CN106222329B - A kind of environment-friendly type sheepskin garment leather processing technology - Google Patents
A kind of environment-friendly type sheepskin garment leather processing technology Download PDFInfo
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- CN106222329B CN106222329B CN201610841494.5A CN201610841494A CN106222329B CN 106222329 B CN106222329 B CN 106222329B CN 201610841494 A CN201610841494 A CN 201610841494A CN 106222329 B CN106222329 B CN 106222329B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
- C14C—CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF HIDES, SKINS OR LEATHER, e.g. TANNING, IMPREGNATING, FINISHING; APPARATUS THEREFOR; COMPOSITIONS FOR TANNING
- C14C3/00—Tanning; Compositions for tanning
- C14C3/02—Chemical tanning
- C14C3/28—Multi-step processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
- C14C—CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF HIDES, SKINS OR LEATHER, e.g. TANNING, IMPREGNATING, FINISHING; APPARATUS THEREFOR; COMPOSITIONS FOR TANNING
- C14C11/00—Surface finishing of leather
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
- C14C—CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF HIDES, SKINS OR LEATHER, e.g. TANNING, IMPREGNATING, FINISHING; APPARATUS THEREFOR; COMPOSITIONS FOR TANNING
- C14C3/00—Tanning; Compositions for tanning
- C14C3/02—Chemical tanning
- C14C3/04—Mineral tanning
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
- C14C—CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF HIDES, SKINS OR LEATHER, e.g. TANNING, IMPREGNATING, FINISHING; APPARATUS THEREFOR; COMPOSITIONS FOR TANNING
- C14C3/00—Tanning; Compositions for tanning
- C14C3/02—Chemical tanning
- C14C3/08—Chemical tanning by organic agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
- C14C—CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF HIDES, SKINS OR LEATHER, e.g. TANNING, IMPREGNATING, FINISHING; APPARATUS THEREFOR; COMPOSITIONS FOR TANNING
- C14C9/00—Impregnating leather for preserving, waterproofing, making resistant to heat or similar purposes
- C14C9/02—Impregnating leather for preserving, waterproofing, making resistant to heat or similar purposes using fatty or oily materials, e.g. fat liquoring
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of environment-friendly type sheepskin garment leather processing technologys,The smell generated for clothing leather,Wash durability is poor,Chrome tanning tanning is not environmentally,The defects of generating bloom,The present invention is with using naringin,1 base of N naphthalenes, 3 hydroxyl naphthalene, 2 formamide,Amion acetic acid improves the mechanical performance of clothing leather,Sorbierite,2 bromine, 2 nitro 1,3 propyl alcohol,Pyridoxol,D panthenols,Oleamide,Polyacrylamide,2,3 dyhydrobutanedioic acids improve absorption of the leather to small molecule acrylic resin,D-sorbite,Mannitol,Tetramethylol chloride,Grease and micromolecular compound is fixed in aluminate coupling agent,3 chlorine, 2 hydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride,Polyethyleneimine,Alum,Titanium dioxide,Talcum powder can be to avoid bloom,And it absorbs fine molecular and closes object.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of environment-friendly type clothing leather processing technology, especially low bloom, low smell environment-friendly type sheepskin
Clothing leather processing technology.
Background technology
Tanning is that rawhide is changed into an important step during leather, and the quality of tannery directly influences the object of finished leather
Physicochemical performance has important contact with the value of finished leather.Currently employed main tanning agent is chromic salt, chromic salt
Tanning agent has water-fastness, shelf-stable, there is good hydrothermal stability, but the chromium resource in the whole world is limited, and chromium is made
For a heavy metal species, waste liquid that with its tanning hide when generates, scurf etc. all inevitably contains trivalent chromium, these give up containing chromium
Gurry will necessarily damage ecological environment, and trivalent chromium in use easily oxidized generation Cr VI, therefore
It is present goal in research to develop a kind of tanning agent environmental-friendly, that tanning effect is good.Existing chrome-free tanning agent there are price it is high,
The shortcomings of tannery is complicated.
