CN106304888A - Method for accelerating germination of rootstocks - Google Patents
Method for accelerating germination of rootstocks Download PDFInfo
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- CN106304888A CN106304888A CN201610686810.6A CN201610686810A CN106304888A CN 106304888 A CN106304888 A CN 106304888A CN 201610686810 A CN201610686810 A CN 201610686810A CN 106304888 A CN106304888 A CN 106304888A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/04—Arranging seed on carriers, e.g. on tapes, on cords ; Carrier compositions
- A01C1/044—Sheets, multiple sheets or mats
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for accelerating germination of rootstocks, and belongs to the technical field of vegetable cultivation. The method comprises five steps. The method for accelerating germination provided by the invention replaces a process of using dry cloth for wiping moisture on seed skin in the prior art with a process of using a washing machine for dehydration, so as to save time and labor and greatly improve germination accelerating efficiency, and replaces wet cloth for wrapping seeds with a plastic film, so that the germination-accelerated main roots are uniform in length, thick and strong; the lateral roots are abundant in number; the germination uniformity and the germination rate are increased.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the germination accelerating method of a kind of stock, belong to technical field of vegetable cultivation.
Background technology
Calabash courd, as one of excellent stock of melon graft compatibility, is widely used in melon intensive graft seedling growth.
During melon intensive graft seedling growth, need before stock calabash courd accelerating germination to carry out to choose seeds, soak seed, sterilize, clean, dry, wet cloth parcel
Rear placement germinating box accelerating germination.Conventional presprouting of seeds, it is common to use the surface of the seed moisture dried by dry cloth, but intensive transfer melon
Connecing in seedling raising process, accelerating germination every day grain weight is big, and the process of drying wastes time and energy, inefficiency；It addition, utilize in pregermination procedure
Wet cloth wraps up seed, germination time about 72h, in the middle of this process, need to keep the skin wet, the often cloth of appearance parcel locally exsiccation,
Locally overly moist, thus cause with a collection of accelerating germination seed, the regularity of (1) germination is poor, shows as main root different in size, main root
Elongated, lateral root number is 2～3, and part is suitable for sowing, and part just shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, and part is not germinateed；(2) percentage of seedgermination is low, performance
Grow the jaundice of rear hydropenia for Some seeds main root to lose vigor, insert in the wet cloth of parcel after the growth of Some seeds main root, sowing
Easily injuring or break main root when taking seed, Some seeds, owing to absorbing less than sufficient moisture, does not germinates；(3) seed coat cracking
Mouth is not of uniform size, owing to humidity is uneven, causes Some seeds to absorb water deficient, shows as part seed coat and only ftracture one
Seam, part cracking 0.8cm, part cracking 0.3～0.5cm.The stock broadcast with a collection of seed points, owing to Germination effect is poor, seed
The regularity difference germinateed causes that stock Phase ofsprouting is low, emergence rate is the highest；Seed coat cracking mouth is not of uniform size causes cotyledon " band
Cap " accounting example height, these shortcomings directly influence intensive graft seedling growth economic benefit.
In consideration of it, be necessary to develop the germination accelerating method of a kind of new stock, to make up the deficiencies in the prior art.
Summary of the invention
Present invention aim to address the deficiencies in the prior art, it is provided that the germination accelerating method of a kind of stock.The accelerating germination of the present invention
Method is possible not only to improve accelerating germination work efficiency, and the stock main root length urged out is neat, sturdy, side root abundant, seed coat is opened
Breach is big, thus improves germination regularity, germination percentage and reduction cotyledon " band cap ".The stock growing way of program request after this method accelerating germination
Healthy and strong, neat, emergence rate is high, cotyledon " band cap " rate is low, laid good basis for later stage grafting, improve intensive grafting and educate
Seedling economic benefit.
