例子是固体材料如木材、胶合板、刨花板、硬纸板、混凝土砖材料、多孔玻璃、金属泡沫材料、陶瓷或聚合物材料、或烧结陶瓷、玻璃或金属材料,其中,这种材料包括热塑性材料可渗透其中的空间,该空间最初填充有空气或另外的可移位或可压缩材料。其它例子是具有上述性能的复合材料或具有包括合适的粗糙度、合适的机械加工表面结构或合适的表面涂层(如由颗粒组成)的表面的材料。如果可渗透材料具有热塑性能,则有必要通过进一步包括机械稳定相或通过具有比在锚固步骤中液化热塑性材料明显更高的熔化温度在锚固步骤期间保持其机械强度。
适于本发明方法的热塑性材料在建立过盈配合步骤的条件下、在上述对于可渗透材料的意义上也是固体。所述热塑性材料优选包括聚合物相(特别是基于C、P、S或Si的链),其在临界温度范围之上从固体转化成液体或可流动,如通过熔化,且当再次冷却至临界温度范围下时例如通过结晶重新转变成固体材料,由此固相的粘度比液相高几个数量级(至少三个数量级)。热塑性材料通常将包括不交联共价的或不以交联键在加热至熔化温度范围或高于熔化温度范围时可逆地打开的方式交联的聚合物组分。聚合物材料可以进一步包括填料,例如纤维或材料颗粒,其不具有热塑性能或具有包括明显高于基础聚合物的熔化温度范围的熔化温度范围的热塑性能。
可应用于根据本发明方法中的热塑性材料的示例是热塑性聚合物、共聚物或填充聚合物,其中基础聚合物或共聚物例如是聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酰胺(特别是聚酰胺12、聚酰胺11、聚酰胺6或聚酰胺66)、聚甲醛、聚碳酸酯聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯或聚酯碳酸酯、丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯(ABS)、丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯-丙烯腈(ASA)、苯乙烯-丙烯腈、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯或聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)、聚砜(PSU)、聚(对苯硫醚)(PPS)、液晶聚合物(LCP)等。应特别注意LCP,因为它们在熔化期间的粘度急剧下降使得它们能够渗入可渗透材料中的非常细小的空间。
通常待连接的两个物体中的任一个需要能够将振动能量优选地以最小的能量损失从施加振动工具的近侧物体侧传递到其中布置有插入部或开口的远侧。如果该物体完全由热塑性材料制成,则后者将需要具有至少0.5GPa或优选至少1.0GPa的弹性系数(在环境温度下)。
热塑性材料和可渗透材料需要彼此适配,使得合适的过盈配合和期望的渗透是可能的并导致合适的锚固。已证明有利的材料配对例如是胶合板(可渗透材料)和聚酰胺(热塑性材料)的配对。
适于本发明方法的机械振动或振荡优选具有在2kHz和200kHz之间(甚至更优选在10kHz和100kHz之间或者在20kHz和40kHz之间)的频率和每平方毫米有效表面0.2W至20W的振动能量。振动工具(如超声波发生器)例如设计成使其接触面主要在工具轴线方向上振荡(纵向振动),并且具有在1微米至100微米、优选是30微米至60微米范围内的振幅。这种优选振动例如由超声波装置例如从已知的超声波焊接产生。
在本发明方法的锚固步骤的优选实施例中,两个物体之一(砧物体)被固定在稳定位置,且振动工具被施加至另一个物体(自由物体),并且如果适用,振动工具不仅用于将振动传递到自由物体,还用于平行于开口深度定向的剪切力。其中,振动工具可以未连接到自由物体或仅松动连接,即其基本上作为锤子作用于自由物体。或者,可将其固定到自由物体,使振动被完全传递给自由物体。
由于平行于开口深度定向的剪切力,两个物体彼此相对(或分别在开口内的插入部)的不期望运动受到限制或被阻止,如通过将开口设计为盲孔或者包括相关的横截面缩小部,或通过在开口的口部内或口部处设置辅助砧,并通过在实现过盈配合的步骤中将插入部定位在开口内,这样其远端邻接盲孔底部或横截面缩小部或辅助砧,或与辅助砧具有预定的小距离。