Clothing leather is required to repeatedly wash, but repeatedly washing be easy to cause and feels hard clothing leather at present, this be by
Be washed off in micromolecular compound therein, reduce leather hand feeling, at the same clothing leather in use small molecule and other
Grease discharges or migrates out organic matter release, affects leather smells and use.
Invention content
The smell that is generated for clothing leather, wash durability is poor, chrome tanning tanning not environmentally, generate bloom the defects of,
The invention mechanical performance that clothing leather is improved using naringin, N- naphthalene -1- base -3- hydroxyl naphthalene -2- formamides, amion acetic acid,
The bromo- 2- nitros -1,3- propyl alcohol of sorbierite, 2-, pyridoxol, D-pantothenyl aleohol, oleamide, polyacrylamide, 2,3- dihydroxy fourth two
Acid improves absorption of the leather to small molecule acrylic resin, D-sorbite, mannitol, tetramethylol chloride, Aluminate
Grease and micromolecular compound is fixed in coupling agent, 3- chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chlorides, polyethyleneimine, alum,
Titanium dioxide, talcum powder can be to avoid blooms, and absorb fine molecular and close object.
A kind of environment-friendly type sheepskin garment leather processing technology, it is characterised in that:
Since sour skin scytoblastema, the additive amount of each process additive is on the basis of sour tare weight amount:
(1) tanning:80% liquor ratio is remained in conventional garment leather pickling liquid, adds 0.8~1.3% sodium formate, 0.3~0.6%
Sodium bicarbonate, 28 DEG C of 60~90min of stirring, sequentially adds aluminium tanningagent 3.0~4.2% and substance A 1%, and constantly rotate 1h, it
1.0~1.2% sodium formates are added in afterwards and adjust pH to 3.5~3.6, are stirred 50~70min, are added 1.2~2.0% sodium bicarbonate
PH to 4.0~5.0 is adjusted, then heats to 30~40 DEG C, stirs 300~400min, substance A is sodium ethylene diamine tetracetate, 1,
Any one of 2,3,4,5,6- hexamethylene hexacarboxylic acid sodium salts, sodium gluconate, four sodium of iminodisuccinic acid;
Drum is carried out out after the tanning step successively to take horse standing, water is pressed to get rid of soft, split and shaving deburring step, institute
It is 1.4~1.6cm to state and leather bilayer thickness is controlled in split step, then carries out shaving process, controls the bilayer of the leather
Thickness is 1.2-1.3cm;
(2) retanning:Reconcile liquor ratio 150%~200%, add wattle extract 2~3%, small molecule acrylic acid double tanning agent 1~
2%, 40 DEG C rotation 1.5~2h, add 1.1~2.2% retanning modifying agent and leather machine property improver 0.2~
0.6%, 60~70min is rotated, the sodium bicarbonate for adding in 0.2~1.0% adjusts pH to 4.2~4.5, stirs 60~80min, uses
100% bored washing 2 times, each 10min, retanning modifying agent is sorbierite, bromo- 2- nitros -1, the 3- propyl alcohol of 2-, pyridoxol, D- are general
Any one of alcohol, oleamide, polyacrylamide, 2,3 dihydroxybutanedioic acid;Leather machine property improver for naringin,
Any one of N- naphthalene -1- base -3- hydroxyl naphthalene -2- formamides, amion acetic acid;
(3) it neutralizes, liquor ratio 100%, addition sodium formate 1%, 35 DEG C of rotation 30min, addition sodium bicarbonate 0.4%~
0.6%, 35 DEG C turn 40min again, and pH is 6.0~6.2, and liquor ratio 100% is washed twice, each 10min, drain;
(4) dyeing and fat-liquoring:Liquor ratio 100%, add in leather black NG 1%, 1.2~1.5% levelling agent peregal, 50 DEG C
60~90min is rotated, adds the sulfited fish oil of synthetic fat liquor SE7% and 1.0~2.4%, 50 DEG C of rotations 50~
55min adds in grease fixative 0.5% and substance B 0.6%, rotates 30min, adds in the first acid for adjusting pH 3.0 of 1.0-2.0%
~4.0,60-70min is stirred, goes out drum, takes horse, be dried according to conventional garment leather technique, get damp again, get rid of soft covering with paint, grease
Fixative is any one of D-sorbite, mannitol, tetramethylol chloride, distearyl acyl-oxygen isopropyl Aluminate;Object
Matter B is any one of 3- chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chlorides, polyethyleneimine, alum, titanium dioxide, talcum powder.