The technical scheme is that the germination accelerating method of a kind of stock, comprise the steps:
(1) take calabash courd seed, in 37 DEG C of water-baths, preheat 15min, stir 3～5min, the seed after being preheated；
(2) seed after preheating step (1) obtained, pulls out, immerses in 55～60 DEG C of water-baths 30～40min, takes out,
Immersing equipped with in the container of clear water, seed face is crossed in water logging, then soaks 24h, then takes out seed again, and the mucus produced by seed coat is rubbed with the hands
Wash off, and wash clean in clear water, then place in clear water, continue to soak 24h, pull the seed after being soaked seed out；
(3) seed after seed soaking step (2) obtained, immerses in 500 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder
30～40min, eluriate with clear water clean after pulling out, obtain eluriating clean seed；
(4) the clean seed mesh bag of eluriating step (3) obtained loads, the seed after dehydration, after being dehydrated；
(5) take surrounding and bottom even container with holes, complete clean plastic sheeting in surrounding and bottom, by step
(4) seed after the dehydration obtained, puts in said vesse, and seed layer thickness is 2～4cm, and wraps up with covered rearing with plastic film,
Finally said vesse being put into germinating box and carry out accelerating germination, before seed germination shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 29～31 DEG C, and after showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature is protected
Holding 26～28 DEG C, humidity is held in 80～85%；Seed before showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally every 24h stir once, when main root length to more than 3cm, side
When root length goes out 5～10, from germinating box, take out seed.
The germination accelerating method of the present invention, utilizes laundry machine dehydration to replace dry cloth wiping seed coat moisture of the prior art,
Time saving and energy saving, it is greatly improved accelerating germination work efficiency；Plastic sheeting is utilized to replace the accelerating germination of wet cloth parcel seed, the stock master urged out
Root length degree is neat, sturdy, lateral root number enriches, and improves germination regularity and germination percentage, and germination regularity is from original
72% brings up to 91%, and germination percentage brings up to 94% from original 87%, when the seed that taking-up accelerating germination from container is good carries out program request,
Owing to plastic sheeting is smooth seamless, will not hurt or break main root；The stock growing way of program request after this method accelerating germination is healthy and strong, neat
Degree is 96%, planting percent is 94%, and cotyledon " band cap " rate is 24%, has laid good basis for later stage grafting, has improve intensive
Change graft seedling growth economic benefit.
Wherein, in step (1), stir 3～5min, be in order to the air being attached on calabash courd seed coat is excluded,
Thoroughly soak calabash courd seed.In step (2), the mucus that will be attached on seed coat is washed by rubbing with the hands, and rinses well with clear water, in accelerating germination
Time beneficially seed carry out Repiration, it is to avoid kind irregular, rotten of germinateing.In step (3), processed by drug disinfection, reach
Kill the pathogen on seed coat surface, such as antibacterial, fungus.In step (4), after dehydration 6～9min, seed coat is the dryest and the comfortableest anhydrous, saves
Work is laborsaving.In step (5), before seed germination shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, germination temperature keeps 30 DEG C, and this temperature is conducive to transferring the vigor of seed enzyme,
Accelerate seed and enter the sprouting stage；After showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 26～28 DEG C, and this temperature beneficially cultivation seed main root is sturdy, side root
Quantity is enriched.Seed before showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally every 24h stir once, it is ensured that oxygen required for the seed respiration of stacking；After showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally never
Stir seed, in order to avoid causing damage or being completely cured.
On the basis of technique scheme, the present invention can also do following improvement.
Further, in step (2), the temperature of described water-bath is 58 DEG C, and the time of water-bath is 35min.
Further, in step (3), the time in described 500 times of liquid of immersion 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder is
35min。
Further, in step (4), the mode of described dehydration, for putting into washing machine, is transferred to dehydration mode, is dehydrated 5～9min.
