CN106068684B - 具有改善冷却的电功率器件 - Google Patents

具有改善冷却的电功率器件 Download PDF

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CN106068684B
CN106068684B CN201580003902.3A CN201580003902A CN106068684B CN 106068684 B CN106068684 B CN 106068684B CN 201580003902 A CN201580003902 A CN 201580003902A CN 106068684 B CN106068684 B CN 106068684B
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J－C·利欧
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Saifeng Electronic And Defense Co
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种电子器件，包括至少一个电子部件，该电子部件安装在支撑体上并且被包含导热且电绝缘的液体的可变形外壳围绕，所述器件包括基本平行于所述支撑体且与其隔开距离的散热板，以及用于通过所述外壳和所述板之间的传导进行热传递的装置，所述导热且电绝缘的液体被选择并且所述外壳被布置使得所述油的热膨胀产生将所述壳层压向用于通过传导进行热交换的装置的力。

Description

具有改善冷却的电功率器件
本发明涉及一种电子器件，尤其是涉及一种经受强电流的电子器件。
这种器件通常包括功率电子部件，该功率电子部件被固定在陶瓷支撑体上并且通过电缆连接至导体，该导体用于将该电子器件电连接至那些它被设计要连接的元件。
例如，已知的是使用该类型的器件以对电机的各相位供电。在这种应用中，该部件是通过二极管连接至该电机的各相位的开关。
陶瓷衬底被固定在用于冷却该部件的散热板或支撑表面上。
然而，由该部件发出的热量仅在每个部件下方的自己区域中通过该陶瓷衬底传递至散热板。因而，热量传递相对有限，使得在工作中该器件的温度相当高，这使得必须将部件彼此间隔开空间以促进冷却。
那会导致器件尺寸相对较大。
还会导致为了限制其温度的上升而限制该部件可发射的功率。
本发明的目的是提供使得有可能冷却这种电子器件的装置，特别是以使得能够增加这样的模块的功率密度的方式来实现。
为此，本发明提供一种电子器件，包括至少一个电子部件，该至少一个电子部件安装在支撑体上并由含有导热且电绝缘液体的可变形的外壳围绕。该器件包括基本平行于该支撑体且与其间隔开的散热板，以及用于通过该外壳和该板之间的传导进行热交换的手段。选择该导热且电绝缘的液体并且布置该外壳，使得油的热膨胀导致该外壳向用于通过传导进行热交换的装置施加力。
在该部件工作期间产生的热量，主要通过导热且电绝缘的液体(例如硅油)、外壳以及用于通过传导进行热交换的手段而向散热板耗尽。由于该液体直接与该部件接触，因此增强了向液体的热传递以及之后向外壳和用于通过传导进行热交换的手段的热传递，导热液体存在较大的表面积以用于在该部件和冷却区域之间的热交换。结果，该部件的冷却相对有效。此外，加热该液体使其膨胀，以这种方式使液体在外壳上施加压力，该压力加强了该外壳和用于通过传导进行热交换的手段之间的接触，因而进一步改善了热传递效率。
优选地，该热交换手段包括导热柱(heat conducting stud)，该导热柱在散热板之上延伸并且具有用于与外壳接触的自由端，这些端部彼此间隔开。
外壳可变形使其能够适合至少部分的该柱的自由端形状的周围，增加用于与其热交换的表面积。
有利的是，设置该柱使得所述外壳由于导热且电绝缘液体的热膨胀而按压这些柱。
这种扁平化增加了该柱的自由端和外壳之间的热交换表面积。
