CN106457327A - A method of manufacture of vessels for pressurised fluids and apparatus thereof - Google Patents
A method of manufacture of vessels for pressurised fluids and apparatus thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106457327A CN106457327A CN201580031312.1A CN201580031312A CN106457327A CN 106457327 A CN106457327 A CN 106457327A CN 201580031312 A CN201580031312 A CN 201580031312A CN 106457327 A CN106457327 A CN 106457327A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- curvature
- radius
- ring
- closed end
- plunger
- Prior art date
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Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 43
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006231 aramid fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002748 Basalt fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 235000008429 bread Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000641 cold extrusion Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000000304 warm extrusion Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001192 hot extrusion Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 23
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005480 shot peening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000032765 Device extrusion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004553 extrusion of metal Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007730 finishing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004907 gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006263 metalation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
- B21C23/02—Making uncoated products
- B21C23/20—Making uncoated products by backward extrusion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
- B21C23/22—Making metal-coated products; Making products from two or more metals
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/01—Shape
- F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
- F17C2201/0114—Shape cylindrical with interiorly curved end-piece
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0614—Single wall
- F17C2203/0617—Single wall with one layer
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
- F17C2209/21—Shaping processes
- F17C2209/2181—Metal working processes, e.g. deep drawing, stamping or cutting
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
- Pressure Vessels And Lids Thereof (AREA)
- Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
- Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
Abstract
A pressure vessel comprises a closed end, a cylindrical side wall (11) and a shoulder and neck. The internal surface profile of the closed end of the pressure vessel comprises a central section (13), at least one intermediate ring (14) and an outermost ring (15) with intersecting but differing curvatures of radii: R, r, and Rc respectively. The central section (13), the at least intermediate ring (14) and the outermost ring (15) connect a central point where the end face intersects the longitudinal axis with the cylindrical side wall. The relationship between the radii of the central section (13), the at least intermediate ring (14) and the outermost ring (15) in combination with the height H of the closed end to its junction (10) with the cylindrical side wall (11) provide a high pressure vessel which may be manufactured using either cold or warm extrusion and which has an equivalent or improved lifetime in contrast to equivalent conventional high pressure vessels manufactured using hot extrusion.A method of manufacturing the pressure vessel is also disclosed.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to being suitable to the manufacture method of container of receiving pressure fluid, its manufacturing equipment and using the method system
The pressure vessel made.More particularly, the present invention relates to being used for accommodating the system of the canister of the fluid being under pressure
Back extrusion process for forming, its extrusion equipment and the pressure vessel being manufactured according to methods described made.In particular but and non-exclusive
Property, the present invention relates to being used for being suitable to the closed end formula hoop bag inflator of the gas accommodating the pressure being in superatmospheric power
Manufacture method and the closed end formula hoop bag inflator being made by methods described.
Background technology
Currently, pressure vessel is to be manufactured with aluminium, steel and composite.I type pressure vessel is only by such as steel or aluminium alloy
Formed in metal material.By contrast, II type pressure vessel includes having the canister of thread combined sleeve (generally by aluminum
Become), described thread combined sleeve is for example formed by epoxy resin, aramid fiber and/or carbon fiber, and the only cylindrical side around container
Wall (herein referred as hoop bag).The weight of II type pressure vessel is typically light than I type pressure vessel, because the metal of II type pressure vessel
Chamber wall can and no performance loss thinner than I type pressure vessel.For I type and II type pressure vessel, gas under stress
The duplicate allocation of body and container refill and cause container to bend, and this flexure can promote the crack propagation in chamber wall.
For metal and recombination pressure container, common manufacturing method comprises the H/C of the blank including metal material is squeezed
Pressure, described metal material is typically used for the aluminium alloy of high-pressure bottle.US3648351 provides closed end formula hollow metal to be held
The early implementation example of the reverse extrusion of device, the wherein briquet of metal material or blank be forced to along plunger side upwardly,
The end of described plunger is downwardly against on the briquet in die cavity.WO96/11757 describes the improvement manufacturer using reverse extrusion
Method, wherein extrudes together to the bi-material being installed in die cavity.
In addition, improved pressure vessel fatigue resistance using autofrettage.Autofrettage is related to apply in the bore hole of container
Fill up the pressure so that metal plastic deformation at inner surface.Described technology is internally at surface or the neighbouring compressed residual that produces should
Power, and which enhance the fatigue resistance standing to circulate the container that internal pressure loads.WO96/11759 describes in pressure vessel
Manufacture in make the peak stress area in pressure vessel wall move away from internal or external wall surface using autofrettage.
The present invention seek to provide a kind of pressure vessel fabricating method of fatigue resistance improving pressure vessel, manufacturing equipment with
And the pressure vessel using methods described manufacture.
The present invention also seek to provide a kind of pressure vessel fabricating method of possibility reducing premature failure, manufacturing equipment with
And the pressure vessel using methods described manufacture.
The present invention seeks to provide one kind to be particularly suited for manufacturing AA6XXX and AA7XXX series aluminum high-pressure cylinders and circle further
The cold squeezing production method of cylinder lining and manufacturing equipment.
