CN106280289B - 分条带全生物降解地膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于地膜制备技术领域，具体涉及一种分条带全生物降解地膜及其制备方法。分条带全生物降解地膜由黑色条带和白色条带相间组成，黑色条带由如下原料制成：降解黑色母料、开口剂、降解基料；白色条带由如下原料制成：降解基料、光稳定剂、润滑剂。本发明克服了原全生物降解膜不易加工塑化、机械性能差、降解周期不可控等一系列问题；同时，生产工艺与黑白相间膜生产工艺相结合，使全生物降解膜分条带生产，在保证做到黑白条带区都能可控降解的前提下，黑色带自动除草、保温保墒；白色带高透光、保湿、保温保墒。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于地膜制备技术领域，具体涉及一种分条带全生物降解地膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
当今，由于农用地膜的使用，有效的控制了土壤的温度和湿度，减少了水分和营养物的流失，促进了农作物的高产和稳产，从而增加了农业生产效益。但与此同时，由于地膜的一次性使用，每年都会有大量的残膜留在土壤里。塑料地膜在自然界中很难降解。这些地膜碎片可在土壤中形成阻隔层，使土壤中的水、气、肥等流动受阻，造成土壤结构板结，严重危害生态环境，造成白色污染。
随着人类社会对环境问题认识水平的不断深化，解决废弃地膜造成的“白色污染”建立环境友好型社会，建立人与环境的良性互动，唯一的办法就是推广应用可降解地膜。而其中全生物降解地膜的发展及推广尤为重要。全生物降解地膜降解是由自然界存在的微生物作用引起降解，并最终完全降解变成二氧化碳(CO2)或/和甲烷(CH4)、水(H2O)及其所含元素的矿化无机盐，降解过程环保，不会造成环境污染，能有效解决残留地膜带来的白色污染等环境问题。
而分条带地膜是近几年通过各种地膜效应比较实验，研制出的一种新型功能地膜。此系列产品既具有白膜增温保墒之优点，又具有黑膜的灭草、保墒之功效。在保证了作物较高的出苗率的同时，又提高揭膜率及地膜回收率，减少了工作量，降低了成本。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种分条带全生物降解地膜，降解期可控，既保温保墒又兼具除草功能；本发明同时提供了分条带全生物降解地膜的制备方法，科学合理、简单易行。
本发明所述的分条带全生物降解地膜由黑色条带和白色条带相间组成，其中，
黑色条带由如下重量百分比的原料制成：
降解黑色母料 3-5％
开口剂 0.1％
降解基料 94.9-96.9％；
白色条带由如下重量百分比的原料制成：
降解基料 95.9-97.9％
光稳定剂 2-4％
润滑剂 0.1％；
所述的降解黑色母料由如下重量百分比的原料制成：
所述的降解基料由如下重量百分比的原料制成：
所述的PBAT混合料是由降解基料原料中的PBAT、偶联剂、甘油和硬脂酸钙按相应配比制得。
所述的开口剂为油酸酰胺类开口剂。
所述的光稳定剂为622或944。
所述的润滑剂为硬脂酸锌类润滑剂。
所述的热稳定剂为非硫有机锡稳定剂。
所述的分散剂为脂肪族酰胺类分散剂。
所述的偶联剂为钛酸酯偶联剂。
所述的抗氧剂为1010或168。
本发明所述的分条带全生物降解地膜的制备方法，步骤如下：
(1)降解黑色母料的制备
使用拌料机将PBAT混合料、炭黑、改性硅灰石、POE、热稳定剂与分散剂混合后，加入密炼机捏合，再由喂料机喂入双螺杆挤出机，经水环或水下切粒，制得降解黑色母料；
(2)降解基料的制备
首先将PBAT进行脱水干燥，然后将高速搅拌机加热至110℃，将干燥后的PBAT加入高速搅拌机中，将偶联剂平均分三次加入，每次搅拌10min，再加入甘油搅拌15min，然后加入硬脂酸钙搅拌5min，制得PBAT混合料；再将PBAT混合料、PBS、PLA与抗氧剂混合，在双螺旋杆挤出机中加工成降解基料；
(3)原料经过两层共挤吹塑机组吹塑成型，即得。