这些柱可由不变形或可变形材料制成，包括银或铟，甚至是形状记忆材料(例如铁和钛的合金)。形状记忆合金是具有若干特殊性质的合金：
·在仅由施加热量导致的形变之后恢复至初始形状的能力；
·当其温度在临界温度周围变化时，在两种已经“记忆的”形状之间交替的可能性。该材料呈现低于该临界温度的一个形状和高于该临界温度的另一形状；
·超弹性行为，能够伸长(10％)而不塑性变形，该伸长大于其他金属(百分之几)；
·“橡胶状”效应(当合金在自适应马氏体形态中承受形变时，它保存残余形变被释放；如果向该材料施加应力并且之后卸载一次，该残余形变会增大)；以及
·阻尼效应，因为该合金能够产生阻尼影响或衰减机械振动(其超强弹性，甚至其存在导致能量耗散的滞后现象的马氏体相的弹性)。
因而所使用的形状记忆材料能够在模块集成期间形变，并且能够被选择以使其具有临界温度，以用于该临界温度与模块的工作温度一致时返回到其初始位置。因而，该材料总是保持在相同位置，在工作期间连续的且弹性的靠着外壳和支撑表面。冷启动期间，该形状记忆材料朝向其它位置形变，因而使其自身与外壳断开连接并有效地使该模块与该支撑表面热绝缘。因而，该过程使得有可能大大加快需要功率模块冷启动的时间，功率模块加热如周围存在的空气，并且使能够接触至由形状记忆材料制成的柱。
在一特定实施例中，该支撑体包括母线类型的电导体，该器件包括用于补偿该导体和该部件之间的胀差(differential expansion)的手段，并且，优选地，该补偿手段包括在该部件的附近中延伸且具有减小厚度的该导体的片段。
因而，当吸收胀差时该支撑体还确保了电连接功能。此外，由于该连接和该部件在共同的衬底上(即母线)，这使得有可能简化该器件的结构。连接夹可以由铜制成，可能被回火，或者由形状记忆材料制成。对于形状记忆材料，选择该材料以实现超弹性特性或“橡胶状”效应特性，这些特性使它能够承受非常大的热膨胀，与传统材料(未回火的铜、铁、镍……)相比，在被动热循环或在功率循环中具有改进的老化特性。
本发明的其它特点和优点显示在阅读本发明的特定的非限制性实施例的以下描述中。
参考附图，其中：
·图1是本发明的器件的截面示意图；
·图2是图1的II-II线的、构成本发明的有利变形实施例的所述器件的一个部件的截面示意图；以及
·图3是用于补偿胀差的手段的图1的沿着平面III截面的细节图。
下面，描述了在对电机供电的应用中的电子器件。
参考图1，该电子器件包括对于功率电子部件(即开关10)以及控制卡20的支撑体，其具有整体的参考标记1。
该支撑体1包括穿过框架3、具有母线2形式的刚性电导体，该框架3具有固定至散热板4或支撑表面的一个边缘以及该控制卡20紧固在其上的相对的边缘。
该控制卡20是表面安装部件(SMC或“板上芯片”)类型的且通过柔性导体21连接至该母线2。
该母线2具有从形成电源输入/输出手段的框架3横向突出的一端5。在本实施例中，母线2包括至少两层由绝缘层分隔开的导体迹线。
在本实施例中，开关10是绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)、金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)、碳化硅(SiC)MOSFET、结型场效应晶体管(JFET)或氮化镓(GaN)晶体管型的结型开关。有四个开关10并且它们成对安装在母线2的两面的各自上的彼此的顶部上。通过将开关10的部分直接焊接至母线2上，或者通过具有分别焊接至母线2和开关10的端部的导电线6，而将每个开关10电连接至母线2。为了形成用于电机的控制桥的分支，开关10被连接成彼此平行或形成低侧/高侧。控制每对开关10以交替导通。以已知的方式，当开关10开启时，为了撤离从负载来的返回电流，必须将每个开关连接至续流二极管。
该母线2包括片段7，该片段7在该对开关10的附近中延伸并且具有减小的厚度。片段7形成相对柔性的区域以用作补偿该母线2和开关10之间胀差的手段，以这种方式来减小组装应力。