Advantage of the invention is that:
(1) machinery of clothing leather is improved using naringin, N- naphthalene -1- base -3- hydroxyl naphthalene -2- formamides, amion acetic acid
Performance.
(2) the bromo- 2- nitros -1,3- propyl alcohol of sorbierite, 2-, pyridoxol, D-pantothenyl aleohol, oleamide, polyacrylamide, 2,3-
Dyhydrobutanedioic acid improves absorption of the leather to small molecule acrylic resin, reduces haze value.
(3) D-sorbite, mannitol, tetramethylol chloride, aluminate coupling agent (distearyl acyl-oxygen isopropyl aluminic acid
Ester) grease and micromolecular compound are fixed, improve leather water-wash resistance.
(4) 3- chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chlorides, polyethyleneimine, alum, titanium dioxide, talcum powder, succinimide
Micromolecular compound is absorbed, reduces the peculiar smell of leather, reduces haze value.
(5) raw material main ingredient used in the present invention can reach requirement for above-mentioned substance.
(6) sodium ethylene diamine tetracetate, 1,2,3,4,5,6- hexamethylene hexacarboxylic acid sodium salts, sodium gluconate, imino-diacetic amber
Aluminium tanningagent is fixed in four sodium of amber acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, improves the water-wash resistance of aluminium tanningagent.
(7) it is 100% that pickling liquid of the invention, which is liquor ratio, adds in the sulfuric acid of 1.0-1.5% and the sodium chloride of 8-13%,
PH is 2.2-2.6, and temperature is 25-28 DEG C, and pickling rotation time is 60-120min, and the process before pickling is according to conventional garment
Technique is removed from office to obtain.
Specific embodiment
Example 1
(1) tanning:80% liquor ratio is remained in conventional garment leather pickling liquid, adds 0.8% sodium formate, 0.3% sodium bicarbonate, 28 DEG C
60min is stirred, aluminium tanningagent 3.0% and sodium ethylene diamine tetracetate 1% is sequentially added, and constantly rotate 1h, adds in 1.0% later
Sodium formate adjusts pH to 3.5~3.6, stirs 50min, and the sodium bicarbonate for adding 1.2% adjusts pH to 4.0, then heats to 30
DEG C, stir 300min;
Drum is carried out out after the tanning step successively to take horse standing, water is pressed to get rid of soft, split and shaving deburring step, institute
It is 1.4cm to state and leather bilayer thickness is controlled in split step, then carries out shaving process, the bilayer thickness for controlling the leather is
1.2cm;
(2) retanning:Liquor ratio 150% is reconciled, adds wattle extract 2%, small molecule acrylic acid double tanning agent 1%, 40 DEG C of rotations
1.5h adds 1.1% sorbierite and naringin 0.2%, rotates 60min, and the sodium bicarbonate for adding in 0.2% adjusts pH to 4.2,
Stir 60min, with 100% it is bored washing 2 times, each 10min;
(3) it neutralizes, liquor ratio 100%, addition sodium formate 1%, 35 DEG C of rotation 30min, addition sodium bicarbonate 0.4%, 35 DEG C
Turn 40min again, pH is 6.0~6.2, and liquor ratio 100% is washed twice, each 10min, drain;
(4) dyeing and fat-liquoring:Liquor ratio 100% adds in leather black NG (Henan Chengtai Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.) 1%, 1.2%
Levelling agent peregal, 50 DEG C rotation 60min, add synthetic fat liquor SE's (Shanghai Leather Chemical Plant) 7% and 1.0%
Sulfited fish oil (the industrial leather Co., Ltd of Dongguan brightness hawk), 50 DEG C of rotation 50min, adds in D-sorbite 0.5% and 3- is chloro-
2- hydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chlorides 0.6% rotate 30min, add in 1.0% first acid for adjusting pH 3.0, stir 60min, go out drum,
Horse is taken, is dried according to conventional garment leather technique, gets damp again, gets rid of soft covering with paint.
