CN106098818A - 一种锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池及其制备方法,涉及薄膜太阳电池的生产技术领域。本发明采用比较成熟的正装砷化镓太阳电池工艺制作,以柔性衬底替代原来的较厚、较重的刚性衬底,形成的锗基多结高效柔性太阳电池达到了可弯曲性、较为轻巧的目的,有利于提高太阳电池运用范围和重量比功率,缓减火箭发射与航天运载压力。同时,上、下电极采用同侧设计的方式方便了使用,可以直接焊接在所使用的器件上,或者粘附在既柔软又轻盈的透明PI上使用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及薄膜太阳电池的生产技术领域。
背景技术
砷化镓化合物太阳电池一直以来都是各国研究的热点,受到人们的普遍重视,并且相较于传统硅基太阳电池有着较高的光电转换效率和优良的可靠性,从而在空间电源领域得到了广泛的应用。
常规太阳电池芯片的制作方法是:先在P型Ge衬底上依次生长N型GaInP的成核层形成低电池、N型GaAs缓冲层、第一隧穿结、InGaAs中电池、第二隧穿结、GaInP顶电池、N型AlInP窗口层、N型GaAs接触层完成外延片的生长,取得电池外延片。然后将电池外延片经过酸性清洗、干燥,在背面分别通过电子束依次蒸镀Ti、Pd、Ag和Au层,完成下电极制作。采用负性光刻胶工艺光刻电极栅线图形,用电子束和热阻真空蒸镀的方式,在顶电池欧姆接触层上制备金属电极,并通过有机剥离将完成上电极制作。再采用酸碱溶液有选择性的蚀刻掉电极以外的GaAs欧姆接触层,并将完成选择性腐蚀的电池片,采用电子束蒸镀的方法蒸镀TiO2/Al203双层减反射膜。最后,经退火、划片、端面处理,取得太阳电池芯片。这种制作过程保留的较厚、较重的衬底层,不利于进一步减轻太阳电池阵列的自重。
众所周知,较高的效率可减小太阳电池阵列的大小和质量,增加火箭的装载量,减少火箭燃料消耗,可降低航天器电源系统的费用。因此在空间应用中,以GaAs太阳电池为核心的空间电源系统扮演着重要的角色。
目前太阳电池使用的衬底是刚性材料,应用范围局限于平整的基板。对于太阳电池空间来说,其中一种重要指标就是重量比功率,所以具有较高质量比功率的柔性太阳电池成为当前研究的一大热点。
近年来,人们开始在空间应用中采用一些新型的电池技术以进一步减轻电源系统的重量。如果采用柔性薄膜太阳电池代替刚性太阳电池帆板,可大大减小太阳电池阵列的单位面积重量和收拢状态体积;而其展开面积可达数十到数万平方米,使太阳电池阵列的重量成倍减轻而功率大幅提高,从而实现航天器电源系统设计的跨越式发展。
如果能够结合GaAs太阳电池的高转换效率与薄膜电池优良的物理材料特性,研制出同时具备高效率与轻质量的锗基薄膜太阳电池,这对整个航天工业将产生极为深远的影响,很有可能成为下一代的空间太阳电池。
发明内容
本发明目的是提出一种可弯曲、较为轻巧的锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池。
本发明包括柔性衬底,在柔性衬底的一侧通过键合层连接Ge基底层,在部分Ge基底层上设置下电极,在另一部分Ge基底层上设置外延层,在外延层上设置上电极和减反射膜层。
本发明可以采用比较成熟的正装砷化镓太阳电池工艺制作,以柔性衬底替代原来的较厚、较重的刚性衬底,形成的锗基多结高效柔性太阳电池达到了可弯曲性、较为轻巧的目的,有利于提高太阳电池运用范围和重量比功率,缓减火箭发射与航天运载压力。同时,上、下电极采用同侧设计的方式方便了使用,可以直接焊接在所使用的器件上,或者粘附在既柔软又轻盈的透明PI上使用。
为了得到更轻、更软的产品,所述锗基底层的厚度小于50μm。
所述外延层可以包括依次设置的N型GaInP的成核层形成低电池、N型GaAs缓冲层、第一隧穿结、InGaAs中电池、第二隧穿结、GaInP顶电池和N型AlInP窗口层。
本发明的另一目的是提出以上锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池的制备方法。
制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)生长外延片:在P型Ge衬底上生长包括N型AlInP窗口层和N型GaAs接触层的外延层,取得外延片;