通过含有导热且电绝缘液体31的可变形外壳30围绕每对开关10。可变形外壳由金属特别是镍合金制成，例如那些来自供应商Special Metals Corporation(特种金属公司)以商标“Inconel”生产的镍合金，并且在本实施例中，厚度范围是10微米(μm)至100μm。导热且电绝缘液体31是硅油。
该器件包括用于通过外壳30和散热板4之间传导进行热交换的手段。布置外壳30使得在预定温度之下，外壳30不会与用于通过传导进行热交换的手段接触。
用于通过传导进行热交换的手段包括导热柱32，其在散热板4之上延伸并且具有为了使其与外壳30接触而设置的彼此分隔开的自由端。在本实例中更精确地是，柱32朝向散热板4而加宽：在本示例中，它们是截头圆锥形，但是它们可能是截棱锥形。
柱32由银制成并且布置这些柱，使得由于导热且电绝缘液体31的热膨胀而使外壳31压向这些柱。
应当理解，为了确保通过向散热板4的传导来传输热量，当开关的温度增加时，液体31的温度也会上升，于是液体膨胀并且使隔膜30形变，而使它压向柱32。如果温度进一步提高，由于液体31的膨胀而引起的外壳30压向柱32的压力足以使柱32变形。
由于接触力以及由于接触面积的增加，这会导致更好地传导。
应当注意到，该热交换手段的布置使得有可能在母线2的两面上安装功率部件。因此，在本发明的模块中有可能安装两倍数量的功率部件。
通过保持相对低的平均工作温度，热交换手段还使得有可能在彼此(堆叠)的顶部安装成对开关10。这种与交替控制开关相关的堆叠原理不仅使得有可能节省空间，如上所述，而且还有可能减小在主动功率循环期间每个开关承受的温度波动：在其导通状态下，每个开关以及因此放出的热量保持在该对开关的平均温度，而另一开关处于其关闭状态。限制热循环提高了开关的寿命。
理所当然地，本发明不限于所描述的实施例而涵盖由权利要求限定的本发明范围之内的任何变形。
具体来说，该部件可以具有与所描述的不同的结构。
在本发明的有利的变形例中，以及参考图2，每个开关10都是微电子机械系统(MEMS)型的电开关，该电开关具有封装，给定的整体参考标记是11，为了限定真空腔而具有在两个板13之间延伸的封闭轮廓的侧壁12。该侧壁12分为三个连接部分12.1、12.2、12.3，其是导电的且通过电绝缘部分12.4、12.5、12.6彼此绝缘。连接部分12.1连接至电机，连接部分12.2连接至正电位源且连接部分12.3连接至负电位源。导电接触元件14，(例如具有镍/金的外部涂层)，从第一连接部分12.1延伸，以使其自由端14.1在第一位置和第二位置之间可移动，在该第一位置中，为了在两个连接部分之间建立电连接，该自由端14.1与第二连接部分12.2接触，在第二位置中，该自由端14.1不与第二连接部分12.2接触。该自由端14.1在该第二位置和一第三位置之间可移动，在该第三位置中，为了在所述两个连接部分之间建立电连接，该自由端14.1与第三连接部分12.3接触。因而，该第二位置在该第一位置和该第三位置之间延伸。布置该接触元件14，以使在两个板13之间建立的场的影响之下，在其两个位置之间可移动，即与图2中示出的面正交的场。每个板13提供有电极15，该电极15以可能建立在板13之间的电场的方式，通过控制电路连接至电位源。与电机的反应时间相比，这种开关具有非常短的开关时间。因而，在开关期间由电机发送至第一连接部分12.1的返回脉冲没有时间进入被断开的连接部分12.2、12.3，但是会被引导到被连接的连接部分12.3、12.2。因而，不需要提供续流二极管以阻挡所述返回脉冲。该真空腔使得有可能避免在开关期间形成电弧。
还有有利的是，图2的开关10可以设置为布置为矩阵的一组开关的形式，并且连接至矩阵控制电路，在该电路中有控制信号通过，该信号在开关中产生场。因而，所述开关组优选地包括以开关放置其上的绝缘物覆盖的多晶硅层和为了形成电容器而向多晶硅层充电的手段。该电容器使得在控制信号意外中断期间能够保持该场。