Further, in step (5), described seed layer thickness is 3cm, and before described seed germination shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 30 DEG C,
Described show money or valuables one carries unintentionally after temperature keep 27 DEG C, described humidity is maintained at 80%.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
(1) germination accelerating method of the present invention, utilizes laundry machine dehydration to replace dry cloth wiping seed coat water of the prior art
Point, time saving and energy saving, it is greatly improved accelerating germination work efficiency, the grain weight of process is 42.9kg/h.
(2) germination accelerating method of the present invention, utilizes plastic sheeting to replace the accelerating germination side of wet cloth of the prior art parcel seed
Formula, the main root urged out is sturdy, and stem thick average out to 1.2cm, main root length are neat, and average out to 3cm, lateral root number are abundant, average out to 7
Root, has reached sowing seed standard-required；The most also improving germination regularity and germination percentage, germination regularity is from original
72% brings up to 91%, and germination percentage brings up to 94% from original 87%.
(3) utilizing plastic sheeting to replace the accelerating germination of wet cloth parcel seed, after planting seed, planting percent carries from original 86%
High to 96%, regularity brings up to 96% from original 78%, and cotyledon " band cap " rate takes 24% from 48% original reduction, above
Data show, after the method accelerating germination, have laid good basis for later stage grafting, improve intensive graft seedling growth economy effect
Benefit.
(4) germination accelerating method of the present invention is simple, wide market, is suitable for large-scale promotion application.
Detailed description of the invention
Being described principle and the feature of the present invention below in conjunction with specific embodiment, example is served only for explaining this
Bright, it is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Embodiment 1
The stock germination accelerating method of the present embodiment, comprises the steps:
(1) take calabash courd seed, in 37 DEG C of water-baths, preheat 15min, stir 3min, the seed after being preheated；
(2) seed after preheating step (1) obtained, pulls out, immerses 40min in 55 DEG C of water-baths, takes out, then immerses dress
Having in the container of clear water, seed face is crossed in water logging, then soaks 24h, then takes out seed, the mucus that seed coat produces is washed by rubbing with the hands, and
Wash clean in clear water, then places in clear water, continues to soak 24h, pulls the seed after being soaked seed out；
(3) seed after seed soaking step (2) obtained, immerses in 500 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder
30min, eluriates with clear water clean, obtains eluriating clean seed after pulling out；
(4) the clean seed mesh bag of eluriating step (3) obtained loads, and puts into washing machine, is transferred to dehydration mode, de-
After water 5min, take out, the seed after being dehydrated；
(5) take surrounding and bottom even container with holes, complete clean plastic sheeting in surrounding and bottom, by step
(4) seed after the dehydration obtained, puts in said vesse, and seed layer thickness is 2cm, and wraps up with covered rearing with plastic film,
Afterwards said vesse being put into germinating box and carry out accelerating germination, before seed germination shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 29 DEG C, and after showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 26 DEG C,
Humidity is held in 80%；Seed before showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally every 24h stir once, when main root length to more than 3cm, side root length go out 5, from urging
Bud case takes out seed.
Embodiment 2
The germination accelerating method of the stock of the present embodiment, comprises the steps:
(1) take calabash courd seed, in 37 DEG C of water-baths, preheat 15min, stir 4min, the seed after being preheated；
(2) seed after preheating step (1) obtained, pulls out, immerses 35min in 58 DEG C of water-baths, takes out, then immerses dress
Having in the container of clear water, seed face is crossed in water logging, then soaks 24h, then takes out seed, the mucus that seed coat produces is washed by rubbing with the hands, and
Wash clean in clear water, then places in clear water, continues to soak 24h, pulls the seed after being soaked seed out；
(3) seed after seed soaking step (2) obtained, immerses in 500 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder
35min, eluriates with clear water clean, obtains eluriating clean seed after pulling out；
(4) the clean seed mesh bag of eluriating step (3) obtained loads, and puts into washing machine, is transferred to dehydration mode, de-
After water 7min, take out, the seed after being dehydrated；
(5) take surrounding and bottom even container with holes, complete clean plastic sheeting in surrounding and bottom, by step
(4) seed after the dehydration obtained, puts in said vesse, and seed layer thickness is 3cm, and wraps up with covered rearing with plastic film,
Afterwards said vesse being put into germinating box and carry out accelerating germination, before seed germination shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 30 DEG C, and after showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 27
DEG C, humidity is held in 83%；Seed before showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally every 24h stir once, when main root length to more than 3cm, side root length go out 8,
Seed is taken out from germinating box.