2)上电极制作:在N型GaAs接触层上,先采用负性光刻胶工艺光刻电极栅线图形,用电子束和热阻真空蒸镀的方式,蒸镀腔体温度小于100℃,在外延片的上N型GaAs接触层上制备金属电极,并通过有机剥离形成上电极;
3)将外延片中N型GaAs接触层有选择性地腐蚀去除上电极以外区域部分;
4)在外延片的上电极以外区域,采用电子束或PECVD沉积的方法在外延片上蒸镀减反射膜;
5)退火:采用400℃退火20min,使上电极与N型GaAs接触层形成良好的欧姆接触和电极牢固性;
6)采用正性光刻胶工艺套刻,制作同侧下电极图形,采用磷酸和双氧水混合溶液,盐酸进行交替刻蚀,将套刻好部位的外延层蚀刻至Ge衬底为止;
7)下电极制作:先采用负性光刻胶工艺套刻图形,用电子束和热阻真空蒸镀的方式,蒸镀腔体温度小于100℃,在蚀刻开口的Ge衬底上制备金属电极,并通过有机剥离形成下电极;
8)衬底减薄:在电池表面涂光刻胶保护层,并与临时载体贴片压合,然后使用机械和化学溶液腐蚀减薄衬底;
9)衬底转移:将减薄后的电池背面蒸镀键合层,然后键合转移到柔性衬底上;
10)划片:切除非电池区域部分留下完整电池芯片;
11)端面腐蚀:采用化学溶液将电池芯片侧面腐蚀清洗切割残渣颗粒;
12)解键合:加热并揭掉临时载体贴片,去胶清洗净芯片。
在较为成熟的正装砷化镓太阳电池工艺上加以改进,本发明工艺简单、合理,成本低廉;先使用P型Ge衬底,在其上外延生长形成电池外延层,经减薄后与柔性衬底相结合,这种以较轻柔的PI衬底替代原来刚性较大、较重的P型Ge衬底,可实现锗基电池的可弯曲性,重量比功率大幅提高。
进一步地,本发明P型Ge衬底机械或腐蚀减薄衬底,刚性Ge衬底小于50μm具有较好的柔韧性,可进一步可得到重量更轻、柔性更好的产品。
本发明所述上电极的制作材料为Ag、Al、Au、AuGe、AuGeNi、Ti、Pt、Cr、Ni或In材料中至少任意一种。
所述减反射膜为双层结构,为TiO2/SiO2、TiO2/Al2O3、TiO2/Ta2O5、TiO2/Si3N4、TiO2/MgF2或Si3N4/MgF2中的任意一种;其中TiO2的厚度为1λ/4n,Ta2O5的厚度为1λ/4n,Al2O3的厚度为1λ/4n,SiO2的厚度为1λ/4n,MgF2的厚度为1λ/4n,Si3N4的厚度为1λ/4n,所述λ为波长,单位nm;n为介质膜的折射系数。以上由高低折射系数光学介质膜组合,有利于砷化镓电池较宽光谱太阳的利用,提高了太阳电池效率。
所述下电极的制作材料为Ag、Al、Au、Ti、Pd、Pt、Cr、Ni或In中的至少任意一种,制成的下电极的厚度大于3μm;这些电极材料易于电子束或热阻真空蒸镀,便于操作和工艺制程管控。
所述临时载体贴片材料为Si、GaAs、Ge、蓝宝石、SiC、InP、PET衬底或PEN衬底中的任意一种。
所述步骤9)中键合转移用材料为半固化胶、BCB、Ag、Al、Au、Ti、Pt、Cr、Ni或In材料至少任意一种。以上键合材料分别是胶或共晶方式键合,使用温度较低,有效控制柔性衬底的形变。
另外,在生长外延片时,在P型Ge衬底上依次生长N型GaInP的成核层形成底电池、N型GaAs缓冲层、第一隧穿结、InGaAs中电池、第二隧穿结、GaInP顶电池、N型AlInP窗口层和N型GaAs接触层。为了方便生产,采用常规生产方式进行。
附图说明
图1为本发明制作过程中形成的电子外延片的结构示意图。
图2 为本发明制作过程中的半制结构示意图。
图3为本发明产品的结构示意图。
图4为图3的俯向视图。
具体实施方式
一、生产工艺,如图1、2、3所示:
1、外延片生长:
采用MOCVD设备在厚度为175μmP型Ge衬底33上依次生长N型GaInP的成核层形成底电池11、N型GaAs缓冲层12、第一隧穿结13、InGaAs中电池14、第二隧穿结15、GaInP顶电池16、N型AlInP窗口层17和N型GaAs接触层18,完成外延片的生长,形成的电池外延片结构如图1所示。
2、上电极制作:
如图2所示:
将完成下线刻号的电池外延片经过丙酮、酒精有机超声清洗,QDR清洗旋干后,采用负性光刻胶工艺经黄光涂胶、光刻、显影等电极栅线图形,用电子束和热阻真空蒸镀的方式,蒸镀腔体温度小于100℃,在电池外延层34的N型GaAs接触层18表面蒸镀金属电极,并通过有机剥离完成正面电池上电极36的制作。