Furthermore, the present invention seeks to provide the closing compared with conventional closed end formula hoop bag pressure vessel with improvement performance
End formula hoop bag pressure vessel.
The present invention individually seeks to provide the method meeting the pressure container standards such as such as EN12257 and/or ISO11119-1
Rule require and have the pressure vessel of composite curve inner surface.
Content of the invention
Present invention accordingly provides a kind of method forming closed end formula pressure vessel, methods described includes：To can extrude
The blank of metal is placed in mould, and described blank has axis and forward surface；Using having longitudinal asymmetric axis, end face area
With the plunger of substantially cylindrical side wall, force the described end face area of described plunger by the described axis along described blank
Enter in the described forward surface of described blank, to cause described metal to be squeezed, to cause described extruding metal to institute
State in the space between plunger and described mould and the described cylindrical side wall along described plunger extrudes to form extrudate；With
And from the described mould described extrudate of removal and so that the open end of described extrudate is shaped to form shoulder and neck, institute whereby
The described end face area stating plunger has surface type face including central section, at least one middle ring and outmost ring, described
Central section, at least one middle ring described and described outmost ring are respectively provided with intersecting but different radius R, r and Rc's
Curvature, described central section, at least one middle ring described and described outmost ring make the institute of described end face and described plunger
State the central point of longitudinal axis intersection with the described cylindrical side wall of described plunger in phase at described central point axial distance H
Connect, the scope of described axial distance H is 0.28ID to 0.5ID, and wherein ID is the horizontal stroke of the described cylindrical side wall of described plunger
Diameter of section.
Preferably, described axial distance H is in the range of 0.3ID to 0.4ID.
In especially preferred embodiment, described axial distance H is substantially equal to ID/3.
Described central section preferably has the radius of curvature R in the range of 0.5ID to 1.2ID.
Preferably, described central section has the radius of curvature R being substantially equal to 1.1ID.
It is highly preferred that described middle ring has radius of curvature r between 0.1ID and 0.5ID.
Described middle ring preferably has radius of curvature r in the range of 0.12ID to 0.13ID.
In another preferred embodiment, the described end face area of described plunger can have and comprises at least two middle rings
Surface type face, described at least two middle rings each have different surface curvature radiuses.
Preferably, described outmost ring has radius of curvature R c in the range of ID/ (3 ± 2).
It is highly preferred that described outmost ring has radius of curvature R c in the range of ID/ (3 ± 1).
Described outmost ring preferably has radius of curvature R c being substantially equal to ID/2.
Methods described may further include the step carrying out autofrettage process to described pressure vessel.
Described blank can include AA6XXX series alloys.
In especially preferred embodiment, described blank includes AA7XXX series alloys.
In second aspect, the present invention provide a kind of for used in the manufacture of closed end formula pressure vessel extrude
Equipment, described extrusion equipment includes the mould of the blank for accommodating metal that can be squeezed and has longitudinal asymmetric axis, end face
Area and the plunger of substantially cylindrical side wall, the described end face area of described plunger has including central section, at least one
Between ring and outmost ring surface type face, described central section, at least one middle ring described and described outmost ring divide
There is no the curvature of intersecting but different radius R, r and Rc, described central section, at least one middle ring described and described outermost
The ring in face makes the described cylinder of the central point of described longitudinal axis intersection with described plunger for the described end face and described plunger
Side wall is being connected at described central point axial distance H, and the scope of described axial distance H is 0.28ID to 0.5ID, wherein ID
It is the cross-sectional diameter of the described cylindrical side wall of described plunger.
Preferably, described axial distance H is in the range of 0.3ID to 0.4ID.
In especially preferred embodiment, described axial distance H is substantially equal to ID/3.
Described central section preferably has the radius of curvature R in the range of 0.5ID to 1.2ID.
Preferably, described central section has the radius of curvature R being substantially equal to 1.1ID.
Described middle ring preferably has radius of curvature r between 0.1ID and 0.5ID.
Preferably, described middle ring has radius of curvature r between 0.12ID and 0.13ID.
In another preferred embodiment, the described end face area of described plunger can have and comprises at least two middle rings
Surface type face, described at least two middle rings each have different surface curvature radiuses.
Described outmost ring preferably has radius of curvature R c in the range of ID/ (3 ± 2).
Preferably, described outmost ring has radius of curvature R c in the range of ID/ (3 ± 1).
It is highly preferred that described outmost ring has radius of curvature R c being substantially equal to ID/2.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a kind of closed end formula pressure vessel being formed by metal that can be squeezed, described
Pressure vessel include closed end section, substantially cylindrical side wall, shoulder and the neck with cross sectional inner diameter ID and
There are longitudinal asymmetric axis, the inner surface type face of described closed end section includes central section, at least one middle ring and
The ring of outside, described central section, at least one middle ring described and described outmost ring are respectively provided with and intersect but different
The curvature of radius R, r and Rc, described central section, described at least middle ring and described outmost ring make described closed end area
Section is being connected with described cylindrical side wall with the central point of described longitudinal axis intersection at described central point axial distance H
Connect, the scope of described axial distance H is 0.28ID to 0.5ID.