Example 2
Since sour skin scytoblastema, the additive amount of each process additive is on the basis of sour tare weight amount:
(1) tanning:80% liquor ratio is remained in conventional garment leather pickling liquid, adds 1.3% sodium formate, 0.6% sodium bicarbonate, 28 DEG C
90min is stirred, sequentially adds aluminium tanningagent 4.2% and 1,2,3,4,5,6- hexamethylene hexacarboxylic acid sodium salts 1%, and constantly rotate
1h, add in later 1.2% sodium formate adjust pH to 3.5~3.6, stir 70min, add 2.0% sodium bicarbonate adjust pH to
5.0,40 DEG C are then heated to, stirs 400min;
Drum is carried out out after the tanning step successively to take horse standing, water is pressed to get rid of soft, split and shaving deburring step, institute
It is 1.6cm to state and leather bilayer thickness is controlled in split step, then carries out shaving process, the bilayer thickness for controlling the leather is
1.3cm;
(2) retanning:Liquor ratio 200% is reconciled, adds wattle extract 3%, small molecule acrylic acid double tanning agent 2%, 40 DEG C of rotations
2h adds 2.2% bromo- 2- nitros -1, the 3- propyl alcohol of 2- and N- naphthalene -1- base -3- hydroxyl naphthalene -2- formamides 0.6%, rotation
70min, add in 1.0% sodium bicarbonate adjust pH to 4.5, stir 80min, with 100% it is bored washing 2 times, each 10min;
(3) it neutralizes, liquor ratio 100%, addition sodium formate 1%, 35 DEG C of rotation 30min, addition sodium bicarbonate 0.6%, 35 DEG C
Turn 40min again, pH is 6.0~6.2, and liquor ratio 100% is washed twice, each 10min, drain;
(4) dyeing and fat-liquoring:Liquor ratio 100%, the levelling agent peregal of addition leather black NG 1%, 1.5%, 50 DEG C of rotations
90min, adds the sulfited fish oil of synthetic fat liquor SE7% and 2.4%, and 50 DEG C of rotation 55min add in mannitol
0.5% and polyethyleneimine 0.6%, 30min is rotated, the formic acid for adding in 2.0% adjusts pH4.0, stirs 70min, goes out drum, take
Horse is dried according to conventional garment leather technique, gets damp again, gets rid of soft covering with paint.
Example 3
Since sour skin scytoblastema, the additive amount of each process additive is on the basis of sour tare weight amount:
(1) tanning:80% liquor ratio is remained in conventional garment leather pickling liquid, adds 1.0% sodium formate, 0.5% sodium bicarbonate, 28 DEG C
75min is stirred, aluminium tanningagent 3.6% and sodium gluconate 1% is sequentially added, and constantly rotate 1h, adds in 1.1% formic acid later
Sodium adjusts pH to 3.5~3.6, stirs 60min, and the sodium bicarbonate for adding 1.6% adjusts pH to 4.5, then heats to 35 DEG C, stirs
Mix 350min;
Drum is carried out out after the tanning step successively to take horse standing, water is pressed to get rid of soft, split and shaving deburring step, institute
It is 1.5cm to state and leather bilayer thickness is controlled in split step, then carries out shaving process, the bilayer thickness for controlling the leather is
1.2m;
(2) retanning:Liquor ratio 170% is reconciled, adds wattle extract 2.5%, small molecule acrylic acid double tanning agent 1.5%, 40 DEG C
1.5h is rotated, adds 1.6% pyridoxol and amion acetic acid 0.4%, rotates 65min, the sodium bicarbonate for adding in 0.6% adjusts pH
To 4.2,70min is stirred, with 100% bored washing 2 times, each 10min;
(3) it neutralizes, liquor ratio 100%, addition sodium formate 1%, 35 DEG C of rotation 30min, addition sodium bicarbonate 0.5%, 35 DEG C
Turn 40min again, pH is 6.0~6.2, and liquor ratio 100% is washed twice, each 10min, drain;
(4) dyeing and fat-liquoring:Liquor ratio 100% adds in levelling agent peregal (Jiangsu Province Hai'an of leather black NG 1%, 1.4%
Petrochemical plant), 50 DEG C of rotation 75min, add the sulfited fish oil of synthetic fat liquor SE7% and 1.7%, 50 DEG C turn
Dynamic 50min, adds in tetramethylol chloride 0.5% and alum 0.6%, rotates 30min, adds in 1.5% first acid for adjusting pH
3.5,65min is stirred, goes out drum, takes horse, be dried according to conventional garment leather technique, get damp again, get rid of soft covering with paint.