上电极36的制作材料可以为Ag、Al、Au、AuGe、AuGeNi、Ti、Pd、Pt、Cr、Ni或In中至少任意一种。
3、选择性蚀刻:
将柠檬酸、双氧水和水以1∶2∶2的体积比混合,形成混合溶液。
将制作好上电极36的制品浸于混合溶液中,在40℃下有选择性地蚀刻上电极36以外的N型GaAs接触层18,经过QDR冲洗,旋干待用。
4、减反射膜:
将完成选择性腐蚀的电池片,采用电子束或PECVD沉积的方法在电池外延层34的N型AlInP窗口层17上蒸镀TiO2/ Al2O3双层减反射膜35,其中,TiO2膜厚50nm,Al2O3膜厚85nm,并通过套刻的方式制作图形将电极焊线部位的减反射膜蚀刻开口便于焊接、测试。
上述减反射膜35也可以采用TiO2/SiO2、TiO2/Al2O3、TiO2/Ta2O5或TiO2/Si3N4双层结构中的任意一种,TiO2的厚度为1λ/4n,Ta2O5的厚度为1λ/4n,Al2O3的厚度为1λ/4n,SiO2的厚度为1λ/4n,Si3N4的厚度为1λ/4n,其中λ为波长,单位nm;n为介质膜的折射系数。
5、退火:
采用400℃高温退火20min,使上电极与N型GaAs接触层形成良好的欧姆接触和电极牢固性。
6、下电极制作:
采用正性光刻胶工艺套刻,制作同侧下电极图形,采用磷酸和双氧水混合溶液,盐酸进行交替刻蚀,将套刻好的部位外延层34蚀刻至Ge衬底表面形成电极大小的隔离槽。
涂L300负性光刻胶,对准以上蚀刻好的隔离槽进行光刻,形成电极图形。用电子束和热阻真空蒸镀的方式,蒸镀腔体温度小于100℃,在套刻好的部位真空蒸发蒸镀金属电极,并通过有机剥离形成下电极37,下电极37的尺寸小于隔离槽,与电池外延层34隔开,避免短路。
下电极37的制作材料可以采用Ag、Al、Au、Ti、Pd、Pt、Cr、Ni或In中至少任意一种,制成的下电极的厚度大于3μm。
7、衬底减薄:
在设置有上电极36和下电极37的电池表面涂光刻胶,再将电池表面与临时载体贴片压合以形成保护,然后使用机械和化学溶液减薄P型Ge衬底,使Ge衬底厚度小于50μm,电池具有较好的弯曲性。
临时载体贴片材料可以采用Si、GaAs、Ge、蓝宝石、SiC、InP、PET衬底或PEN衬底中的任意一种。
8、衬底转移:
将减薄后的Ge衬底33上蒸镀键合层32,并通过键合技术,将电子外延片转移到柔性衬底31上。
蒸镀的键合层32所用材料可以为半固化胶、BCB、Ag、Al、Au、Ti、Pt、Cr、Ni或In材料至少任意一种。
9、划片:
采用金刚石刀片切割或激光切割对电池芯片分割,将非电池区域部分切除留下完整电池芯片。
10、端面腐蚀:
采用体积比为1∶2∶2的柠檬酸、双氧水和水混合溶液,在40℃下浸3~5min,将切割好电池芯片侧面腐蚀清洗掉切割残渣颗粒。
11、解键合:加热并揭掉临时载体,去胶清洗净芯片。
至此,完成了锗基多结柔性薄膜太阳电池的制作。
二、产品结构:
如图3、4所示,本发明产品包括柔性衬底31、键合层32、锗基底33、下电极37、外延层34、上电极36和减反射膜35,在锗基底33一侧设置外延层34,在外延层34上设置上电极36和减反射膜35。外延层34包括N型GaInP的成核层形成低电池、N型GaAs缓冲层、第一隧穿结、InGaAs中电池、第二隧穿结、GaInP顶电池和N型AlInP窗口层。
图4中显示了设置在同一侧的两个上电极36和两个下电极37,两个上电极36之间通过电导材料连接,两个下电极37之间也通过电导材料连接。在减反射膜35正面可见电极栅线。
三、产品特点:
由于锗衬底10厚度减薄小于50μm,电池质量减轻很多,所以提高了太阳电池的重量比功率;另外,电池体变薄,具有很好的柔韧性,增加了太阳电池的使用范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池,包括柔性衬底,其特征在于:在柔性衬底的一侧通过键合层连接Ge基底层,在部分Ge基底层上设置下电极,在另一部分Ge基底层上设置外延层,在外延层上设置上电极和减反射膜层。
2.根据权利要求1所述锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池,其特征在于所述Ge基底层的厚度为20~60μm。