Embodiment 3
The germination accelerating method of the stock of the present embodiment, comprises the steps:
(1) take calabash courd seed, in 37 DEG C of water-baths, preheat 15min, stir 5min, the seed after being preheated；
(2) seed after preheating step (1) obtained, pulls out, immerses 30min in 60 DEG C of water-baths, takes out, then immerses dress
Having in the container of clear water, seed face is crossed in water logging, then soaks 24h, then takes out seed, the mucus that seed coat produces is washed by rubbing with the hands, and
Wash clean in clear water, then places in clear water, continues to soak 24h, pulls the seed after being soaked seed out；
(3) seed after seed soaking step (2) obtained, immerses in 500 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder
40min, eluriates with clear water clean, obtains eluriating clean seed after pulling out；
(4) the clean seed mesh bag of eluriating step (3) obtained loads, and puts into washing machine, is transferred to dehydration mode, de-
After water 9min, take out, the seed after being dehydrated；
(5) take surrounding and bottom even container with holes, complete clean plastic sheeting in surrounding and bottom, by step
(4) seed after the dehydration obtained, puts in said vesse, and seed layer thickness is 2～4cm, and wraps up with covered rearing with plastic film,
Finally said vesse being put into germinating box and carry out accelerating germination, before seed germination shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 31 DEG C, and after showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 28
DEG C, humidity is held in 85%；Seed before showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally every 24h stir once, when main root length to more than 3cm, side root length go out 10,
Seed is taken out from germinating box.
Contrast test
Test as a comparison with dry cloth wiping the surface of the seed moisture of the prior art, the parcel presprouting of seeds of wet cloth.By an a kind of edible gourd
Melon seed carries out choosing seeds, soak seed, sterilize, clean after, with dry cloth wiping the surface of the seed moisture；When carrying out presprouting of seeds, use wet cloth
Parcel seed carries out accelerating germination.Each process sets 3 repetitions, after presprouting of seeds completes, moves on to sow in hot house, point
It is sowed in the seedlings nursing plate installing substrate, 1 seed of every bunch planting, seed main root is placed downwards, after planting covers former substrate, nursery
Check and regulate and be placed in together in hot house, water sufficient water, cover one layer of insulation of white mulch film, moisturizing, carry out the pipe in seedling stage of routine afterwards
Managing, in addition to program request seed, remaining all operations step is even to be completed by 1 people.
(1) testing index
When mensuration dries the surface of the seed moisture work efficiency, each repetition of each process calculates per capita according to 5kg grain weight
Work efficiency, calculates according to " work efficiency=work total amount/working time × 100% ", adds up work efficiency per capita；Accelerating germination is tied
Shu Hou, each repetition is randomly drawed 1000 seed statistics germination numbers, randomly draws 100 seed statistics sides in each process
Radical, measurement main root length and stem are thick, seed coat cracking mouth size, calculate percentage of seedgermination, the length of seed main root and stem thick
Degree, side radical, seed coat degree of cracking, germination regularity (germination regularity refers to a collection of seed having urged bud, main root length exceed or
Less than the percentage ratio shared by the seed in the range of full-length 10%, main root full-length is 3cm)；Seed program request seedlings nursing plate, suitable
After closing grafting, each repetition of each process randomly draws 1000 strain seedling statistics seedling number of seedlings, cotyledon " band cap " number, calculates
(seedling regularity refers to identical point date of seeding, seedling age, when reaching to be suitable for grafting for seedling planting percent, cotyledon " band cap " rate, seedling regularity
Seedling height is above or below the percentage ratio shared by the seedling in the range of calibrated altitude 10%, and being suitable for grafting seedling height is
4cm)。
(2) result and analysis
2.1, the different wiping seed coat moisture method impacts on work efficiency
As known from Table 1, the method work efficiency of the present invention is 42.9kg/h, and the work efficiency of contrast test is 5kg/h, is
8.6 times of contrast test.