在本发明方法的优选实施例中,砧物体包括开口(如盲孔,即具有恒定圆形横截面和底部的开口),且其包括可渗透材料(例如其由木材或刨花板构成)。自由物体包括插入部(其例如是销形的)且它由热塑性材料(如聚酰胺、PA6.6)构成。锚固主要在插入部侧面实现,但优选也在孔底部实现。插入部具有横截面,该横截面通过具有大于孔直径的直径而相对于开口过大。在建立过盈配合的步骤中,插入部被迫进入孔,直到其远端借助于利用任何合适工具如处于被动状态(不振动)的振动工具被施加到销近端的干涉力基本接触孔底部。在锚固步骤中激活振动工具,并且如果适用,同时利用附加剪切力将振动工具压靠在自由物体的近端。
在这种实施例中,插入部的主体的轴向运动可被限制为补偿开口底部压缩以及可渗透材料在所述底部区域中的渗透。由于用于补偿横向移位的液化材料的插入部的缩短,插入部的近端可以进一步移动。
例如,圆柱形插入部可以包括轴向延伸的脊形式的能量导向特征,其在建立过盈配合时可使开口侧壁开槽或不可使开口侧壁开槽。如果销横截面尺寸小于脊的径向高度,则过盈配合以及由此锚固将被限制在脊区域,而不涉及脊之间的谷。替代地或补充地,可在开口侧壁设置能量导向结构。插入部优选完全由热塑性材料制成,但作为替代可包括基本沿插入部的中心纵向轴线延伸的芯,且该芯由优选具有比热塑性材料更高的机械强度材料(例如金属或陶瓷材料或热塑性材料,其具有明显比待液化的热塑性材料更高的熔化温度)制成。
用于本发明方法的上述优选实施例的示例性参数,其中对于如上所述的锚固步骤振动,使用了:(a)插入部相对于开口的侧壁在侧面上的尺寸过大:在零点几毫米(例如0.1mm至0.5mm)的范围,(b)过盈配合:在零点几N/mm2(例如0.1N/mm2至1N/mm2)的范围中。
实验表明,使用如上简述的本发明方法的优选实施例,锚固步骤可缩短至所需时间的大约一半,如果根据已知方法,在施加振动的同时将插入部迫入开口中。这种时间缩短构成振动能的相关节省以及关于自动化过程的相关优点。此外,它在振动工具正在锤击的近端面上施加较小应变,且减小将液化材料压出开口口部的风险。这提高了该方法的结果的总体质量,因为即使该近端面由热塑性材料制成,其在锚固步骤期间不变形或不期望地被标记,且开口的口部区域保持清洁。
根据本发明方法的上述优选实施例的示例性替代(如上文没有进一步描述的)例如是:
·插入部和开口不是圆柱形,而是例如连续或逐步渐缩的,其中总渐缩角优选不大于10°至15°。
·插入部的任何横截面与槽状开口配对,其中多个插入部可以并排或者在它们之间具有间隔地被引入到槽中。
·插入部横截面和开口横截面是不同的,因为一个包括能量导向元件而另一个不包括。
·能量导向元件呈平行于开口深度延伸的脊的形式。
·在插入部近端提供近端部,其中该近端部具有例如比插入部更大的横截面以使近端部不能被引入开口中。这种头状近端部可用于施加振动工具并可能用于在建立过盈配合步骤期间和/或在锚固步骤期间限制插入部移动到开口中。另外,近端部可具有例如与其形状相关联的其它功能。
·如果希望盲孔底部处的强化锚固,则插入部远端是渐缩的或包括能量导向表面结构。
·如果希望盲孔底部处的锚固最弱,则插入部远端优选是钝的和/或不包括热塑性材料,和/或开口底部包括不可渗透材料或者比开口侧壁材料更不可渗透的材料。
·插入部包括芯,芯例如在开口深度方向上延伸且由在锚固步骤条件下不软化或不液化的材料(如金属材料或陶瓷材料或聚合物材料,其是热固性聚合物或热塑性聚合物,具有明显高于在锚固步骤中待液化热塑性材料的熔化温度范围)构成。该芯增大插入部的机械强度。
这些可能性可以任意彼此组合。
本发明还涉及用于以自动化方式实施该方法的机器。这种机器包括用于将插入部插入开口中以建立过盈配合的插入机构和用于实施锚固过程的锚固机构。插入机构可与锚固机构组合(例如通过振动工具首先将插入部推入开口中,然后经受机械振动以将能量耦合输入到用于锚固过程的装置中),或者可以与其分离。
本发明还涉及包括机器和一批第一物体的设备。如果该机器还包括开口制造机构(例如钻头),则开口制造机构和第一物体彼此适配,使得可以通过将插入部插入开口中建立过盈配合。
附图说明
结合附图来更详细描述本发明,其中:
图1示出已在上面简述的根据本发明方法的优选实施例的示例;
图2A/图2B示出从振动工具到自由物体的振动传递的两个示例;
图3A/图3B示出除了横向锚固之外插入部的远端和开口锚固件的底部在开口底部处配对的两个示例;