Preferably, described axial distance H is in the range of 0.3ID to 0.4ID.
In especially preferred embodiment, described axial distance H is substantially equal to ID/3.
Described central section preferably has the radius of curvature R in the range of 0.5ID to 1.2ID.
Preferably, described central section has the radius of curvature R being substantially equal to 1.1ID.
Described middle ring preferably has radius of curvature r between 0.1ID and 0.5ID.
Preferably, described middle ring has radius of curvature r between 0.12ID and 0.13ID.
In another preferred embodiment, the described inner surface type face of described closed end section can comprise at least two
Middle ring, described at least two middle rings each have different surface curvature radiuses.
Described outmost ring preferably has radius of curvature R c in the range of ID/ (3 ± 2).
Preferably, described outmost ring has radius of curvature R c in the range of ID/ (3 ± 1).
In especially preferred embodiment, described outmost ring has radius of curvature R c being substantially equal to ID/2.
Described closed end formula pressure vessel can include AA6XXX series alloys.
In especially preferred embodiment, described closed end formula pressure vessel includes AA7XXX series alloys.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a kind of recombination pressure container, and it includes closed end formula pressure as above
Force container and composite sleeve.
Described composite can be selected from carbon fiber composite, basalt fibre, aramid fiber and/or glass fibre.
The manufacture method of the present invention and manufacturing equipment make it possible for cold or Warm Extrusion manufacture closed end formula high pressure
Container, even if it has the equivalent or improved life-span and compared with low pressure compared with the equivalent high pressure force container manufacturing using hot extrusion
Also equivalent performance is realized in the case of power autofrettage.
Brief description
Now will be for example only with reference to Description of Drawings embodiment of the present invention, in accompanying drawing：
The reverse extrusion that Fig. 1 schematically illustrates in metal stock is a series of in closed end formula pressure vessel to be formed
Stage；
Fig. 2 is the perspective view of the cross section of the closed end through the pressure vessel according to the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the detailed cross-sectional of the closed end of the pressure vessel of Fig. 2；
Fig. 4 illustrates the relation of the surface curvature radius of the closed end of the pressure vessel of Fig. 2；
Fig. 5 a and 5b illustrates the first principal stress of the finite element analysis of substrate using conventional hoop bag pressure vessel lining
With Von Mises stress；And
Fig. 6 a and 6b illustrates the of the finite element analysis of the substrate using the hoop bag pressure vessel lining according to the present invention
One principal stress and Von Mises stress.
Specific embodiment
Although the hot extrusion (wherein extruding execution generally at a temperature of higher than recrystallization temperature) according to the present invention is can
Can, but cold and/or Warm Extrusion (wherein extruding is execution at a temperature of less than recrystallization temperature) is as lower cost program
But preferably.Warm Extrusion typically to be executed with 100-250 DEG C of starting blanks temperature, and cold extrusion is typically to be less than
100 DEG C, be preferably the starting blanks temperature of environment temperature executing.However, accurate extruding condition is immaterial to the invention,
And can be using the normal condition of extruding.
The method manufacturing closed end formula pressure vessel as shown in Figure 1 is related in the reverse extrusion of metal stock 2
Using extrusion equipment 1.On the whole, the metal material blank 2 of such as aluminium alloy is positioned over mould 4 (also referred to as compression sleeve)
In the bottom in chamber 3 at.Cross section is preferably cylindrical and plunger 5 that have substantially parallel side wall is arranged for edge
The common axis line X plunger 5, mould 4 and blank 2 is moved back and forth.Plunger 5 is inserted in die cavity 3 so that the end of plunger 5
The surface of the opening facing die cavity 3 of face 6 engagement blank 2.Plunger 5 towards die cavity 3 closed end persistently move back and forth urgent
The end face area 6 of plunger is made to enter metal stock 2.This causes the sidewall surfaces extruding of the metal material of blank 2 along plunger 5.Squeeze
Go out thing from the speed that die cavity 3 exits generally in the range of 50-500 cm per minute, and can also be at least in the end face 6 of plunger 5
Contact blank 2 part provides lubrication (not shown) to reduce required squeeze pressure.Moving back and forth of plunger 5 is continued until plunger
End face 6 reach the preset distance of the inner bottom surface away from die cavity 3, described distance substantially corresponds to the closing end of gained pressure vessel
The desired thickness at end.Similarly, the side wall of plunger 5 and the radial separation of the cylindrical form interior surface of mould 4 substantially correspond to press
The thickness of the cylindrical side wall of force container.Therefore, the inner profile of the closed end of pressure vessel corresponds to the external type of plunger 5
Face.
The formation of the closed end of pressure vessel leads to initially generally cup-shaped extrudate, and it has substrate, parallel sides
Wall and open top.Subsequently make open top squarely and the heating of extrudate, usual sensing heating to 300-450 DEG C,
Then form neck using conventional swaged forging or spinning technology.The hollow body of gained is heat-treated through solution, typically in cold water
Quenching, and finally aging.Can also carry out the routine finishing process such as such as autofrettage and shot-peening, to complete the system of pressure vessel
Make.