步骤(3)中所述的吹塑成型温度见表1。
表1吹塑成型温度(℃)
本发明以聚乳酸(PLA)、脂肪-芳香族共聚酯(如PBAT)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)三种聚酯类产品为降解基材，在最适的添加比例下，与其它几种助剂相融合，生产出全生物降解原料，再按照黑白条带不同生产配方，使用小二层地膜吹塑机组，最终吹塑成型。
本发明分条带全生物降解地膜生产流程如下：
黑色带区原料→1号机筒→
连接体→机头→模口提膜→吹塑→过牵引→收卷→成品
白色带区原料→2号机筒→
本发明是通过调配新型配方工艺，最大程度利用聚酯类产品的降解性能，生产出一种可控全生物降解地膜，同时，利用黑白相间地膜的优势，调整原先黑白相间配色地膜的生产工艺、生产配方，与发明的全生物降解地膜生产技艺相结合，生产出一种既具有黑白相间地膜：白色带膜增温保墒与黑色带膜除草、保墒的功效，又具有全生物降解地膜：可控降解，绿色环保功能的分条带可控全生物降解地膜。
本发明与现有技术相比，具有如下有益效果：
本发明的全生物降解膜降解原料由聚乳酸(PLA)、脂肪-芳香族共聚酯(如PBAT)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)三种聚酯类产品以最适比例调配而成，克服了原全生物降解膜不易加工塑化、机械性能差、降解周期不可控等一系列问题。同时，生产工艺与黑白相间膜生产工艺相结合，使全生物降解膜分条带生产，在保证做到黑白条带区都能可控降解的前提下，黑色带自动除草、保温保墒；白色带高透光、保湿、保温保墒。
附图说明
图1是实施例1产品结构示意图；
图中：1、黑色带；2、接缝处；3、白色带。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明做进一步描述。
实施例1
降解基料由：25％PBS+20％PLA+40％PBAT+5％硬脂酸钙+1％抗氧剂1010+1％偶联剂+8％甘油生产而成，降解黑色母料由：45％PBAT混合料+25％炭黑+10％改性硅灰石+15％POE+3％热稳定剂+2％分散剂生产而成。黑色带层取94.9％降解基料+5％降解黑色母料+0.1％开口剂，白色带层取4％光稳定剂622+95.9％降解基料+0.1％润滑剂，分别搅拌均匀后，将两层共挤设备温度分别调试为：黑色带机筒：140℃、150℃、160℃；白色带机筒：145℃、155℃、165℃；连接体155℃；机头上：170℃；机头下：180℃。升温后，提膜生产两黑一白全生物降解地膜。依据全生物降解地膜国标测试其机械性能，产品不同部位机械性能测试结果见表2。
表2实施例1产品不同部位机械性能测试结果
如表2数据所示，本发明分条带全生物降解地膜的机械性能完全优于全生物降解国标指标，符合国家全生物降解地膜要求。
实施例2
降解基料由：30％PBS+20％PLA+35％PBAT+5％硬脂酸钙+1％抗氧剂168+0.7％偶联剂+8.3％甘油生产而成，降解黑色母料由：40％PBAT混合料+30％炭黑+10％改性硅灰石+15％POE+3％热稳定剂+2％分散剂生产而成。黑色带层取96.9％降解基料+3％降解黑色母料+0.1％开口剂，白色带层取2％光稳定剂622+97.9％降解基料+0.1％润滑剂，分别搅拌均匀后，将两层共挤设备温度分别调试为：黑色带层：135℃、145℃、155℃；白色带层：140℃、150℃、160℃；连接体155℃；机头上：175℃；机头下：180℃。升温后，提膜生产两白一黑全生物降解地膜。
实施例3
降解基料由：25％PBS+20％PLA+40％PBAT+5％硬脂酸钙+1％抗氧剂1010+1％偶联剂+8％甘油生产而成，降解黑色母料由：50％PBAT混合料+20％炭黑+15％改性硅灰石+10％POE+3％热稳定剂+2％分散剂生产而成。黑色带层取94.9％降解基料+5％降解黑色母料+0.1％开口剂，白色带层取3％光稳定剂944+96.9％降解基料+0.1％润滑剂，分别搅拌均匀后，将两层共挤设备温度分别调试为：黑色带层：135℃、145℃、155℃；白色带层：145℃、155℃、165℃；连接体155℃；机头上：175℃；机头下：180℃。升温后，提膜生产两黑一白全生物降解地膜。