图4是如图1所示的方法的流程图;
图5至图8示出可应用在如图1所示方法中的插入部和开口的匹配成对的横截面的示例;
图9和图10示出具有不可液化的芯的自由物体的示例;
图11至图16示出可应用在如图1所示方法中的匹配的插入部和开口的纵向截面的示例;
图17和图18示出在如图1所示方法中连接到锚固在开口中的插入部的近端部的示例;
图19示出具有中空远端的插入部的实施例;
图20示出根据本发明方法的实施例,其中通过围绕插入部夹紧开口的壁部分建立过盈配合;
图21示出具有带有多个翼部的插入部的实施例的示例;
图22和图23示出插入部和开口的横截面配对的实施例的另外示例,其在沿着开口深度是不同的,这样以使过盈配合被限制到沿着该深度布置的预定区域;
图24示出从插入部内部产生干涉力的实施例的示例;和
图25示意性示出用于实施本文所述过程的机器。
在附图中,相同的附图标记指代相同的或相似的零部件。
具体实施方式
图1示出上面已简述的本发明方法的优选实施例,其中,两个物体或者说插入部和开口分别以平行于开口深度(纵向部段)的剖面被示出。在图1的左侧示出待连接的两个物体。
砧物体1包括具有深度D的盲孔2、与深度D基本平行或仅形成小角度的侧壁3以及例如基本垂直于深度D的底部4。砧物体1还包括可渗透材料,可渗透材料被布置成构成侧壁3的至少一部分,例如整个侧壁还加上底壁。在此,砧物体1可完全由可渗透材料制成或可进一步包括其它材料的部分。自由物体5包括远侧布置的插入部6且还包括构成插入部6的侧表面7的至少一部分的热塑性材料。在此,自由物体5可完全由热塑性材料制成,如图所示,或仅部分由热塑性材料制成。
插入部6和开口2以上述方式(干涉横截面,插入部轴向长度足以使其远端10能抵靠底部4)彼此适配。自由物体5可以进一步包括近端部8(如造型像头部),在此,其近端面9设置用于施用在建立过盈配合步骤期间和在锚固步骤期间所用的工具。
在图1的中间示出在建立过盈配合后的两个物体1和5。插入部6的例如钝的远端10邻接开口2的底部4,且插入部6通过主要横向作用(插入部侧表面和开口侧壁相互压靠)的过盈配合保持在开口2中。为了将插入部6定位在开口2中,使用任何合适的工具(未示出)将干涉力20施加到自由物体5的近端面9。或者,可通过将砧物体1设置在例如都包括开口一部分的多个部段中且通过闭合围绕插入部6的所述部段来形成过盈配合,其中使所述部段彼此相对移动的力构成干涉力(参见图20)。
在图1的右侧示出在连接时即在锚固步骤后的两个物体1和5。自由构件5在其侧表面7区域中(或分别在开口2的侧壁3区域中)且在插入部的远端10的区域中(或分别在开口2的底部4)被锚固在开口2中。锚固步骤在振动工具21帮助下实施,振动工具21压靠自由物体5的近端面9。
最初大于开口2的深度D的插入部6的长度L允许自由物体5或其近侧部8分别移向砧物体1以补偿在锚固步骤期间位移的液化材料。最后,当近侧部8邻接砧物体1的表面时,锚固步骤将终止,除非在近侧部8的远端面和砧物体1的表面之间需要进一步锚固。锚固步骤的终止可以替代地或附加地通过锚固步骤的预定时间间隔或通过剪切力22的预定最大值来确定。
图2A和图2B示出用于实施锚固步骤的两个替代方案,这两个替代方案考虑了振动工具和自由物体近端面之间的界面,如上已进一步简述。
对于图2A所示的替代方案,振动工具21借助剪切力22仅压靠(不连接到)自由物体5的近端面,在此,该振动工具优选针对在其远端面处的最大纵向振动来设计。这意味着只有针对砧物体的部分振动被传递到自由物体5(锤击效应,由多个小箭头23示出)。如果在这种布置中仅实现横向锚固,则须注意在开口底部仍存在用于插入部远端小位移的空间且剪切力22可能是小的。如果期望锚固也位于开口底部,如图1所示,则剪切力不仅有助于克服用于实现摩擦的过盈配合,而且还用于底部锚固,如从WO98/042988所知。
对于图2B所示的替代方案,振动工具21被刚性连接到自由物体5,该连接能将总振动(双箭头24)传递到自由物体5。如果期望在底部没有锚固,如果振动能量大到足以克服过盈配合,且如果砧物体足够稳定地固定或具有足够的惯性,则不需要附加剪切力来实现横向锚固。当开口不是盲孔而是通孔时,这种方法特别适用。如果开口仍包括底部且除了横向锚固外还期望在该底部中锚固,则需要足以用于这种底部锚固的“剪切”力,其另外可补充振动以克服过盈配合。