Above-described pressing method is different from by novelty and has the use of the extrusion equipment 1 of invention to metal stock
Conventional reverse extrusion.The feature of extrusion equipment 1 is typically conventional in design, but the outer surface 10 of the end face of plunger 5 removes
Outward, this is described in more detail below.As mentioned earlier, the inner surface type face of the closed end of pressure vessel corresponds to plunger 5
The type face of outer surface 10, and therefore herein by the outer surface 10 to describe plunger 5 referring to figs. 2 to 4, Fig. 2 is shown to 4 with cross section
Go out the closed end of the pressure vessel manufacturing using mould 4 and the plunger 5 of extrusion equipment 1.
On the whole and with reference to Fig. 2 and 3, described pressure vessel has outer dia or external diameter OD, and it is substantially equal to crowded
The internal diameter of the cylindrical side wall of gland cylinder or mould 4, and there is internal diameter ID, it is substantially equal to the outer of the exterior side wall of plunger 5
Portion's cylinder diameter.Difference between described internal diameter and external diameter is corresponding to the thickness of the substantially cylindrical side wall 11 of pressure vessel
Degree, i.e. a=(OD-ID)/2, it also corresponds essentially to the space of side wall of plunger 5 and mould 4 or radial difference.
The key feature in the type face of the outer surface 10 of plunger 5 comprises：Central point 12, is indulged with it in the end of plunger 5 herein
Intersect to axis of symmetry X；Central section 13；And at least two rings 14,15, central point 12 is connected to plunger 5 by described ring
Substantially cylindrical side wall 11.When watching along axis X, central section 13 and two rings 14 and 15 are all with respect to axle
Line X is rotationally symmetrical, and relative to each other concentric.By contrast, Fig. 3 and 4 vertical cross-section in central section 13 and two
The surface type face of individual ring 14 and 15 is clearly visible to have different but intersecting surface curvature.In either case, central section
13rd, the surface curvature of middle ring 14 and outmost ring 15 extends between their border, and is respectively provided with the half of R, r and Rc
Footpath.
Central point 12 is located at the center of central section 13.The curvature of the radius R that the surface type face of central section 13 has
Between 0.5ID to 1.2ID, preferably between 0.8ID to 1.2ID, and it is more preferably 1ID<R<1.2ID.Center
The external margin of section 13 is engaged with the internal edge of the first joint section of herein referred as middle ring 14 or intersects, described middle ring
The curvature of the radius r that 14 have between 0.1ID to 0.5ID, preferably between 0.1ID to 0.25ID, and more preferably
For 0.1ID<r<0.15ID.Also, the second joint of the external margin of middle ring 14 and the herein referred as second or outmost ring 15
The internal edge of section engages or intersecting, the curvature of the radius Rc=ID/ (3 ± 2) that described outmost ring 15 has, more preferably
Ground is Rc=ID/ (3 ± 1), and is more preferably 0.4ID<Rc<0.6ID.Although central section 13 and two rings 14,15
The scope of potential curvature overlaps each other, but for any specific plunger 5, defines the central section of outer surface 10 and two rings will
Each there are the surface curvatures different from the surface curvature of other person, and during the radius of the surface curvature of middle ring 14 is always less than
Heart district section 13 and the curvature of outmost ring 15.
With reference to Fig. 4, because central section 13 is rotationally symmetrical with respect to axis X, therefore the surface curvature of central section half
Footpath R is from recording along axis X apart from the point (initial point) of R.Additionally, the intersecting of central section 13 and middle ring 14, middle ring
14 with outmost ring 15 intersect and intersecting each mixing of outmost ring 15 and cylindrical side wall 11 and guarantee plunger 5
The surface type face of end in not discontinuous, the described intensity that discontinuously can be detrimental to cylinder.This requires in each intersection,
The tangent line (described tangent line is orthogonal to the line at junction surface) of the curvature on the surface of the either side at junction surface is substantial registration and excellent
Select common.In the case of the intersecting of outmost ring 15 and cylindrical side wall 11, the surface curvature of outmost ring 15
Tangent line (being orthogonal to line, if intersecting) is substantially aligned with the surface of cylindrical side wall 11.
Pass through the cross section that plunger 5 obtains in central point 12 at the junction surface with cylindrical side wall 11 for the outmost ring 15
Top is intersected with axis X at H.Apart from H between 0.28ID to 0.5ID, preferably between 0.3ID to 0.4ID, then
It is preferably H=ID/3.Due to the junction point in outmost ring 15 and side wall 11, the surface curvature of outmost ring 15
Tangent line and cylindrical wall 11 substantial registration, the radius Rc of the surface curvature of therefore outmost ring is from being located across plunger 5
Transversal plane in point (initial point) at the height H above central point 12 record.
