CN107462190B - 一种岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌高精度成像方法 - Google Patents

一种岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌高精度成像方法 Download PDF

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CN107462190B
CN107462190B CN201710635873.3A CN201710635873A CN107462190B CN 107462190 B CN107462190 B CN 107462190B CN 201710635873 A CN201710635873 A CN 201710635873A CN 107462190 B CN107462190 B CN 107462190B
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李守定
刘丽楠
李晓
周忠鸣
张振兴
刘艳辉
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Abstract

本发明提供一种能够克服岩石水力压裂裂缝三维形貌观测精度低的缺点和不足，提高岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌观测精度，有利于科学认识岩石水力压裂裂缝发育规律的三维形貌高精度成像方法。其特征是通过含氟核素的水溶液水压致裂岩石，形成水力压裂裂缝，压裂过程中压裂机边加载边旋转，由X射线源发射X射线束穿透岩石到达CT探测器，岩石内部氟核素发射光信号被核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器接收，核素断层扫描数据与CT数据融合成像，实现岩石裂缝三维形貌高精度成像。

Description

一种岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌高精度成像方法
技术领域 岩石力学试验技术领域
背景技术 岩石水力压裂试验的一个重要测量物理量是裂缝的三维形貌分布，当前岩石水 力压裂试验表面裂缝观测主要依赖于扫描电子显微镜等手段，内部三维形貌观测主要依赖于 X射线CT成像技术。X射线CT成像技术对于岩石水力压裂试验裂缝定位精度较高，但是成 像精度有限。目前，工业CT无法对直径100mm岩石样品中宽度小于0.1mm的裂缝进行成像， 而水力压裂试验中约86％的裂缝宽度小于0.1mm，因此，工业CT对于直径100mm岩石水力 压裂试验中绝大多数的裂缝无法进行有效观测，丢失了实际存在的大量裂缝信息。
因此，当前岩石水力压裂试验裂缝观测方法，不能满足岩石水力压裂试验三维裂缝形貌 观测的需求。
发明内容 本发明提供一种能够克服岩石水力压裂裂缝三维形貌观测精度低的缺点和不 足，提高岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌观测精度，有利于科学认识岩石水力压裂裂缝发育 规律的三维形貌高精度成像方法。其特征是通过含氟核素的水溶液水压致裂岩石，形成水力 压裂裂缝，压裂过程中压裂机边加载边旋转，由X射线源发射X射线束穿透岩石到达CT探 测器，岩石内部氟核素发射光信号被核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器接收，γ光子穿透能力 强，具有自准直特性，且正电子核素示踪剂引入岩石微裂缝成像为冷源背景下的热源成像， 有利于获取高对比度的微裂缝图像，弥补CT成像技术在微小裂缝成像方面的不足。核素断 层扫描数据与CT数据融合成像，实现岩石裂缝三维形貌高精度成像。
岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌高精度成像方法的主要技术方案由三个部分构成：岩石 高精度旋转水力压裂试验机，实验室X射线工业CT部分，核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器 扫描部分。岩石高精度旋转水力压裂试验机特征为：由岩样1，上垫块2，下垫块3，高精度 旋转作动器4，旋转机构5，围压增压泵6，自平衡活塞7，轴向作动器8，三轴缸9，反力框架11，及含氟核素溶液高压水泵12等构成，岩样1置于上垫块2与下垫块3之间，三轴缸9 与围压增压泵6对岩样1实施围压加载，自平衡活塞7与轴向作动器8保证对岩样1实施轴 向加载，氟核素溶液通过含氟核素溶液高压水泵12使岩样1致裂产生压裂裂缝10，岩石水 力压裂试验机进行围压、轴压和水力压裂加载时，高精度旋转作动器4和旋转机构5带动岩 样1以一定的速率旋转；实验室X射线工业CT特征为：由X射线源13，CT探测器15等设 备构成。X射线源13激发出的X射线束14透射岩样1，被CT探测器15接收透射后的X射 线，根据线衰减系数分布μ(x,y)计算得出CT图像；核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器扫描部 分特征为：由含氟核素溶液高压水泵12及核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器16等设备构成。 通过含氟核素溶液高压水泵12将氟核素溶液压入岩样1中，使岩样1致裂产生压裂裂缝10， 裂缝中的氟核素湮灭发射光信号被核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器16接收，转化为电信号后 成像。
基本原理与技术 岩石X射线CT图像反映岩石各部位对X射线吸收程度的大小，岩石中的矿物密度与X射线吸收系数成正比，相邻矿物密度相差越大，X射线CT成像对比度 越大，分辨率越高。正电子氟核素为放射性核素，正电子湮灭产生γ光子对，光子打到核素SiPM探测器上而被定位，经核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器将接收到的光信号转化为电信号实现数据重组与图像重建。两个SiPM平板探测器面对面放置，被测样品360度高精度旋转，实现完备的数据采集。X射线CT成像具有岩石结构成像高精度的优势，氟核素断层显微成像具有位置成像灵敏度高的优势，将X射线CT图像与核素断层显微图像融合成像，提供一种岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌高精度成像方法，其特征是通过高压水泵将氟核素溶液压 入岩样，使岩样致裂产生裂缝，岩石水力压裂过程中岩石水力压裂试验机以一定的速率高精
度旋转。岩石水压致裂过程中，由X射线源发射X射线束穿过岩样被CT探测器接收成 像，对岩石结构进行高精度成像；同时岩石裂缝中的氟核素发射光信号被核素高分辨面阵列 SiPM探测器接收后转化为电信号对裂缝位置进行高精度成像，将CT图像与核素断层显微图 像融合成像，实现岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌的高精度成像。
岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌高精度成像方法的主要技术方案由三个部分构成：岩石 高精度旋转水力压裂试验机，实验室X射线工业CT部分，核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器 扫描部分。
岩石高精度旋转水力压裂试验机特征为：由岩样1，上垫块2，下垫块3，高精度旋转作 动器4，旋转机构5，围压增压泵6，自平衡活塞7，轴向作动器8，三轴缸9，反力框架11， 及含氟核素溶液高压水泵12等构成，岩样1置于上垫块2与下垫块3之间，三轴缸9与围压 增压泵6对岩样1实施围压加载，自平衡活塞7与轴向作动器8保证对岩样1实施轴向加载， 氟核素溶液通过含氟核素溶液高压水泵12使岩样1致裂产生压裂裂缝10，岩石水力压裂试 验机进行围压、轴压和水力压裂加载时，高精度旋转作动器4和旋转机构5带动岩样1以一 定的速率旋转。
实验室X射线工业CT部分特征为：由X射线源13，CT探测器15及等设备构成。X射 线源13激发出的X射线束14透射岩样1，CT探测器15接收透射后的X射线，根据线衰减 系数分布μ(x,y)计算得出CT图像。
核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器扫描部分特征为：由含氟核素溶液高压水泵12及核素高 分辨面阵列SiPM探测器16等设备构成。通过含氟核素溶液高压水泵12将氟核素溶液压入 岩样1中，使岩样1致裂产生压裂裂缝10，裂缝中的氟核素湮灭发射光信号被核素高分辨面 阵列SiPM探测器16接收，转化为电信号后成像。
附图说明 图1是岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌高精度成像系统模型图；
图2是岩石水力压裂试验裂缝三维形貌高精度成像系统剖面图；
1：岩样；2：上垫块；3：下垫块；4：高精度旋转作动器；5：旋转机构；6：围压增压泵；7： 自平衡活塞；8：轴向作动器；9：三轴缸；10：压裂裂缝；11：反力框架；12：含氟核素溶 液高压水泵；13：X射线源；14：X射线束；15：CT探测器；16：核素高分辨面阵列SiPM 探测器。
具体实施方式 1.首先将高浓缩的氟核素配置成氟核素溶液，将氟核素溶液加入到含氟核 素溶液高压水泵12中。
2.岩样1置于上垫块2与下垫块3之间，三轴缸9与围压增压泵6对岩样1实施围压加载，自平衡活塞7与轴向作动器8保证对岩样1实施轴向加载，氟核素溶液通过含氟核素溶液高压水泵12使岩样1致裂产生压裂裂缝10，岩石水力压裂试验机进行围压、轴压和水力压裂加载时，高精度旋转作动器4和旋转机构5带动岩样1以一定的速率旋转。
3.运行实验室X射线工业CT，X射线源13激发出的X射线束14透射岩样1，被CT 探测器15接收，透射后的X射线，根据线衰减系数分布μ(x,y)计算得出CT图像，准确定 位裂缝分布位置。
4.通过含氟核素溶液高压水泵12将氟核素溶液压入岩样1中，使岩样1致裂产生压裂 裂缝10，压裂裂缝10中充满了氟核素溶液，裂缝中的氟核素湮灭发射光信号被核素高分辨 面阵列SiPM探测器16接收后转化为电信号成像，将CT图像无法观测到的微裂缝成像。
5.CT图像与核素断层显微图像融合成像，实现岩石水力压裂裂缝三维形貌高精度成像。