图3A和图3B示出用于实现更强的底部锚固的两个替代方案,在此仅示出自由物体5的插入部6的远端和砧物体1的开口2。根据图3A所示,插入部6的渐缩远端10与开口2的基本平坦的底面4配对。根据图3B,插入部6的基本钝形的远端10与开口底部4配对,开口底部4包括锥形或具有至少一个凸起的类似形状。根据图3A的替代方案有利于平行于开口深度的渗透,而根据图3B的替代方案有利于液化材料的横向分流。
图4是本发明方法的流程图。该流程图示出所述方法包括以下步骤:提供两个物体的步骤25,借助干涉力在插入部和开口之间建立过盈配合的步骤26,借助机械振动能和可能的附加剪切力将插入部锚固在开口中的步骤27,以及停止振动和在锚固步骤中液化的材料的再凝固的最后步骤28。步骤25至28的时间顺序被示出且不能改变。然而,在步骤25和26之间和/或在步骤26和27之间可能存在暂停,其中如上面进一步所提到地,如果热塑性材料和可渗透材料中的任一种具有蠕变倾向,则须仔细计划步骤25和26之间的暂停。
图5至图8示出彼此适配的插入部横截面和开口横截面的示例性配对以至少适用于如图1所示的本发明方法的优选实施例。在此,插入部的横截面30以实线来示出且被投影在用虚线示出的开口的横截面31上。所绘制的横截面30和31是所提供的构件的横截面(在建立干涉配合步骤之前和在锚固步骤之前)。插入部的尺寸未按比例绘制(太大)。对于严格的圆柱形(圆形或其它柱形)插入部和开口,所示的横截面30和31将在大部分的插入件轴向长度和开口深度上延伸。对于其它形式的插入部和/或开口,横截面可以沿插入件轴向长度和/或开口深度在形状和/或尺寸上变化。
图5示出两个圆形横截面30和31,其具有插入部的横截面30所需的过大尺寸。这种横截面配对将导致在插入部和开口的整个周界上的均匀锚固,只要横向开口壁的可渗透材料在过盈配合区域是均匀的。
图6示出用于开口的圆形横截面31和用于具有多个肋32的插入部的横截面30。肋32用作能量导向结构。在形成过盈配合时,如果足够锋利,则肋32可穿透开口侧壁,在确定横截面过盈时须考虑这种穿透。如果只有肋过大,而不是其间的谷,则锚固将仅发生在这些肋的附近。类似的效果可以通过在使开口的横截面31具有从开口壁突出的点的同时仍保持插入部的横截面30基本为圆形来实现。
图7示出用于开口的圆形横截面31和用于插入部的横截面30的配对,横截面30具有足够深度的凹口33,使得在凹口区域不会建立过盈配合,从而不会发生锚固。同样,在这种情况下,所述凹口可以设置在开口壁中而不是设置在插入部中。
在图8所示的实施例中,插入部在至少一个深度处具有星形横截面。该星形横截面包括尖锐边缘32,类似于图6和图7的实施例,其可以用作能量导向器。边缘之间的凹口33的深度使得即使边缘切入可渗透材料中仍然存在一些空间,在锚固步骤中一些热塑性材料可以流入该空间中。在可渗透材料具有相当低的孔隙率情况下,这可能是特别有利的。
与图6和图7的实施例相反,在图8所示的实施例中,锚固可以沿着插入部的整个外周发生。
图9示出具有嵌入热塑性涂层71中的、如由金属材料制成的芯82的自由物体5。
在包含热塑性材料的物体还包含在锚固步骤条件下不软化或不液化的材料的实施例中,该热塑性材料不需要构成整个表面。相反,由过盈配合加载的表面区域的至少一部分由热塑性材料构成就够了。图10示出热塑性材料81仅存在于远端的例子。具有例如热塑性材料的轴向延伸带的替代方案也是可能的。
图11-16示出适于本发明方法的插入部和开口的配对,其中,插入部和开口分别沿插入部长度或开口深度分段,且再次示出插入部的部段35,其由实线表示且被投影在由虚线绘制的开口的部段36上。部段35、36又是所提供的构件的部段(即在实现过盈配合的步骤之前和锚固步骤之前)。
图11示出渐缩开口与渐缩插入部的配对,其中,渐缩形状由多个台阶37组成,该插入部和开口上的台阶具有基本相同的轴向长度,且台阶之间的插入部和开口的横截面以基本相同的方式(类似尺寸)彼此适配。
图12示出渐缩形开口与渐缩形插入部的配对,其中,在两种情况下渐缩形是连续的,且相对于插入部长度和开口深度具有的角度A不大于10°至15°。插入部和开口在插入部长度和开口深度上的横截面优选具有全部类似的形状但尺寸减小。
