CN106345456A - 一种水相催化硝基苯加氢制备苯胺的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种水相中制备苯胺的方法,具体地说是采用三嵌段聚合物P123(聚环氧乙烷‑聚环氧丙烷‑聚环氧乙烷)稳定的金属钯纳米粒子水溶胶为催化剂,水介质中催化硝基苯加氢制备苯胺的方法,属于催化剂的制备与应用领域。本发明采用的三嵌段聚合物P123可在水中形成稳定的胶束,胶束作为微反应器为金属钯纳米粒子的高效稳定及水相中催化硝基苯加氢提供可能。在温和的反应条件下实现了高效催化硝基苯加氢反应,并且产物易分离、催化剂可重复使用。本发明兼具反应的高效性、分离的简便性和一定的重复使用性,是苯胺生产的环境友好工艺。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种P123稳定的金属钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化硝基苯加氢制备苯胺的方法,具体地说是采用的三嵌段聚合物P123(聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷)在水中可形成稳定的胶束,胶束作为微反应器为金属钯纳米粒子的高效稳定及水相催化硝基苯加氢提供可能。实现了温和条件下高效催化硝基苯加氢制备苯胺。属于催化剂的制备与应用领域。
背景技术
苯胺俗称为阿尼林油,是一种重要的有机化工原料和精细化工中间体,在染料、农药、医药、橡胶助剂和异氰酸酯(MDI)等领域有广泛应用,以苯胺为原料可制成300多种产品和中间体。
金属还原法是早期生产苯胺的主要方法,常用金属铁、锌和铝等作为反应的还原剂(李静,侯端杰.广州化学,1995,20(1):63-67;厉刚,许祥静.贵州化工,2003,28(4):14-15)。该法工艺简单、设备要求低,但存在产品收率低、产物不易分离、环境污染严重等问题,并逐渐被市场淘汰。随后苯酚氨化法逐渐应用于工业生产,以苯酚为原料,与氨在一定条件下反应生成苯胺(陈天生.精细化工原料及中间体,2007,7(5):29-32),操作简单、产品收率高,但是该法基建投资较大、生产成本高,该技术的推广受到了一定限制。
目前硝基苯催化加氢法是工业生产苯胺的主要方法。金属纳米粒子催化剂具有极高的催化活性和选择性,成为硝基苯催化加氢催化剂的研究热点(Zhang C M,Cui X J,Deng Y Q,et al.Tetrahedron.2014,70:6050-6054)。而金属纳米粒子因比表面能高而容易团聚的问题是制约金属纳米粒子催化剂应用的难题。目前已开发了多种稳定金属纳米粒子催化剂的方法:载体负载法、表面活性剂稳定法和离子液体稳定法等。其中载体负载法的报道较多(Tijani B C.J.Mol.Catal.1992,71(3):317-333;Zuo B J,Wang Y,Wang Q L,etal.Journal of Catalysis.2004,222(2):493-498;房永彬.工业催化.2007,15(11):35-37;Cecilia C.Torres,Joel B.Alderete.Applied Catalysis A:General.2016,517:110-119),但是应用于生产仍然存在一些问题,如氧化变质、中毒失活、结焦团聚、流失和重复使用性能差等,大部分催化体系只局限于实验室研究。离子液体稳定法也有诸多报道(Jennifer J,Markus H,olscher,Walter L.Green Chemistry.2010,12(9):1634-1639;秦燕飞,薛伟.催化学报,2011,32(11):1727-1732),但是存在不同程度的团聚问题,工业应用前景并不乐观。
表面活性剂稳定法有很多突出的优点:水作为溶剂不仅环保、安全,而且容易实现产物分离及催化剂重复使用。水具有无毒、不易燃、价格低廉和资源丰富等优点;水作为反应介质是绿色化学领域的研究热点(Chem Soc Rev,2006,35,68-82)。诸多研究表明表面活性剂在水中形成的胶束可作为微反应器,不仅有利于稳定金属纳米粒子,而且可以实现水介质中发生有机催化反应(Yan X P,Liu M H,Liu H F,et al.Journal of MolecularCatalysis A:Chemical.2001,169(1-2):225-233;RSC Adv,2015,5,89552-89558)。与其它表面活性剂相比,三嵌段聚合物P123在水中形成的胶束具有更高的稳定性,可为硝基苯加氢制备苯胺提供一条温和、高效、环境友好的新途径。
发明内容
为解决现有的苯胺工业化生产工艺成本高、反应条件苛刻、产品质量低、环境污染严重及催化剂中毒失活等问题,本发明提供一种P123稳定的金属钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化硝基苯加氢制备苯胺的方法。该法环境友好、反应条件温和、转化率高、选择性好且有一定的重复使用性能。迄今为止,水中P123稳定的金属钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化硝基苯的研究在国内外文献中均未见报道,该研究具有重要意义。
本发明的技术方案为:
向75mL高压反应釜中加入二次水、P123和Pd(OAc)2,室温搅拌均匀,用H2置换5次后充入1MPa H2,于50℃下反应1h得到黑色均匀的P123稳定的钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化剂。