3.根据权利要求1所述锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池,其特征在于所述外延层包括依次设置的N型GaInP的成核层形成低电池、N型GaAs缓冲层、第一隧穿结、InGaAs中电池、第二隧穿结、GaInP顶电池和N型AlInP窗口层。
4.如权利要求1所述锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)生长外延片:在P型Ge衬底上生长包括N型AlInP窗口层和N型GaAs接触层的外延层,取得外延片;
2)上电极制作:在N型GaAs接触层上,先采用负性光刻胶工艺光刻电极栅线图形,用电子束和热阻真空蒸镀的方式,蒸镀腔体温度小于100℃,在外延片的上N型GaAs接触层上制备金属电极,并通过有机剥离形成上电极;
3)将外延片中N型GaAs接触层有选择性地腐蚀去除上电极以外区域部分;
4)在外延片的上电极以外区域,采用电子束或PECVD沉积的方法在外延片上蒸镀减反射膜;
5)退火:采用400℃退火20min,使上电极与N型GaAs接触层形成良好的欧姆接触和电极牢固性;
6)采用正性光刻胶工艺套刻,制作同侧下电极图形,采用磷酸和双氧水混合溶液,盐酸进行交替刻蚀,将套刻好部位的外延层蚀刻至Ge衬底为止;
7)下电极制作:先采用负性光刻胶工艺套刻图形,用电子束和热阻真空蒸镀的方式,蒸镀腔体温度小于100℃,在蚀刻开口的Ge衬底上制备金属电极,并通过有机剥离形成下电极;
8)衬底减薄:在电池表面涂光刻胶保护层,并与临时载体贴片压合,然后使用机械和化学溶液腐蚀减薄衬底;
9)衬底转移:将减薄后的电池背面蒸镀键合层,然后键合转移到柔性衬底上;
10)划片:切除非电池区域部分留下完整电池芯片;
11)端面腐蚀:采用化学溶液将电池芯片侧面腐蚀清洗切割残渣颗粒;
12)解键合:加热并揭掉临时载体贴片,去胶清洗净芯片。
5.根据权利要求4所述锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池的制备方法,其特征在于:所述上电极的制作材料为Ag、Al、Au、AuGe、AuGeNi、Ti、Pd、Pt、Cr、Ni或In中至少任意一种。
6.根据权利要求4所述锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池的制备方法,其特征在于:所述减反射膜为双层结构,为TiO2/SiO2、TiO2/Al2O3、TiO2/Ta2O5、TiO2/Si3N4、TiO2/MgF2或Si3N4/MgF2中的任意一种;其中TiO2的厚度为1λ/4n,Ta2O5的厚度为1λ/4n,Al2O3的厚度为1λ/4n,SiO2的厚度为1λ/4n,MgF2的厚度为1λ/4n,Si3N4的厚度为1λ/4n,所述λ为波长,单位nm;n为介质膜的折射系数。
7.根据权利要求4所述锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池的制备方法,其特征在于:所述下电极的制作材料为Ag、Al、Au、Ti、Pd、Pt、Cr、Ni或In中至少任意一种,制成的下电极的厚度大于3μm。
8.根据权利要求4所述锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池的制备方法,其特征在于:所述临时载体贴片材料为Si、GaAs、Ge、蓝宝石、SiC、InP、PET衬底或PEN衬底中的任意一种。
9.根据权利要求4所述锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤9)中键合转移用材料为半固化胶、BCB、Ag、Al、Au、Ti、Pd、Pt、Cr、Ni或In中至少任意一种。
10.根据权利要求4或5或6或7或8或9所述锗基砷化镓多结柔性薄膜太阳电池的制备方法,其特征在于在生长外延片时,在P型Ge衬底上依次生长N型GaInP的成核层形成底电池、N型GaAs缓冲层、第一隧穿结、InGaAs中电池、第二隧穿结、GaInP顶电池、N型AlInP窗口层和N型GaAs接触层。
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