Therefore in order to ensure the curvature of middle ring 14 is mixed with central section 13 and outmost ring 15, the half of middle ring 14
Footpath r is to record from the intersecting point (initial point) corresponding to Rc-r and R-r.Additionally, the cross-sectional diameter IDC at the center of middle ring 14
Less than or equal to OD- (3xa), wherein OD is that the external cylindrical diameter of pressure vessel is (straight equal to the interior cylindrical of mould 4
Footpath), and a is the thickness (equal to the separation of mould 4 and the cylindrical side wall of plunger 5) of pressure vessel wall.
Although accompanying drawing illustrates single middle ring 14, the inner surface type face of press drum (and therefore also have the outer of plunger 5
Surface type face) can comprise more than a middle ring, in the middle of each of which, ring has the surface curvature radius of its own, and each
Middle ring is mixed with the edge of adjacent ring in its edge, i.e. the surface of the edge in described middle ring for each middle ring is bent
The tangent line of rate and the tangent line substantial registration of the surface curvature of adjacent ring.In addition although accompanying drawing illustrates the table of central section 13
Face curvature is defined by single radius, but be also contemplated within center 13 can by substantially flat inside center section and with inside in
The concentric outside hub section composition of heart district section, it has the surface curvature of radius R.
Embodiment 1
The mould 4 of the extrusion equipment according to the present invention set forth below and plunger 5 and made using described mould and plunger
The correspondingly-sized of 5 liters of AA7060 cylinder liner first group of exemplary dimensions.
Total height=the 465mm of cylinder
Gross weight=the 4.8Kg of cylinder
| Plunger and mould | 5 liters of AA7060 cylinder liner | (mm) |
| The internal diameter of mould | OD | 140 |
| The external diameter of plunger | ID | 129 |
| The radial separation of the cylindrical surface of mould and plunger | a | 5.5 |
| Plunger have the axial height to cylindrical side wall for the profile end | H | 43 |
| There is the penetralia ring radius of profile plunger surface | R | 146 |
| There is the second ring radius of profile plunger surface | r | 16 |
| There is the outmost ring radius of profile plunger surface | Rc | 64 |
Embodiment 2
Conventional 2 liters of carbon fiber hoop bag AA7060 alloy linings set forth below (and the mould 4 of conventional extrusion equipment and plunger 5
Correspondingly-sized) (shape A) and similarly 2 liters of carbon fiber hoop bag AA7060 alloy linings according to the present invention (and its corresponding
Mould and plunger) (shape B) second group of exemplary dimensions：
The pressure vessel that Table 1 below statement is manufactured under cold extrusion using the extrusion equipment described in embodiment 2 with
And the comparative inefficacy using cold extrusion and 2 liters of hoop bag 7060 aluminium alloy linings (shape A) of conventional reverse extrusion Making mold
The performance test results.
Table 1
Inefficacy site 0=leaks, Location-Unknown；
Rupture at the 1=bottom of cylinder of inefficacy site；
Leakage in the 2=cylindrical body of inefficacy site；And
Leakage in the 3=shoulder of inefficacy site.
By 5 liters manufactured under cold extrusion using the equipment described in above example 1 hoop bag 7060 aluminium alloy lining (shapes
Shape B) life-span and failure properties with also wrap 7060 aluminium alloys using cold extrusion but with 5 liters of hoops of conventional reverse extrusion Making mold
The performance of lining (shape A) is compared.Table 2 below be set out in the life-span (reaching the number of times refilling circulation of inefficacy) and
The result of inefficacy site aspect.
Table 2
Table 1 clearly illustrates significantly improving of the failure performance compared with equivalent traditional pressure vessel with 2 result.
27 test pressure containers that test has the size of statement in embodiment 1 reach inefficacy.Make each to have
Five groups of five pressure vessels stand loop test, and each of which group pressure vessel has carried out different amounts of autofrettage.Make
Remaining two pressure vessels (not carrying out autofrettage) stand explosion test.Each of test pressure container is to use to have reality
Apply 5 liters of carbon fiber hoop bag 7060 aluminium conjunctions that the mould 4 of size stated in example 1 and plunger 5 manufacture during cold reverse extrusion
Golden pressure vessel.The Table 3 below statement details of autofrettage amount of each group of pressure vessel and the result of test.
Table 3
A () represents the inefficacy in cylindrical body wall
B () represents the inefficacy at the different piece of cylinder.
In above test, stand two in the pressure vessel of 110% autofrettage pressure and stand 120% autofrettage
In the pressure vessel of pressure three present the disengaging from outer sleeve for the carbon fiber.
As discussed in WO96/11759 it is known that validity in terms of improving fatigue behaviour for the autofrettage is depending on pressure appearance
The design of the closed end of device.For example, the pressure vessel with hemispherical closed end is not opened up when standing autofrettage
Show significantly improving of fatigue behaviour aspect.By contrast it is known that having half elliptic or the pressure of torispherical dish closed end
Container brings improved performance with autofrettage.Therefore, autofrettage is joined to cylindrical side wall for closed end by hinge area
Pressure vessel provides improved failure performance.Autofrettage pressure according to relevant criterion typically minimum burst pressure 75% to
Between 95%.The stress that aluminium gases at high pressure cylinder is usually designed so that in the cylindrical side wall being under operating pressure will not
Exceed the half of alloy yield stress, and cylinder burst pressure is at least 2.5 times of operating pressure.Therefore, have for example
In the AA7XXX series alloys cylinder of the yield stress of 450MPa, design should make wall stress be less than 225MPa.