生物降解农用地膜使用过程，一般先后经历诱导期、破裂期/开裂期、大裂期/崩解期、完全崩解期/碎裂期和无膜期/完全降解期等几个不同的阶段。
生物降解农用地膜有效使用寿命，是指在覆盖开始到农用地膜地表部分进入大裂期的时间。为了测试本发明全生物降解膜降解性能，进行大田铺地实验，统计数据进行分析。具体情况如下：
在覆膜前30天，每10天观测一次降解情况；覆膜31-50天，每5天记录一次；覆膜52-60天，每3天观测一次；覆膜60天后，每天记载一次降解情况，直至诱导期结束(最多到覆膜75天)。通过观测可以发现，本发明全生物降解地膜不管种植何种作物，诱导期基本在≥65天，达到国标诱导期70±5天的要求，同时，在作物产量方面，覆盖本发明全生物降解地膜的作物产量增幅在2.22-34.28％左右，产量得到明显提高。
同时，本发明所列原材料配方以及生产工艺方案生产的分条带全生物降解地膜，在降解可控的前提下，不仅保证了地膜良好的保温性、保墒性、除草性，同时保证地膜在使用过程中绝对不会出现局部过早老化、接缝处撕裂等问题。在我国烟草种植基地、马铃薯、红薯等根系作物种植基地等都具有很好的推广应用前景。
Claims (9)
1.一种分条带全生物降解地膜，其特征在于由黑色条带和白色条带相间组成，其中，
黑色条带由如下重量百分比的原料制成：
降解黑色母料 3-5%
开口剂 0.1%
降解基料 94.9-96.9%；
白色条带由如下重量百分比的原料制成：
降解基料 95.9-97.9%
光稳定剂 2-4%
润滑剂 0.1%；
所述的降解黑色母料由如下重量百分比的原料制成：
PBAT混合料 20-50%
炭黑 20-40%
改性硅灰石 10-25%
POE 10-15%
热稳定剂 2-5%
分散剂 0.5-5%；
所述的降解基料由如下重量百分比的原料制成：
PBS 25-30%
PBAT 35-40%
PLA 20-25%
偶联剂 0.1-1.0%
甘油 5-10%
硬脂酸钙 5.0%
抗氧剂 1%；
所述的PBAT混合料是由降解基料原料中的PBAT、偶联剂、甘油和硬脂酸钙按重量比35-40：0.1-1.0：5-10：5.0制得。
2.根据权利要求1所述的分条带全生物降解地膜，其特征在于所述的开口剂为油酸酰胺类开口剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的分条带全生物降解地膜，其特征在于所述的光稳定剂为622或944。
4.根据权利要求1所述的分条带全生物降解地膜，其特征在于所述的润滑剂为硬脂酸锌类润滑剂。
5.根据权利要求1所述的分条带全生物降解地膜，其特征在于所述的热稳定剂为非硫有机锡稳定剂。
6.根据权利要求1所述的分条带全生物降解地膜，其特征在于所述的分散剂为脂肪族酰胺类分散剂。
7.根据权利要求1所述的分条带全生物降解地膜，其特征在于所述的偶联剂为钛酸酯偶联剂。
8.根据权利要求1所述的分条带全生物降解地膜，其特征在于所述的抗氧剂为1010或168。
9.一种权利要求1-8任一所述的分条带全生物降解地膜的制备方法，其特征在于步骤如下：
（1）降解黑色母料的制备
使用拌料机将PBAT混合料、炭黑、改性硅灰石、POE、热稳定剂与分散剂混合后，加入密炼机捏合，再由喂料机喂入双螺杆挤出机，经水环或水下切粒，制得降解黑色母料；
（2）降解基料的制备
首先将PBAT进行脱水干燥，然后将高速搅拌机加热至110℃，将干燥后的PBAT加入高速搅拌机中，将偶联剂平均分三次加入，每次搅拌10min，再加入甘油搅拌15min，然后加入硬脂酸钙搅拌5min，制得PBAT混合料；再将PBAT混合料、PBS、PLA与抗氧剂混合，在双螺旋杆挤出机中加工成降解基料；
（3）原料经过两层共挤吹塑机组吹塑成型，即得。
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