图13示出已在上面进一步讨论的实施例,其使用位于通孔中且用于抵消剪切力及可能还抵消干涉力的辅助砧40。如果要从开口移除辅助砧40,则在设计砧表面和插入部远端时应注意在锚固步骤中在这两者之间不进行连接。类似于图3B的孔底部,辅助砧可以具有指向插入部的带有凸起的端面,其可被用作用于在插入部远端处液化的能量导向元件。
图14示出已如上面进一步讨论的实施例,其中,插入部在开口中的移动受到开口中的台阶41限制,在此,该开口的横截面减小,使得插入部远端不能在干涉力影响下也不能在剪切力影响下移动越过台阶。
图15示出根据本发明方法的另一个实施例,其中,包括插入部和热塑性材料的物体5构成一种盲铆钉。物体5的远端部5.1待被锚固在包括可渗透材料的第一物体1.1的开口中,且物体5的近端部5.2待被锚固在包括可渗透材料的第二物体1.2的开口中。在此,优选将干涉力、振动和(如果适用)剪切力施加到物体1.2(自由物体),且物体1.1保持稳定(砧物体),其中物体5用作自由物体和砧物体两者。
图16示出插入部和开口的纵向部段35和36的配对,其中过盈配合和锚固被限制到与分别沿插入部纵向轴线或开口深度没有过盈配合和锚固的区域交替的预定区域。这是通过具有交替尺寸的横截面实现的。通过将圆柱形插入部与包括不同横截面尺寸的部分的开口配对可以实现相同的效果,反之亦然。如果振动工具21被设计且被赋能用于纵向振动,则有利的是在将上述过盈配合和锚固的区域布置在具有大振幅的位置处,且将上述没有过盈配合和没有锚固的区域布置在具有小振幅的位置处。这意味着,在振动工具远端面和自由物体近端面处有最大纵向振幅的情况下,具有过盈配合和锚固的区域优选布置在距离近端面n倍λ/2(n=整数)的距离处,其之间是没有过盈配合和锚固的区域(在λ/4、3λ/4、5λ/4等的距离处)。这在图16的右侧简图中被示出。
图17和图18示出锚固在开口中的插入部的近端的其它实施例,这些实施例可通过本发明方法的尤其如图1所示的优选实施例实现。图17和图18两图是分别平行于插入部或开口的轴向长度的局部截面,在此仅示出开口的口部区域和物体5的近端部。
图17示出仅具有插入部(没有近端部)的物体5,该插入部锚固在开口中,其近端面9分别与物体1的表面或开口的口部齐平。这通过将物体5尺寸设置成其长度大于开口深度实现,其中差异基本对应于在锚固步骤期间物体5的预期缩短,这是因为热塑性材料渗透开口的侧壁和底壁。以相同的方式,即通过插入部长度和开口深度之间的相应差异,可实现近端面9相对于开口的口部的任何期望的位置。
图18示出带有头部的物体5,例如类似于图1所示的情况,其中头状近端部8埋头在邻近开口口部的开口横截面的相应扩大部位。
图19示出具有中空远端的插入部6的实施例。插入部6的远端设有中空空间61,使得远端10是略微柔性的,且当插入部受到径向压缩力时,与具有钝形远端的实施例相比,其对变形提供更小阻力。由此,在插入开口期间干涉力逐渐增大,而不是在最初特别强。
图20示出本发明方法的实施例,其中,如上面已经进一步提到,不是通过将插入部迫进开口中而是通过将插入部定位在开口壁部之间且将该壁部夹紧到插入部上形成过盈配合。在所示实施例中,壁部由板(砧物体1.3和1.4)如刨花板的窄表面构成,其基本平行延伸且在它们之间构成开口2。插入部6呈板条状。在建立过盈配合步骤中,插入部定位并夹紧在壁部之间,其中砧物体1.3、1.4压靠自由物体5(干涉力20)。图20在上方示出建立过盈配合步骤之前的物体以及在下方示出锚固步骤之后的物体。
在图21的实施例中,自由物体5具有附接到插入部6的多个翼部62。翼部62可以是相对柔软的,从而有助于插入部6定位在开口2中的正确位置,而不会引起砧物体1破裂。特别是,在实施例中,插入部本体(即插入部的不是由翼部62构成的那部分)的横截面可以大致对应于开口2的横截面,甚至略小于开口2的横截面,以使干涉力仅存在于翼部62位置处。该实施例可适用于特别脆弱或易碎的可渗透材料。
在一个变型中,翼部62可以是尺寸稳定的并用作切割刀片。同样在该变型中,翼部62可以在插入期间稳定插入部。
具有翼部62的实施例是特别适合在将插入部6射入开口中的过程例如类似于气枪这样的过程的实施例。
继图16,图22示出具有插入部横截面和开口横截面配对的实施例,该横截面配对沿开口的深度不同,使得过盈配合被限制到沿该深度布置的预定区域。特别是在图22的实施例中,过盈配合被限制在更深的部段,从而使在第二物体1最弱的开口边沿处的裂纹或其它损坏的风险最小化,特别是如果其是板形且开口从窄面延伸。
