CN106323999B - 一种岩石水力压裂试验裂缝介入增强成像方法 - Google Patents

一种岩石水力压裂试验裂缝介入增强成像方法 Download PDF

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CN106323999B
CN106323999B CN201610663060.0A CN201610663060A CN106323999B CN 106323999 B CN106323999 B CN 106323999B CN 201610663060 A CN201610663060 A CN 201610663060A CN 106323999 B CN106323999 B CN 106323999B
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李守定
周忠鸣
李晓
赫建明
刘艳辉
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Abstract

本发明提供一种能够克服岩石水力压裂裂缝分布定位精度差、普通宽度裂缝难以分辨的缺点和不足，提高岩石水力压裂试验裂缝观测精度，有利于科学认识岩石水力压裂裂缝发育规律的裂缝介入增强成像方法。其特征是将含纳米级高原子序数介入增强剂的水溶液水压致裂岩石，形成水力压裂裂缝，裂缝中的介入增强剂提高了X射线在裂缝与岩石的质量衰减系数μ/ρ差值，同时提高了裂缝与岩石X射线质能吸收系数μen/ρ差值，进而改变探测器接收的线衰减系数，提高岩石水力压裂裂缝的成像分辨率。

Description

一种岩石水力压裂试验裂缝介入增强成像方法
技术领域 岩石力学试验技术领域
背景技术 岩石水力压裂试验的一个重要观测物理量是压裂裂缝的分布，当前岩石水力压裂试验裂缝观测主要依赖于声发射监测和X射线CT成像技术。声发射监测技术对于压裂裂缝产生时声信号采集能力强，但对于声信号反演定位精度较差，特别是对于实验室小尺寸样品，无法获得较为精确的压裂裂缝分布；而X射线CT成像技术，对于压裂裂缝定位精度较高，但是对于普通宽度裂缝难以分辨，丢失了实际存在的大量裂缝分布信息。
因此，当前岩石水力压裂试验裂缝观测方法，不能满足岩石水力压裂试验裂缝分布精确观测的需求。
发明内容 本发明提供一种能够克服岩石水力压裂裂缝分布定位精度差、普通宽度裂缝难以分辨的缺点和不足，提高岩石水力压裂试验裂缝观测精度，有利于科学认识岩石水力压裂裂缝发育规律的裂缝介入增强成像方法。其特征是将含介入增强剂的水溶液水压致裂岩石，形成水力压裂裂缝，裂缝中的介入增强剂提高了X射线在裂缝与岩石的质量衰减系数μ/ρ差值，同时提高了裂缝与岩石X射线质能吸收系数μen/ρ差值，进而改变探测器接收的线衰减系数，提高岩石水力压裂裂缝的成像分辨率。
岩石水力压裂试验裂缝介入增强成像方法的主要技术方案是基于实验室X射线工业CT和岩石水力压裂试验机的介入增强剂加载压裂工艺。实验室X射线工业CT特征为：由探测器立柱16及其上的探测器15，X射线源立柱17及其上的X射线源14，高精度转台12构成。X射线源14激发出的X射线束18透射岩样1，被探测器15接受透射后的X射线，根据线衰减系数分布μ（x,y）计算得出CT图像；岩石水力压裂试验机特征为：由岩样1，上垫块2，下垫块3，球形座4，三轴缸5，围压增压泵7，自平衡活塞上腔8，自平衡活塞下腔9，自平衡活塞10及轴向作动器11等构成，岩石水力压裂试验机置于高精度转台12之上，岩样1置于上垫块2与下垫块3之间，球形座4减小加载时岩样1端面效应，三轴缸5与围压增压泵7对岩样1实施围压加载，自平衡活塞上腔8，自平衡活塞下腔9，自平衡活塞10与轴向作动器11保证对岩样1实施轴向加载，岩石水力压裂试验机进行围压、轴压和水力压裂加载时，转台12以一定的速率旋转；介入增强剂加载压裂工艺为：首先配置一定浓度的裂缝介入增强剂，介入增强剂为含分散剂的浓度为5000ppm的纳米金水溶液，纳米金的粒径为12-15nm，其次通过含介入增强剂高压水泵将介入增强剂压入岩样1中，使岩样1致裂产生压裂裂缝6。
基本原理与技术 岩石X射线CT图像反映岩石各部位对X射线吸收程度的大小，岩石中的矿物密度与X射线吸收系数成正比，矿物中原子序数愈高，X射线衰减愈明显，质量衰减系数愈大。相邻矿物密度相差越大，X射线CT成像对比度越大，分辨率越高。利用该原理，提供一种岩石水力压裂裂缝介入增强CT成像方法，提高水力压裂裂缝成像分辨率，其特征是运用纳米级高原子序数金属元素通过提高不同物质之间的质量衰减系数μ/ρ的差值，同时提高不同物质之间的质能吸收系数μen/ρ的差值的介入增强成像的方法影响X光投影过程。压裂裂缝中的水与岩石衰减系数的差值较小，岩石CT成像对比度小，分辨率低，纳米金属粉液体的衰减系数比岩石的衰减系数高，当用纳米金属粉液体代替原始缝隙中的流体时，探测器接收的线衰减系数对比差值变大，进而提高岩石水力压裂裂缝的成像分辨率。
岩石水力压裂试验裂缝介入增强成像方法的主要技术方案是基于实验室X射线工业CT和岩石水力压裂试验机的介入增强剂加载压裂工艺。
实验室X射线工业CT特征为：由探测器立柱16及其上的探测器15，X射线源立柱17及其上的X射线源14，高精度转台12等设备构成。X射线源14激发出的X射线束18透射岩样1，被探测器15接受透射后的X射线，根据线衰减系数分布μ（x,y）计算得出CT图像。
岩石水力压裂试验机特征为：由岩样1，上垫块2，下垫块3，球形座4，三轴缸5，围压增压泵7，自平衡活塞上腔8，自平衡活塞下腔9，自平衡活塞10及轴向作动器11等构成，岩石水力压裂试验机置于高精度转台12之上，岩样1置于上垫块2与下垫块3之间，球形座4减小加载时岩样1端面效应，三轴缸5与围压增压泵7对岩样1实施围压加载，自平衡活塞上腔8，自平衡活塞下腔9，自平衡活塞10与轴向作动器11保证对岩样1实施轴向加载，岩石水力压裂试验机进行围压、轴压和水力压裂加载时，转台12以一定的速率旋转。
介入增强剂加载压裂工艺为：首先配置一定浓度的裂缝介入增强剂，介入增强剂为含分散剂的浓度为5000ppm的纳米金水溶液，纳米金的粒径为12-15nm，其次通过含介入增强剂高压水泵将介入增强剂压入岩样1中，使岩样1致裂产生压裂裂缝6。
附图说明 1：岩样；2：上垫块；3：下垫块；4：球形座；5：三轴缸；6：压裂裂缝；7：围压增压泵；8：自平衡活塞上腔；9：自平衡活塞下腔；10：自平衡活塞；11：轴向作动器；12：高精度转台；13：含介入增强剂高压水泵；14：X射线源；15:探测器；16：探测器立柱；17：X射线源立柱；18：X射线束；19：地基基础
具体实施方式 1. 首先配置一定浓度的裂缝介入增强剂，质量分数为5%的分散剂、质量分数为20%的纳米铋粉和质量分数为75%的聚乙二醇经高速转子仪搅拌10min，超声震荡仪震荡30min得到分散的纳米铋溶液，纳米铋的粒径为40-50nm，将介入增强剂加入到含介入增强剂高压水泵13中。
2. 岩石水力压裂试验机置于高精度转台12之上，岩样1置于上垫块2与下垫块3之间，球形座4减小加载时岩样1端面效应，三轴缸5与围压增压泵7对岩样1实施围压加载，自平衡活塞上腔8，自平衡活塞下腔9，自平衡活塞10与轴向作动器11保证对岩样1实施轴向加载，岩石水力压裂试验机对岩样实施围压和轴压，转台12以一定的速率旋转。
3. 运行实验室X射线工业CT，X射线源14激发出的X射线束18透射岩样1，探测器15接受，透射后的X射线，根据线衰减系数分布μ（x,y）计算得出CT图像。
4. 将介入增强剂压入岩样1中，使岩样1致裂产生压裂裂缝6，压裂裂缝6中充满了纳米金水溶液，利用介入增强剂提高不同物质之间的质量衰减系数μ/ρ的差值，即提高不同物质之间的质能吸收系数μen/ρ的差值影响X光投影过程的原理，改变探测器15接收的线衰减系数，进而提高岩石水力压裂裂缝6的成像分辨率。