Example 4
(1) tanning:80% liquor ratio is remained in conventional garment leather pickling liquid, adds 0.8% sodium formate, 0.3% sodium bicarbonate, 28 DEG C
60min is stirred, four sodium 1% of aluminium tanningagent 3.0% and iminodisuccinic acid is sequentially added, and constantly rotate 1h, adds in later
1.0% sodium formate adjusts pH to 3.5~3.6, stirs 50min, and the sodium bicarbonate for adding nitrilotriacetic acid 0.7g and 1.2% adjusts pH
To 4.0,30 DEG C are then heated to, stirs 300min;
Drum is carried out out after the tanning step successively to take horse standing, water is pressed to get rid of soft, split and shaving deburring step, institute
It is 1.4cm to state and leather bilayer thickness is controlled in split step, then carries out shaving process, the bilayer thickness for controlling the leather is
1.2cm;
(2) retanning:Liquor ratio 150% is reconciled, adds wattle extract 2%, small molecule acrylic acid double tanning agent (the remote chemistry long in Xiamen
Co., Ltd) 1%, 40 DEG C rotate 1.5h, add 1.1% D-pantothenyl aleohol and amion acetic acid 0.2%, rotate 60min, add in
0.2% sodium bicarbonate adjusts pH to 4.2, stirs 60min, with 100% bored washing 2 times, each 10min;
(3) it neutralizes, liquor ratio 100%, addition sodium formate 1%, 35 DEG C of rotation 30min, addition sodium bicarbonate 0.4%, 35 DEG C
Turn 40min again, pH is 6.0~6.2, and liquor ratio 100% is washed twice, each 10min, drain;
(4) dyeing and fat-liquoring:Liquor ratio 100% adds in leather black NG (Henan Chengtai Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.) 1%, 1.2%
Levelling agent peregal (Jiangsu Hai'an Petrochemical Plant), 50 DEG C rotation 60min, add synthetic fat liquor SE (Shanghai skins
Remove from office chemical plant) 7% and 1.0% sulfited fish oil (the industrial leather Co., Ltd of Dongguan brightness hawk), 50 DEG C rotation 50min,
Aluminate coupling agent (distearyl acyl-oxygen isopropyl Aluminate) 0.5%, titanium dioxide 0.6% and succinimide 0.3g are added in, is turned
Dynamic 30min adds in 1.0% first acid for adjusting pH 3.0, stirs 60min, go out drum, take horse, is carried out according to conventional garment leather technique
It dries, get damp again, getting rid of soft covering with paint.
Contrast experiment is carried out using the conventional front sheepskin garment leather produced greatly and the present invention, wash conditions are old with reference to [1]
Research [J] Chinese leathers of side's Pigskin Water Washable Garment Leathers, 1997 forever carry out washing and tested for tensile strength, tearing strength, receipts
Contracting temperature and area.
The washing anteroposterior contraction of table 1 temperature/DEG C
After washing, clothing leather of the invention is not reduced to 85 DEG C hereinafter, and the receipts of the conventional sheepskin garment leather without chrome tanning
Contracting temperature is far below 85 DEG C.
Table 2 washs front and rear cross direction tensile strength/MPa
After washing, clothing leather tensile strength of the invention reduces less, and the conventional sheepskin garment leather without chrome tanning is anti-
Zhang Qiangdu is greatly reduced.