Claims (1)

1.一种能够将岩石水力压裂试验三维形貌高精度成像的方法，分为三个部分构成：岩石高精度旋转水力压裂试验机，实验室X射线工业CT部分，氟核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器扫描部分；所述岩石高精度水力压裂试验机特征为：由岩样(1)，上垫块(2)，下垫块(3)，高精度旋转作动器(4)，旋转机构(5)，围压增压泵(6)，自平衡活塞(7)，轴向作动器(8)，三轴缸(9)，反力框架(11)及含氟核素溶液高压水泵(12)构成；岩样(1)置于上垫块(2)与下垫块(3)之间，三轴缸(9)与围压增压泵(6)对岩样(1)实施围压加载，自平衡活塞(7)与轴向作动器(8)保证对岩样(1)实施轴向加载，氟核素溶液通过含氟核素溶液高压水泵(12)使岩样(1)致裂产生压裂裂缝(10)，岩石水力压裂试验机进行围压、轴压和水力压裂加载时，高精度旋转作动器(4)和旋转机构(5)带动岩样(1)以一定的速率旋转；所述实验室X射线工业CT特征为：由X射线源(13)及CT探测器(15)等设备构成，X射线源(13)激发出的X射线束(14)透射岩样(1)，被探测器(15)接收透射后的X射线，根据线衰减系数分布计算得出CT图像；所述核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器扫描为：由含氟核素溶液高压水泵(12)及核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器(16)等设备构成，通过含氟核素溶液高压水泵(12)将氟核素溶液压入岩样(1)中，使岩样(1)致裂产生压裂裂缝缝网(10)，裂缝中的氟核素湮灭发射光信号被核素高分辨面阵列SiPM探测器(16)接收，转化为电信号后成像；CT图像与核素断层显微图像融合成像，实现岩石水力压裂裂缝缝网三维形态高精度成像。
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