The hoop bag pressure vessel that information in table 1 to 3 clearly illustrates method and apparatus according to the invention manufacture also obtains
Benefit autofrettage and shot-peening, the surprising improvement of failure performance is provided compared with equivalent traditional pressure vessel.This makes according to this
The pressure vessel of the method and apparatus of invention can bring at least equivalent and potential improved inefficacy under relatively low autofrettage pressure
Performance.
Finite element analysis (FEA) using the hoop bag pressure vessel of said method and device fabrication has been discovered that according to this
The inner profile of the closed end of pressure vessel of invention is compared with the pressure vessel in closed end with normal internal type face
Bring significantly lower maximum stress.
By FEA, structure (in the case for the closed end of pressure vessel) is divided into all kinds, size
Many small pieces (a limited number of element) with shape.The deformation pattern that described element is assumed to have simplification is (linear or secondary
Etc.), and connect at ' node ' place of the turning being usually located at element or edge.Subsequently use the primitive rule of structural mechanics
(that is, dynamic balance and displacement continuity) combines described element with mathematical way, thus bringing big Simultaneous Equations.By solving
Simultaneous Equations, it is possible to obtain the deformed shape of structure under a load, and internal stress can be calculated from deformed shape and answer
Become.
FEM model (FEM) is based on 7060 aluminium alloy linings and the carbon combined sleeve with ID=88.5, and is used for
4 groups of different size combinations in the inner surface type face of pressure vessel：Analysis 1, analyzes 2, analyzes 3 and analysis 4.FEA makes each point
Analysis stands following load step：Autofrettage pressure=600BAR；Operating pressure=300BAR；Test pressure=450BAR and minimum
Design explosion=752BAR, to identify the first principal stress under the test pressure of 450BAR and Von after autofrettage
Mises stress, its result is stated in table 4 below；Analysis 1 corresponds to and is adjusted to be incorporated to the routine of three concentric intersecting radii
Pressure vessel, and analyze 4 corresponding to the pressure vessel using said method and device fabrication, analysis 4 is especially preferred enforcement
Scheme.Comprise to analyze 2 and 3 and be only used for comparative purpose.
Table 4
Fig. 5 a and 5b shows principal stress and the Von Mises stress of analysis 1, and Fig. 6 a and 6b shows the master of analysis 4
Stress and Von Mises stress.Fig. 5 and 6 shows the position of the maximum stress in hinge area for analysis 1 and analysis 4 holding
Substantially the same (being also the same for analyzing 2 with analysis 3, not shown).Fig. 5 and 6 also show for using said method and
The II type pressure vessel of device fabrication, even if after autofrettage, maximum Von Mises stress is also held in the interior of pressure vessel
At surface.However, the result in table 4 clearly illustrates the first principal stress analyzing 4 and the absolute value of Von Mises stress is notable
Less than any one of other analyses.And FEA shows that the principal element of the reduction contributing to maximum stress is H and Rc
Value.
Above method and equipment be particularly suitable for (but not limited to) AA6XXX and AA7XXX series alloys (according to
Aluminum Association Inc. registration 2009) pressure vessel cold extrusion manufacture, and respectively meet hoop bag pressure
The I type that the fatigue of the corresponding standard in the other area of container standard (such as EN12257 and ISO11119-1) and the world requires
Cylinder and II type cylinder liner.And, by above method and equipment, it is possible to use autofrettage manufactures at least at low pressures
Mate and often exceed the II type cylinder of the failure performance of equivalent routine cylinder.
It will be appreciated that above-described embodiment is only selected preferred illustrative embodiment.Without departing from appended power
In the case of the scope of the present invention requiring in sharp claim, to above-described manufacture method, manufacturing equipment and can pass through
The pressure vessel of methods described and equipment making makes a change.
Claims (40)
1. a kind of method forming closed end formula pressure vessel, methods described includes：
The blank of metal that can be squeezed is placed in mould, described blank has axis and forward surface；
Using the plunger with longitudinal asymmetric axis, end face area and substantially cylindrical side wall, by along described blank
Described axis forces the described end face area of described plunger to enter into cause described metal in the described forward surface of described blank
It is squeezed, to cause described extruding metal in the space between described plunger and described mould and along described plunger
Described cylindrical side wall extrudes to form extrudate；And
Remove described extrudate from described mould and so that the open end of described extrudate is shaped to form shoulder and neck,
The described end face area of described whereby plunger has the surface including central section, at least one middle ring and outmost ring
Type face, described central section, at least one middle ring described and described outmost ring are respectively provided with and intersect but different radiuses
The surface curvature of R, r and Rc, described central section, at least one middle ring described and described outmost ring make described end face area
With the central point of the described longitudinal axis intersection of described plunger and the described cylindrical side wall of described plunger away from described center
It is connected at point axial distance H, the scope of described axial distance H is 0.28ID to 0.5ID, and wherein ID is the described of described plunger
The cross-sectional diameter of cylindrical side wall.