The different wiping seed coat moisture method impact on work efficiency per capita of table 1
Note: in table, numerical value is meansigma methods, rear table is same.
2.2, different seed treatment are on percentage of seedgermination, the impact of germination regularity
Two data analysiss processed show (table 2), and the method percentage of seedgermination of the present invention, that germination regularity is all higher than is right
Than test, respectively 94% and 87%, 91% and 72%.
The different seed treatment of table 2 is on percentage of seedgermination, the impact of germination regularity
2.3, different seed treatment are on seed main root length and stem rugosity, side radical, the impact of seed coat degree of cracking
As known from Table 3, the main root average length after using the method for the present invention to process is 3cm, after contrast test processes
Main root average length is 1.2cm, and the method for the present invention is 2.5 times of contrast test.Use the master after the method process of the present invention
Rhizome rugosity is 1.2cm, and the stem rugosity after contrast test processes is 0.8cm, and the method for the present invention is 1.5 times of contrast test.
Side radical after the method using the present invention processes is 7, and contrast test is 3, illustrates that the side root of the present invention is relative to contrast
Test is abundant.Seed coat degree of cracking be also the method for the present invention more than contrast test, its seed coat degree of cracking be respectively 2.2cm and
0.9cm.When main reason is that the parcel presprouting of seeds of wet cloth, the subenvironment that wet cloth parcel seed is formed is unstable, and moisture is easy
Running off, humidity changes greatly, moisture needed for seed germination it cannot be guaranteed that, Time Inconsistency when causing seed germination, eventually affect
Main root length is short, stem rugosity is little, side radical is few；On the contrary, during plastic sheeting parcel presprouting of seeds, plastic sheeting wraps up seed institute shape
The subenvironment become is the most stable, and moisture loss amount is few, and humidity change is little, it is ensured that moisture needed for seed germination, last seed is sprouted
The bud time is relatively uniform, therefore main root length, stem rugosity the most relatively keep unanimously, side radical relative abundance, seed coat degree of cracking big,
After planting cotyledon is conducive to " to raise one's hat " voluntarily.
The different seed treatment of table 3 is on seed main root length and stem rugosity, side radical, the impact of seed coat degree of cracking
2.4, different seed treatment are on seedling planting percent, cotyledon " band cap " rate, the impact of seedling regularity
After different seed treatment, in hot house, carry out seeding and seedling raising, before grafting, seedling laggard row data analysis,
As shown in table 4.The method that seedling planting percent after contrast test process, regularity are less than the present invention, respectively 86% and 94%,
78% and 96%.When its reason is presprouting of seeds weak effect, (regularity as germinateed is low, main root stem is thin, lateral root number is few
Deng), after planting seedling planting percent, regularity are the most relatively low.Cotyledon " band cap " rate aspect, contrast test is also much higher than the present invention
Method, respectively 48% and 24%, maximum reason is the degree of cracking size of accelerating germination seed coat, and seed coat degree of cracking is big, sowing
Rear easily cotyledon " is raised one's hat ", otherwise, cotyledon is easily " band cap ".