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1.一种能够提高岩石水力压裂试验裂缝观测精度的裂缝介入增强成像方法，是以实验室X射线工业CT和岩石水力压裂试验机为基础；所述实验室X射线工业CT特征为：由探测器立柱（16）及其上的探测器（15），X射线源立柱（17）及其上的X射线源（14），高精度转台（12）构成，X射线源（14）激发出的X射线束（18）透射岩样（1），被探测器（15）接受透射后的X射线，根据线衰减系数分布计算得出CT图像；所述岩石水力压裂试验机特征为：岩石水力压裂试验机置于高精度转台（12）之上，岩样（1）置于上垫块（2）与下垫块（3）之间，球形座（4）减小加载时岩样（1）端面效应，三轴缸（5）与围压增压泵（7）对岩样（1）实施围压加载，自平衡活塞上腔（8），自平衡活塞下腔（9），自平衡活塞（10）与轴向作动器（11）保证对岩样（1）实施轴向加载，岩石水力压裂试验机进行围压、轴压和水力压裂加载时，转台（12）以一定的速率旋转；基于实验室X射线工业CT和岩石水力压裂试验机，运用介入增强剂加载压裂工艺提高岩石水力压裂试验裂缝观测精度；所述介入增强剂加载压裂工艺为：首先配置一定浓度的裂缝介入增强剂，质量分数为5%的分散剂、质量分数为20%的纳米铋粉和质量分数为75%的聚乙二醇经高速转子仪搅拌10min，超声震荡仪震荡30min得到分散的纳米铋溶液，纳米铋的粒径为40-50nm，其次通过含介入增强剂高压水泵将介入增强剂压入岩样（1）中，使岩样（1）致裂产生压裂裂缝（6），压裂裂缝（6）中充满了纳米铋溶液，利用介入增强剂提高不同物质之间的质量衰减系数的差值，即提高不同物质之间的质能吸收系数的差值影响X光投影过程的原理，改变探测器（15）接收的线衰减系数，进而提高岩石水力压裂裂缝（6）的成像分辨率。
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