2. the method for claim 1, wherein said axial distance H is in the range of 0.3ID to 0.4ID.
3. the method for claim 1, wherein said axial distance H is substantially equal to ID/3.
4., as method in any one of the preceding claims wherein, wherein said central section has the model in 0.5ID to 1.2ID
Radius of curvature R in enclosing.
5. method as claimed in claim 4, wherein said central section has the radius of curvature R being substantially equal to 1.1ID.
6. as method in any one of the preceding claims wherein, at least one middle ring wherein said have 0.1ID with
Radius of curvature r between 0.5ID.
7. method as claimed in claim 6, at least one middle ring wherein said has the scope in 0.12ID to 0.13ID
Interior radius of curvature r.
8. the method as any one of claim 1 to 7, the described end face area of wherein said plunger has and comprises at least two
The surface type face of individual middle ring, described at least two middle rings each have different surface curvature radiuses.
9., as method in any one of the preceding claims wherein, wherein said outmost ring has the model in ID/ (3 ± 2)
Radius of curvature R c in enclosing.
10. method as claimed in claim 9, wherein said outmost ring has the curvature in the range of ID/ (3 ± 1)
Radius Rc.
11. methods as claimed in claim 10, wherein said outmost ring has the radius of curvature being substantially equal to ID/2
Rc.
12. such as method in any one of the preceding claims wherein, it further includes to carry out autofrettage to described pressure vessel
The step processing.
13. such as method in any one of the preceding claims wherein, wherein said blank includes AA6XXX series alloys.
14. methods as any one of claim 1 to 12, wherein said blank includes AA7XXX series alloys.
15. a kind of for extrusion equipment used in the manufacture of closed end formula pressure vessel, described extrusion equipment include use
In the mould of blank accommodating metal that can be squeezed and have longitudinal asymmetric axis, end face area and substantially cylindrical side wall
Plunger, the described end face area of described plunger has the surface type including central section, at least one middle ring and outmost ring
Face, described central section, at least one middle ring described and described outmost ring are respectively provided with and intersect but different radius R, r
With the surface curvature of Rc, described central section, at least one middle ring described and described outmost ring make described end face and institute
State the central point of described longitudinal axis intersection of plunger with the described cylindrical side wall of described plunger away from described central point axle
It is connected at H, the scope of described axial distance H is 0.28ID to 0.5ID, and wherein ID is the described cylinder of described plunger
The cross-sectional diameter of shape side wall.
16. extrusion equipments as claimed in claim 15, wherein said axial distance H is in the range of 0.3ID to 0.4ID.
17. extrusion equipments as claimed in claim 16, wherein said axial distance H is substantially equal to ID/3.
18. extrusion equipments as any one of claim 15 to 17, wherein said central section has in 0.5ID extremely
Radius of curvature R in the range of 1.2ID.
19. extrusion equipments as claimed in claim 18, wherein said central section has the curvature half being substantially equal to 1.1ID
Footpath R.
20. extrusion equipments as any one of claim 15 to 19, wherein said middle ring have 0.1ID with
Radius of curvature r between 0.5ID.
21. extrusion equipments as claimed in claim 20, wherein said middle ring has the model between 0.12ID and 0.13ID
Radius of curvature r in enclosing.
22. extrusion equipments as any one of claim 15 to 21, the described end face area of wherein said plunger has bag
Surface type face containing at least two middle rings, described at least two middle rings each have different surface curvature radiuses.
23. extrusion equipments as any one of claim 15 to 22, wherein said outmost ring have ID/ (3 ±
2) radius of curvature R c in the range of.
24. extrusion equipments as claimed in claim 23, wherein said outmost ring has in the range of ID/ (3 ± 1)
Radius of curvature R c.
25. extrusion equipments as claimed in claim 24, wherein said outmost ring has the curvature being substantially equal to ID/2
Radius Rc.
A kind of 26. closed end formula pressure vessels being formed by metal that can be squeezed, described pressure vessel include closed end section,
There is cylindrical side wall, shoulder and the neck of cross sectional inner diameter ID and there are longitudinal asymmetric axis, described closed end section
Inner surface type face include central section, at least one middle ring and outmost ring, described central section, described at least one
Middle ring and described outmost ring are respectively provided with the curvature of intersecting but different radius R, r and Rc, described central section, described
At least one middle ring and described outmost ring make the central point of described closed end section and described longitudinal axis intersection
It is being connected at described central point axial distance H with described cylindrical side wall, the scope of described axial distance H is for 0.28ID extremely
0.5ID.
27. closed end formula pressure vessels as claimed in claim 26, wherein said axial distance H is 0.3ID's to 0.4ID
In the range of.
28. closed end formula pressure vessels as claimed in claim 27, wherein said axial distance H is substantially equal to ID/3.
The 29. closed end formula pressure vessels as any one of claim 26 to 28, wherein said central section has
Radius of curvature R in the range of 0.5ID to 1.2ID.
30. closed end formula pressure vessels as claimed in claim 29, wherein said central section has and is substantially equal to
The radius of curvature R of 1.1ID.