为此,开口是阶梯形的,而插入部基本是圆柱形的(可能的例外是能量导向器和/或略微的渐缩形)。
具有内部(远端)较小直径部段2.1和外部(近端)较大直径部段2.2的开口例如可通过双钻孔工艺用两个不同的钻头制造。还可以进行带有阶梯特征的钻孔。
内部段2.1的横截面(所示实施例中的直径d1,假设大致圆形横截面)将小于插入部的横截面(直径di)以产生过盈配合,而外部段2.2的横截面(直径d2)可大致对应于插入部的直径,甚至可以稍大。
图23示出图22的实施例变型,其具有多个台阶。各部段的直径使得在所示构型中不存在过盈配合,其中插入部仅部分插入,且如果插入部的最远端部段6.2被压入到开口的最内部分2.1中,且更近端部分6.1进入开口的中间部段2.2但不在开口的最近端部段2.3内,将出现过盈配合。
图24示出其它实施例。在本实施例中,假定砧物体1是具有两个宽表面81、82、窄侧面83的板,其中开口2在该窄侧面中。在具有砧物体的板形截面的实施例中,存在将插入部引入开口时产生破裂或者部分剥落的特定风险。
图24是干涉力从自由物体5内部引起、例如仅在锚固步骤之前立即开始的实施例的例子。为此,自由物体5设有内开口70,膨胀元件71被推入其中,该膨胀元件至少在一定轴向深度处的横截面大于内开口的横截面。插入部6和开口2可以彼此适配,使得当在放置膨胀元件71之前插入部6处于开口5中时不建立过盈配合或仅建立小干涉力的过盈配合。膨胀元件71例如可在通过振动工具21使机械振动撞击自由物体的步骤之前立即通过由振动工具21(超声波发生器)施加的力被引入。
具有板形截面的砧物体和从窄侧面延伸的开口的构造适用于本文所述的所有实施例。应用包括家具工业,其中自由物体5的头部8可以用作与第二家具部件的凹形部件协作的接头的凸形部件,例如Inter Ikea Systems B.V.的WO2013/104422所描述。
图25又示意性示出用于以自动化方式实施本文所述方法的机器的构件。该机器除振动工具21外还包括抓握装置91,用于在建立过盈配合步骤之前以及该步骤的至少一部分期间相对于砧物体1定位自由物体5。为了建立过盈配合,可以在经受振动之前使用振动工具21,例如通过将插入部压入开口中。或者,该机器可以包括单独的插入台,其中,过盈配合通过相应的插入工具例如推进工具来建立。
振动工具连接到引起振动工具振动的振动源92如压电换能器。
该机器可以可选地进一步包括开口产生装置如钻孔装置93,其包括钻头94,钻头94直径以这样的方式与插入部6的外径适配,当插入部插入开口时建立过盈配合,即钻头94被构造成形成直径略小于插入部外径的开口。
该机器可以是用于大规模生产的自动化机器,包括用于在工站之间传送砧物体的若干站和输送机构。例如该机器可以包括开口形成(钻孔)站、插入站和锚固站以及用于以循环方式在站之间传送砧物体的机构。该机器可以包括布置在开口形成站之前的其它站如定尺切割站。附加地或替代地,它可以包括用于未处理的砧物体、已处理的砧物体和/或用于自由物体的存放装置(在所述方法已经被实施之后物体被传送到其中)。
示例
使用图1所示的方法将聚酰胺(填充有15%的玻璃纤维的PA6.6)的锚固装置连接到密度在0.5g/cm3-0.8g/cm3范围内的多孔结构泡沫材料。设置在泡沫材料中的开口是盲孔。所述装置的插入部是圆柱形的,其圆形横截面的直径过大3%以产生过盈配合(无能量导向结构),具有相对于孔深度的25%的过大长度,以及钝形远端。该装置被迫进入开口,这需要与装置横截面相关的约10MPa的干涉力。在插入位置,该装置的远端邻接盲孔底部。对于锚固步骤,使用Branson(2000系列)的固定超声波装置将泡沫材料局部固定(砧物体)并将超声波振动耦合到所述装置(自由物体)的近端面,同时以约为干涉力两倍的剪切力将销压靠在开口底部。在此,该装置未附接到超声波装置的超声波发生器。锚固步骤以约20千赫振动频率进行,且在超声波发生器的远端处的纵向振幅在50μm至90μm的范围内。在约0.3秒锚固时间之后,该装置被完全固定在泡沫材料中并停止振动。
该装置的过大长度由于热塑性材料移入开口底部且还可能由于干涉力或剪切力而增大开口深度、且进一步可能由于热塑性材料的径向位移而被消耗。在该装置的横向侧上的锚固围绕装置是非常均匀的,特别是沿其长度。为了从泡沫材料中移除装置,所需施加的力是为了移除用相似方法在不够大的孔(无横向过盈配合,因而几乎没有横向锚固)中所锚固的相同装置所需的力的约两倍。由此得到以下结论,由横向过盈配合引起的横向锚固对保持强度所做的贡献与在孔底部的锚固大致相同。