该柱可以包括至少一种下列材料：银、铟、铜、镍、铁、钛、铝。柱和外壳二者都由对蠕变(creep)和氧化具有小的敏感性的材料制成，以这样的方式，热传递性能被保存在该器件的估计寿命中。
该导热且电绝缘液体包括至少一种下列成分：硅油、氟聚醚(fluoropolyether)，例如目前由供应商Solvay以商标Galden和Fomblin销售的。
在一个简化的版本中，模块的外壳还可以直接与外部热传递流体交换热量而不通过热交接。

Claims (14)

1.一种电子器件，包括至少一个电子部件，所述电子部件安装在支撑体上并且被包含导热且电绝缘的液体的可变形外壳围绕，所述器件包括基本平行于所述支撑体且与其间隔开的散热板，以及用于通过所述外壳和所述板之间的传导进行热交换的热交换装置，所述导热且电绝缘的液体被选择并且所述外壳被布置使得所述液体的热膨胀导致所述外壳向所述用于通过传导进行热交换的装置施加力，所述外壳被布置使得在预定温度之下，所述外壳不会与用于所述通过传导进行热交换的装置接触。
2.根据权利要求1所述的器件，其特征在于，所述热交换装置包括导热柱，所述导热柱在所述散热板上延伸并且具有用于使其与所述外壳接触的自由端，这些端彼此间隔开。
3.根据权利要求2所述的器件，其特征在于，所述柱设置为使所述外壳因为所述导热且电绝缘的液体的热膨胀而按压所述柱。
4.根据权利要求3所述的器件，其特征在于，所述柱可包括以下材料中的至少一种：银、铟、铜、镍、铁、钛、铝。
5.根据权利要求2所述的器件，其特征在于，所述柱向所述散热板方向变宽和/或所述柱由形状记忆材料以使得在工作温度的预定范围中所述外壳和所述板之间弹性地按压所述柱的方式制成。
6.根据权利要求1所述的器件，其特征在于，所述支撑体包括母线类型的电导体，该器件包括用于补偿所述电导体和所述电子部件之间胀差的装置。
7.根据权利要求6所述的器件，其特征在于，所述用于补偿所述电导体和所述电子部件之间胀差的装置包括所述电导体的片段，所述电导体的片段在所述部件附近延伸且具有减小的厚度。
8.根据权利要求1所述的器件，其特征在于，导热且电绝缘的液体包括以下成分中的至少一种：硅油、氟聚醚。
9.根据权利要求1所述的器件，其特征在于，包括被设计为交替导通的两个功率电子部件，两个部件叠加在所述支撑体的同一侧上。
10.根据权利要求1所述的器件，其特征在于，包括至少两个电子部件，每一个都被设置在所述支撑体的一侧上。
11.根据权利要求1所述的器件，其特征在于，所述外壳由镍合金制成。
12.根据权利要求11所述的器件，其特征在于，所述外壳具有在10μm和100μm范围内的厚度。
13.根据权利要求1所述的器件，其特征在于，所述部件是MEMS型的电开关，其具有封闭轮廓的侧壁的壳，为了限定真空腔，所述封闭轮廓在两个板之间延伸，该侧壁包括导电且彼此绝缘的第一连接部分和至少一个第二连接部分，以及接触元件，所述接触元件从所述第一连接部分延伸使得其自由端在第一位置和第二位置之间可移动，在所述第一位置中，所述自由端与所述第二连接部分接触，在所述第二位置中，所述自由端不与该第二连接部分接触，所述接触元件布置为可在两个板之间建立的场的影响下在其两个位置之间移动。
14.根据权利要求13所述的器件，其中所述开关的侧壁包括第三连接部分，并且所述接触元件被布置为使其自由端可在所述第一位置和第三位置之间移动，在所述第三位置中，所述自由端与所述第三连接部分接触，所述第二位置位于所述第一位置和所述第三位置之间且所述自由端在断开位置中不与所述第二连接部分和所述第三连接部分接触。
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FR3016266A1 (fr) 2015-07-10
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