按物质的量比n(硝基苯):n(Pd)=500称取硝基苯和催化剂加入75mL高压反应釜中,用H2置换5次后充入3MPa H2,于45℃下反应3h,自然冷却、泄压开釜,催化剂与产物两相分层,分离催化剂和产物;催化剂可直接重复使用。
本发明提供的P123稳定的钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化硝基苯加氢制备苯胺的方法与现有的技术相比较,具有如下优点:
1、本发明提供的P123稳定的钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化剂的制备方法简单易行;催化剂分散均匀,性质稳定。
2、本发明提供的催化硝基苯加氢技术反应条件温和,设备要求低,产物易分离。
3、本发明提供的催化体系环境友好、催化活性高、选择性好且具有一定的重复使用性。
具体实施方法
下面结合具体实施例对本发明方法进一步说明,但并不是对本发明的限定。
实施例1
向75mL高压反应釜中加入二次水10mL、P123 0.1g和Pd(OAc)2 1×10-4mol,室温下搅拌1h,用H2置换5次后充入1MPa H2,于50℃下反应1h得到黑色均匀的P123稳定的钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化剂,命名为催化剂a0(根据使用次数,催化剂命名为a0~a6)。对催化剂a0进行了透射电子显微镜分析(TEM)见图1、X射线衍射分析(XRD)见图2、动态光散射分析(DLS)见图3和激光共聚焦显微镜分析(CLSM)见图4。结果显示制备的钯纳米粒子分散均匀,平均粒径在2.5±0.5nm左右;P123胶束的平均尺寸为115.1nm。
实施例2
按物质的量比n(硝基苯):n(Pd)=500的比例称取硝基苯和催化剂a0加入75mL高压反应釜中,用H2置换5次后充入3MPa H2,于45℃下反应3h,自然冷却、泄压开釜,催化剂与产物两相分层,分离催化剂和产物。产物用气相色谱分析测定其组成,苯胺的产率为100%。
实施例3~8
取实施例2中回收的催化剂an(根据使用次数,催化剂命名为a1~a6),并按物质的量比n(硝基苯):n(Pd)=500的比例称取硝基苯,一起加入75mL高压反应釜中,用H2置换5次后充入3MPa H2,于45℃下反应3h,自然冷却、泄压开釜,分离催化剂和产物,产物用气相色谱分析测定其组成。重复使用性实验进行七次,所得催化结果见表1。
表1催化剂的重复使用性能
对比例1
向75mL高压反应釜中加入二次水10mL和Pd(OAc)2 1×10-4mol,室温搅拌1h,用H2置换5次后充入1MPa H2,于50℃下反应1h得到催化剂b。
按物质的量比n(硝基苯):n(Pd)=500的比例称取硝基苯和催化剂b加入75mL高压反应釜中,用H2置换5次后充入3MPa H2,于45℃下反应3h,自然冷却、泄压开釜,分离催化剂和产物。产物用气相色谱分析测定其组成,苯胺的产率为67.20%。
对比例2
向75mL高压反应釜中加入二次水10mL、P123 0.1g和PdCl2 1×10-4mol,室温搅拌1h,用H2置换5次后充入1MPa H2,于50℃下反应1h得到催化剂c。
按物质的量比n(硝基苯):n(Pd)=500的比例称取硝基苯和催化剂c加入75mL高压反应釜中,用H2置换5次后充入3MPa H2,于45℃下反应3h,自然冷却、泄压开釜,分离催化剂和产物。产物用气相色谱分析测定其组成,苯胺的产率为36.24%。
对比例3
按物质的量比n(硝基苯):n(Pd)=500的比例称取硝基苯和Pd/C催化剂加入75mL高压反应釜中,用H2置换5次后充入3MPa H2,于45℃下反应3h,自然冷却、泄压开釜,分离催化剂和产物。产物用气相色谱分析测定其组成,苯胺的产率为91.28%。
附图说明
图1为实施例2中制备的催化剂a0的TEM照片和粒径分布柱状图;
图2为实施例2中制备的催化剂a0的XRD谱图
图3为实施例2中制备的催化剂a0的DLS柱状图;
图4为实施例2中制备的催化剂a0的CLSM照片。
Claims (3)
1.一种水相催化硝基苯加氢制备苯胺的方法,其特征在于:利用三嵌段聚合物P123在水介质中形成的胶束制备了稳定的钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化剂;并实现了水相中在温和的反应条件下高效催化硝基苯加氢制备苯胺。
2.权利要求1所述的P123稳定的钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化剂的制备方法如下:
向75mL高压反应釜中加入二次水10mL、P123 0.1g和Pd(OAc)2 1×10-4mol,室温下搅拌1h,于1MPa H2、50℃下反应1h得到黑色均匀的P123稳定的钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化剂。
3.权利要求1所述的P123稳定的钯纳米粒子水溶胶催化剂催化硝基苯加氢反应的方法如下:
按物质的量比n(硝基苯):n(Pd)=500的比例称取硝基苯和催化剂加入75mL高压反应釜中,于3MPa H2、45℃下反应3h,由硝基苯制备苯胺;反应结束后可简单分离产物,催化剂无需处理可重复使用。
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