如果使用相同的设备将类似装置锚固在类似的开口中,但在使销被迫进入开口期间已施加振动,则在锚固步骤期间该装置的主体需要移动整个开口深度,这使锚固步骤所需的时间至少增加一倍。

Claims (28)

1.一种连接两个物体(1,5)的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
提供所述两个物体(1,5),所述两个物体(1,5)之一包括第一材料,所述两个物体(1,5)中的另一个包括第二材料,其中所述第一材料是固体且具有热塑性能,并且所述第二材料是固体且当所述第一材料处于液化状态时能被所述第一材料渗透,所述两个物体(1,5)之一还包括具有深度(D)的开口(2),且所述两个物体(1,5)中的另一个还包括具有长度(L)的插入部(6),其中所述开口(2)和所述插入部(6)彼此适配,用于所述插入部(6)以过盈配合定位在所述开口(2)中,并且所述第一材料和第二材料构成在过盈配合中彼此压靠的插入部(6)和开口(2)的相对表面区域的至少一部分,
通过将所述插入部(6)放置在所述开口(2)中并施加干涉力(20)建立所述过盈配合;
在建立所述过盈配合之后,通过将一定量的适于液化所述第一材料的能量传递到所述相对表面区域附近并保持足够的时间以将所述插入部(6)锚固在所述开口(2)中,以便在所述第二材料保持固态的同时液化所述第一材料且在所述相对表面区域附近使第一材料和第二材料相互渗透;
停止传递能量足够时间以使在锚固步骤期间液化的第一材料再凝固。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在锚固步骤中,所传递的能量是机械振动能量。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,除了机械振动能量,剪切力(22)被施加到所述过盈配合,所述剪切力(22)作用在所述两个物体(1,5)之间。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述插入部(6)在所述开口(2)内取向为所述长度(L)基本上平行于所述深度(D),其中所述过盈配合建立在所述插入部(6)的横向侧(7)和所述开口(2)的侧壁(3)之间。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中,所述过盈配合通过借助基本平行于所述长度(L)和深度(D)定向且被施加到所述两个物体(1,5)之一的近端面(9)的干涉力(20)迫使所述插入部(6)进入所述开口(2)来建立。
6.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中,所述剪切力(22)基本平行于所述长度(L)和所述深度(D)定向且被施加到所述两个物体(1,5)之一。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,在锚固步骤期间,防止或限制由所述剪切力(22)引起的两个物体(1,5)彼此相对的运动。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,通过被定位成与所述开口(2)的底部(4)的所述插入部(6)的远端(10)邻接、通过在所述开口横截面中的限位件(41)或通过定位在所述开口(2)中的辅助砧(40)来阻止或限制所述运动。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,包括所述开口(2)的所述两个物体(1,5)中的一个物体还包括所述第二材料,并且其中包括所述插入部(6)所述两个物体(1,5)中的另一个物体还包括所述第一材料。
10.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,所传递的能量是机械振动能量,所述干涉力(20)、所述机械振动能量、以及如果适用的话剪切力(22)被施加到包括所述插入部(6)和所述第一材料的所述两个物体(1,5)中的一个物体。