The different seed treatment of table 4 is on seedling planting percent, cotyledon " band cap " rate, the impact of seedling regularity
As can be seen here, the laundry machine dehydration pattern of the present invention removes the surface of the seed moisture, plastic sheeting parcel presprouting of seeds
Replace dry cloth wiping the surface of the seed moisture of the prior art, wet cloth to wrap up presprouting of seeds, greatly increase and dry kind of a severe edema due to hypofunction of the spleen
The work efficiency divided.After accelerating germination, improve percentage of seedgermination, germination regularity；After planting, seedling planting percent, regularity, fall are improved
Low cotyledon " band cap " rate, finally improves intensive graft seedling growth economic benefit.
The foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, not in order to limit the present invention, all spirit in the present invention and
Within principle, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvement etc. made, should be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. the germination accelerating method of a stock, it is characterised in that comprise the steps:
(1) take calabash courd seed, in 37 DEG C of water-baths, preheat 15min, stir 3～5min, the seed after being preheated；
(2) seed after preheating step (1) obtained, pulls out, immerses in 55～60 DEG C of water-baths 30～40min, further takes out, leaching
Entering equipped with in the container of clear water, seed face is crossed in water logging, then soaks 24h, then takes out seed, the mucus that seed coat produces is washed by rubbing with the hands
Fall, and wash clean in clear water, then place in clear water, continue to soak 24h, pull the seed after being soaked seed out；
(3) seed after the seed soaking that step (2) is obtained, immerse in 500 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder 30～
40min, eluriates with clear water clean, obtains eluriating clean seed after pulling out；
(4) the clean seed mesh bag of eluriating step (3) obtained loads, and puts into washing machine, is transferred to dehydration mode and takes off
Water, the seed after being dehydrated；
(5) take surrounding and bottom even container with holes, complete clean plastic sheeting in surrounding and bottom, by step (4)
Seed after the dehydration arrived, puts in said vesse, and seed layer thickness is 2～4cm, and wraps up with covered rearing with plastic film, finally
Said vesse being put into germinating box and carries out accelerating germination, before seed germination shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 29～31 DEG C, and after showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 26
～28 DEG C, humidity is held in 80～85%；Seed before showing money or valuables one carries unintentionally every 24h stir once, when main root length to more than 3cm, side root length
When going out 5～10, from germinating box, take out seed.
The germination accelerating method of a kind of stock the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in step (2), the temperature of described water-bath
Degree is 58 DEG C, and the time of water-bath is 35min.
The germination accelerating method of a kind of stock the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in step (3), described immersion 70%
Time in 500 times of liquid of thiophanate methyl wettable powder is 35min.
The germination accelerating method of a kind of stock the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in step (4), the side of described dehydration
Formula, for putting into washing machine, is transferred to dehydration mode, is dehydrated 5～9min.
The germination accelerating method of a kind of stock the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in step (5), described seed thickness
Degree is for 3cm, and before described seed germination shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, temperature keeps 30 DEG C, described in show money or valuables one carries unintentionally after temperature keep 27 DEG C, described humidity is maintained at
80%.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107211732A (en) * | 2017-06-02 | 2017-09-29 | 桂林市蔬菜研究所 | A kind of method for downgrading pumpkin seedling |
| CN109328905A (en) * | 2018-11-15 | 2019-02-15 | 贵州品红农业开发有限公司 | A kind of breeding method of pepper seedling |
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| CN101611663A (en) * | 2009-07-24 | 2009-12-30 | 中国烟草总公司黑龙江省公司牡丹江烟草科学研究所 | A kind of tobacco seed germination accelerating method |
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| CN101611663A (en) * | 2009-07-24 | 2009-12-30 | 中国烟草总公司黑龙江省公司牡丹江烟草科学研究所 | A kind of tobacco seed germination accelerating method |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107211732A (en) * | 2017-06-02 | 2017-09-29 | 桂林市蔬菜研究所 | A kind of method for downgrading pumpkin seedling |
| CN109328905A (en) * | 2018-11-15 | 2019-02-15 | 贵州品红农业开发有限公司 | A kind of breeding method of pepper seedling |
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| CN106304888B (en) | 2019-04-19 |
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