3 process hides engineers is looked for hear the smell of the present invention the experiment has found that smell of the invention will significantly be less than conventional production
Sheepskin garment leather, while respectively at 10 days, 50 days, 180 days observation leather surface situations, finding the clothing leather of the present invention does not have
Bloom generates, and the clothing leather produced greatly has a small amount of bloom to generate.
3 haze value situation of table
Haze value indirect reaction micromolecular compound amount therein finds, haze value of the invention is substantially less than from experiment
The conventional clothing leather produced greatly.
Embodiments of the present invention are explained in detail above, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, in institute
It states in the knowledge that technical field those of ordinary skill has, can also be made under the premise of present inventive concept is not departed from
Various modifications.These are all without creative modification, as long as all by Patent Law in scope of the presently claimed invention
Protection.
Claims (1)
1. a kind of environment-friendly type sheepskin garment leather processing technology, it is characterised in that:
Since sour skin scytoblastema, the additive amount of each process additive is on the basis of sour tare weight amount:
(1) tanning:80% liquor ratio is remained in conventional garment leather pickling liquid, adds 0.8~1.3% sodium formate, 0.3~0.6% little Su
It beats, 28 DEG C of 60~90min of stirring sequentially add aluminium tanningagent 3.0~4.2% and substance A 1%, and constantly rotate 1h, Zhi Houjia
Enter 1.0~1.2% sodium formates and adjust pH to 3.5~3.6, stir 50~70min, add 1.2~2.0% sodium bicarbonate adjusting
PH to 4.0~5.0, then heats to 30~40 DEG C, stirs 300~400min, and substance A is sodium ethylene diamine tetracetate, 1,2,3,
Any one of 4,5,6- hexamethylene hexacarboxylic acid sodium salts, sodium gluconate, four sodium of iminodisuccinic acid;
Drum is carried out out after the tanning step successively and takes that horse stands, pressure water gets rid of soft, split and shaving deburring step, described
It is 1.4~1.6cm that leather bilayer thickness is controlled in skin step, then carries out shaving process, controls the bilayer thickness of the leather
For 1.2-1.3cm;
(2) retanning:Liquor ratio 150%~200% is reconciled, adds wattle extract 2~3%, small molecule acrylic acid double tanning agent 1~2%,
40 DEG C of 1.5~2h of rotation add 1.1~2.2% retanning modifying agent and leather machine property improver 0.2~0.6%, turn
Dynamic 60~70min, the sodium bicarbonate for adding in 0.2~1.0% adjust pH to 4.2~4.5,60~80min are stirred, with 100% bored water
It washes 2 times, each 10min, retanning modifying agent is sorbierite, bromo- 2- nitros -1, the 3- propyl alcohol of 2-, pyridoxol, D-pantothenyl aleohol, oleic acid acyl
Any one of amine, polyacrylamide, 2,3 dihydroxybutanedioic acid;Leather machine property improver is naringin, N- naphthalenes -1-
Any one of base -3- hydroxyl naphthalene -2- formamides, amion acetic acid;
(3) it neutralizes, liquor ratio 100%, addition sodium formate 1%, 35 DEG C of rotation 30min, addition sodium bicarbonate 0.4%~0.6%, 35
DEG C turn 40min again, pH is 6.0~6.2, and liquor ratio 100% is washed twice, each 10min, drain;
(4) dyeing and fat-liquoring:Liquor ratio 100%, the levelling agent peregal of addition leather black NG 1%, 1.2~1.5%, 50 DEG C of rotations
60~90min, adds the sulfited fish oil of synthetic fat liquor SE7% and 1.0~2.4%, and 50 DEG C of rotations 50~
55min adds in grease fixative 0.5% and substance B 0.6%, rotates 30min, adds in the first acid for adjusting pH 3.0 of 1.0-2.0%
~4.0,60-70min is stirred, goes out drum, takes horse, be dried according to conventional garment leather technique, get damp again, get rid of soft covering with paint, grease
Fixative is any one of D-sorbite, mannitol, tetramethylol chloride, distearyl acyl-oxygen isopropyl Aluminate;Object
Matter B is any one of 3- chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chlorides, polyethyleneimine, alum, titanium dioxide, talcum powder.
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