11.根据权利要求9至10中任一项所述的方法,其中,包括所述第一材料的所述两个物体(1,5)中的一个物体完全由所述第一材料制成。
12.根据权利要求9至10中任一项所述的方法,其中,包括所述第一材料的所述两个物体(1,5)中的一个物体还包括由另一材料制成的芯(82),所述另一材料在锚固步骤的条件下不软化或不液化。
13.根据权利要求9至10中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述插入部(6)的横向侧包括基本呈平行于所述长度(L)延伸的脊的形式的能量导向结构。
14.根据权利要求6至10中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述开口(2)和所述插入部(5)基本为圆柱形或圆锥形。
15.根据权利要求1至3和6至10中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述第二材料在建立过盈配合的步骤和锚固步骤期间是固体。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述第二材料包括可渗透的表面结构。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述第二材料是刨花板、纤维板、木材、胶合板和硬纸板中的一种。
18.根据权利要求1至3和6至10中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述第一材料包括弹性系数为至少0.5GPa的热塑性聚合物。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,所述第一材料还包括填料。
20.根据权利要求1至3和6至10中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述插入部(6)和所述开口(2)的横截面通过不具有相同形状而彼此适配,使得所述过盈配合仅限于横截面的部分周界。
21.根据权利要求1至3和6至10中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述插入部(6)和所述开口(2)的横截面配对沿所述开口(2)的深度(D)不同,使得所述过盈配合被限制到沿着深度的预定区域。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中,所述过盈配合限于不延伸到所述开口的口部区域,其中所述开口的口部基本没有过盈配合。
23.根据权利要求1至3和6至10中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述插入部包括能从具有所述插入部(6)的一个物体的近侧接近的内开口(70),其中建立过盈配合的步骤包括以下子步骤:相对于开口(2)放置插入部(6),然后在内开口(70)中插入膨胀元件(71)以引起在所述开口(2)内的插入部(6)的膨胀以建立所述过盈配合。
24.一种用于实施根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法的机器,包括用于将所述插入部(6)插入所述开口(2)以建立过盈配合的插入机构(21,91)以及用于实施锚固步骤的锚固机构(21)。
25.根据权利要求24所述的机器,包括具有插入机构的插入站以及与其分离的锚固站。
26.根据权利要求25所述的机器,还包括用于将第二物体从所述插入站传送到所述锚固站的传送器。
27.根据权利要求24至26中任一项所述的机器,还包括具有开口制造机构(93)的开口制造站,所述开口制造机构用于在所述插入步骤之前制造所述开口。
28.一种包括根据权利要求27所述的机器且还包括一批第一物体的设备,所述第一物体(5)的插入部(6)和用于制造所述开口(93)的所述机构彼此适配,使得过盈配合能在所述插入部(6)插入所述开口(2)时建立。
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US20200391448A1 (en) 2020-12-17

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