The 31. closed end formula pressure vessels as any one of claim 26 to 30, wherein said middle ring has
Radius of curvature r between 0.1ID and 0.5ID.
32. closed end formula pressure vessels as claimed in claim 31, wherein said middle ring have 0.12ID with
Radius of curvature r between 0.13ID.
The 33. closed end formula pressure vessels as any one of claim 26 to 32, wherein said closed end section
Described inner surface type bread contain at least two middle rings, described at least two middle rings each have different surface curvatures half
Footpath.
The 34. closed end formula pressure vessels as any one of claim 26 to 33, wherein said outmost ring tool
There is radius of curvature R c in the range of ID/ (3 ± 2).
35. closed end formula pressure vessels as claimed in claim 34, wherein said outmost ring has in ID/ (3 ± 1)
In the range of radius of curvature R c.
36. closed end formula pressure vessels as claimed in claim 35, wherein said outmost ring has and is substantially equal to
Radius of curvature R c of ID/2.
The 37. closed end formula pressure vessels as any one of claim 26 to 36, it includes AA6XXX series aluminum and closes
Gold.
The 38. closed end formula pressure vessels as any one of claim 26 to 36, it includes AA7XXX series aluminum and closes
Gold.
A kind of 39. recombination pressure containers, the closed end formula pressure that it is included as any one of claim 26 to 38 holds
Device and composite sleeve.
40. recombination pressure containers as claimed in claim 39, wherein said composite comprise carbon fiber, basalt fibre,
One or more of aramid fiber and glass fibre.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1455433A FR3022164B1 (en) | 2014-06-13 | 2014-06-13 | PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING CONTAINERS FOR PRESSURIZED FLUID AND APPARATUS FOR THE PROCESS |
| FR1455433 | 2014-06-13 | ||
| PCT/GB2015/051527 WO2015189561A1 (en) | 2014-06-13 | 2015-05-26 | A method of manufacture of vessels for pressurised fluids and apparatus thereof |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN106457327A true CN106457327A (en) | 2017-02-22 |
| CN106457327B CN106457327B (en) | 2018-10-09 |
Family
ID=51688186
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201580031312.1A Active CN106457327B (en) | 2014-06-13 | 2015-05-26 | The manufacturing method and its equipment of container for pressurized fluid |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3154719B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN106457327B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2015273346B2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK3154719T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2672802T3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR3022164B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2527203B (en) |
| PL (1) | PL3154719T3 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2683676C2 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR201807783T4 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2015189561A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109530471A (en) * | 2019-01-28 | 2019-03-29 | 中北大学 | A kind of closely contour chevron light-alloy component mold for extruding and forming of thin-walled |
| CN110248746A (en) * | 2017-02-13 | 2019-09-17 | 纽曼铝业有限公司 | It is a kind of for constituting the method and molded part of molded part |
| CN111868270A (en) * | 2018-03-20 | 2020-10-30 | 本特勒尔钢管有限公司 | Pipe element for gas pressure vessel and gas pressure vessel |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3192737B1 (en) * | 2016-01-14 | 2020-12-02 | Safran Landing Systems UK Limited | Shock strut |
| FR3126148A1 (en) * | 2021-08-11 | 2023-02-17 | Max Sardou | LINER that is to say: internal envelope of COMPOSITE TANK for HIGH PRESSURE GAS |
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- 2015-05-26 AU AU2015273346A patent/AU2015273346B2/en active Active
- 2015-05-26 CN CN201580031312.1A patent/CN106457327B/en active Active
- 2015-05-26 GB GB1508964.2A patent/GB2527203B/en active Active
- 2015-05-26 PL PL15728083T patent/PL3154719T3/en unknown
- 2015-05-26 RU RU2017100331A patent/RU2683676C2/en active
- 2015-05-26 EP EP15728083.5A patent/EP3154719B1/en active Active
- 2015-05-26 ES ES15728083.5T patent/ES2672802T3/en active Active
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| CN111868270B (en) * | 2018-03-20 | 2023-02-17 | 本特勒尔钢管有限公司 | Pipe element for gas pressure vessel and gas pressure vessel |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2017100331A (en) | 2018-07-10 |
| AU2015273346B2 (en) | 2018-12-20 |
| FR3022164B1 (en) | 2017-01-27 |
| RU2017100331A3 (en) | 2018-10-29 |
| DK3154719T3 (en) | 2018-06-18 |
| GB2527203B (en) | 2016-05-11 |
| EP3154719B1 (en) | 2018-03-14 |
| ES2672802T3 (en) | 2018-06-18 |
| GB201508964D0 (en) | 2015-07-01 |
| PL3154719T3 (en) | 2018-09-28 |
| TR201807783T4 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
| EP3154719A1 (en) | 2017-04-19 |
| AU2015273346A1 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
| FR3022164A1 (en) | 2015-12-18 |
| RU2683676C2 (en) | 2019-04-01 |
| WO2015189561A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 |
| CN106457327B (en) | 2018-10-09 |
| GB2527203A (en) | 2015-12-16 |
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