CN106040275B - 制备超薄g-C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂的方法 - Google Patents
制备超薄g-C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种一步原位制备超薄g‑C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂的方法。包括:(1)将三聚氰胺加入甲醇中,加热冷凝回流搅拌,得到悬浊液A;(2)将一定量的九水合硝酸铝溶于甲醇,与步骤(1)得到的悬浊液混合搅拌,得到悬浊液B;(3)将步骤(2)得到的悬浊液B过滤,洗涤、干燥,干燥后的固体在马弗炉中煅烧,得到成品。本发明合成的超薄g‑C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂,一是可以提高g‑C3N4的比表面积;二是氧化铝的复合可以有效提高g‑C3N4的光催化活性,在可见光下,超薄g‑C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂分解水产氢速率和光降解罗丹明B速率,明显高于热解三聚氰胺制备的单一相g‑C3N4。本发明方法简单,成本低,污染小,符合生产实际。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制备催化剂的方法,特别是一种一步原位制备超薄g-C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂的方法,属于光催化材料技术领域。
背景技术
利用光催化剂将太阳能转化为人类可以直接利用的能量,并用其解决地球资源的枯竭和生存环境的恶化,是可再生清洁能源研究的一个方向。 g-C3N4的独特结构赋予其良好的光催化性能,使之成为光催化领域的研究热点。g-C3N4是一种非金属半导体, 由地球上含量较多的 C、N 元素组成,带隙约为2.7eV,具有一定的可见光吸收,与传统过渡金属化合物的光催化剂相比,具有质轻、物理化学性质稳定、价格低廉等诸多优点,被认为是具有开发前景和应用潜力的能源与环境光催化材料。自从2009年福州大学王心晨教授等人报道了g-C3N4能在可见光下分解水制氢以来,掀起了g-C3N4在光催化降解污染物和光催化分解水制氢等方面的研究热潮。g-C3N4已被应用于光催化污染物分解、光解水制氢制氧、光催化有机合成和光催化氧气还原等领域。单独g-C3N4材料由于其自身能带结构及光生电子-空穴复合率较快等缺点导致其光催化活性和可见光利用效率并不理想。但是,由于g-C3N4具有较高的导带位置和p型半导体特性,因此g-C3N4与大多数低价带的金属氧化物能够很好的匹配,通过复合形成异质结可以增强彼此光生电子-空穴的分离效率。因此,近些年来构建g-C3N4-金属氧化物异质结体系成为了改善g-C3N4光催化活性的一个重要手段。
本课题组前期研究发现,含有部分无定型结构的Al2O3具有紫外光催化活性,且具有杂质能级,将无定型氧化铝与部分半导体复合,Al2O3的杂质能级可以起到分离光生电子-空穴的作用。将Al2O3和g-C3N4进行复合,在纳米尺度上进行结构调控和组分优化,可有效提高g-C3N4的光量子效率。但现有技术进行氧化铝与g-C3N4复合时,通常使用两步法进行,即首先制备g-C3N4,再进行Al2O3的复合。这些方法存在着制备过程复杂、耗时长,得到的产品光催化产氢效率不高等问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种制备超薄g-C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂的方法,实现了一步快速制备g-C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂,并使Al2O3和g-C3N4在纳米尺度的高分散复合,提高了复合材料的可见光催化产氢和光催化降解污染物的活性。
本发明采取的技术方案如下:一种制备超薄g-C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将一定量三聚氰胺加入甲醇中,加热冷凝回流搅拌1~2h,得到悬浊液A;
(2)按比例将一定量的九水合硝酸铝溶于甲醇,并转入步骤(1)得到的悬浊液A内,以相同温度继续加热冷凝回流,搅拌1~2h,得到悬浊液B;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的悬浊液B过滤,洗涤、干燥,干燥后的固体在马弗炉中煅烧,得到成品。
本发明,步骤(1)中,三聚氰胺和甲醇的质量比为1: 10~40。
本发明,步骤(2)中,三聚氰胺和九水合硝酸铝的质量比为1:0.5~5。
本发明,步骤(1)、(2)中,所用甲醇为无水甲醇。
本发明,步骤(1)、(2)中,冷凝回流温度为50~80℃。
本发明,步骤(3)中,煅烧温度为500~600℃,煅烧时间为2~3h。
本发明的方法合成的g-C3N4/Al2O3复合光催化剂,一是可以提高g-C3N4的比表面积;硝酸铝在甲醇中与三聚氰胺反应,形成酸化三聚氰胺和氢氧化铝的复合前驱体,在煅烧过程中,经硝酸酸化后的三聚氰胺聚合生成的g-C3N4具有更大的比表面积,同时由于氢氧化铝的支撑作用,使g-C3N4以超薄片形式存在,进一步增大了复合物中g-C3N4的比表面积。二是氧化铝的复合可以有效提高g-C3N4的光催化活性;复合物中氧化铝主要以无定型形式存在,氧化铝体相中的杂质能级可以分离g-C3N4的光生电子,从而提高光催化活性。另外,使用一步煅烧原位制备超薄g-C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂,制备工艺简单,反应耗时短,成本低。本发明合成的超薄g-C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂,比表面积最大可达80.4m2/g,可见光活催化活性高,300W氙灯为光源并加400nm滤光片情况下,光催化分解水产氢速率和降解罗丹明B速率明显高于热解三聚氰胺制备的单一相g-C3N4。
本发明取得以下有益效果:
制备过程简单,耗时短,制备成本低;该法制备得到的Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂具有较高比表面积、g-C3N4以超薄片形式存在,Al2O3颗粒为无定型态,高度分散于g-C3N4表面,使Al2O3和g-C3N4形成了适当的纳米复合结构,增强了g-C3N4的电子-空穴的分离效率,明显提高Al2O3和g-C3N4在可见光下的光催化分解水制氢和光催化降解有机污染物性能。
附图说明
图1为实施例1-4(S1-4)所制备的Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的X射线衍射图谱。
图2为实施例1所制备的Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的氮气吸附-脱附曲线。
图3为实施例1所制备的Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的X射线光电子能谱。
图4、图5为实施例1所制备的Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的透射电镜图片。
图6为实施例1-4(S1-4)所制备的Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂在可见光照射下的产氢曲线。
图7为实施例1-4(S1-4)所制备的Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂在可见光下对降解罗丹明B的降解曲线。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明。
实施例1
(1)量取50mL甲醇置于圆底烧瓶中,称取2.5g三聚氰胺加入到上述圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下搅拌0.5h,得到悬浊液。
(2)量取50mL甲醇置于烧杯中,称取1.0 gAl(NO3)3·9H2O加入到上述烧杯中,搅拌得到澄清溶液;将该溶液转入步骤(1)中圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下继续搅拌2h,得到悬浊液;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的悬浊液过滤、洗涤、干燥;干燥后的固体在马弗炉中550℃煅烧3h,得到Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂成品。
对所得催化剂进行X射线衍射测试(见图1),可见该复合催化剂中含有石墨相C3N4和无定型态的Al2O3。图2为实施例1所制备的Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的氮气吸附-脱附曲线,复合催化剂的比表面积为68.4 m2/g。图3为本发明光催化剂Al2O3/g-C3N4的X射线光电子能谱,图中可以看到,Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂含有C、N、O和Al元素;附图4、5为本发明制备的Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的透射电镜图片。从照片可以看到,复合催化剂中g-C3N4为薄片状,表面附着有Al2O3颗粒;对所制备的复合光催化剂进行了可见光催化分解水实验:将75 mL去离子水、20mL三乙醇胺和5mLH2PtCl6(5wt%)混合均匀后,加入0.1g本实施例制备的催化剂,以300W 氙灯为可见光源(以400 nm滤光片滤掉λ<400 nm的光),图6表明,可见光照射下该复合光催化剂的平均产氢率为82.2μmol·h-1;产率明显高于纯g-C3N4。对所制备的光催化剂进行了可见光催化降解罗丹明B试验:在100 mL的20 mg/L罗丹明B溶液中加入0.1g本实施例制备的可见光催化剂,以300W 氙灯为可见光源,以400 nm滤光片滤掉λ<400nm的光。罗丹明B的脱色率使用分光光度计在552nm处进行吸光度测试。如图7所示,30 min对罗丹明B的吸附脱色率为33.6%,可见光照射20分钟后甲基橙的光催化降解率为93.8%。
实施例2
(1)量取50mL甲醇置于圆底烧瓶中,称取2.5g三聚氰胺加入到上述圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下搅拌0.5h,得到悬浊液。
(2)量取50mL甲醇置于烧杯中,称取2.0 gAl(NO3)3·9H2O加入到上述烧杯中,搅拌得到澄清溶液;将该溶液转入步骤(1)中圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下搅拌1.5h,得到悬浊液;
(3)其它制备方法同实施例1。
对所得成品Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂进行X射线衍射测试(见图1),可见该复合催化剂中含有石墨相C3N4,和无定型态的Al2O3;该复合催化剂的比表面积为72.6 m2/g;按照实施例1的方法进行可见光催化分解水实验,见图6,复合光催化剂的平均产氢率为66.5μmol·h-1。按照实施例1的方法进行吸附及可见光催化活性试验,如图7所示,30 min对罗丹明B的吸附脱色率为40.3%,可见光照射20分钟后甲基橙的光催化降解率为86.4%。表明Al2O3的过量负载降低了复合催化剂的光催化活性。
实施例3
(1)量取50mL甲醇置于圆底烧瓶中,称取2.5g三聚氰胺加入到上述圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下搅拌0.5h,得到悬浊液。
(2)量取50mL甲醇置于烧杯中,称取0.5 gAl(NO3)3·9H2O加入到上述烧杯中,搅拌得到澄清溶液;将该溶液转入步骤(1)中圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下继续搅拌2h,得到悬浊液;
(3)其它制备方法同实施例1。
对所得成品Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂进行X射线衍射测试(见图1),可见该复合催化剂中含有石墨相C3N4,和无定型态的Al2O3;该复合催化剂的比表面积为32.1 m2/g;按照实施例1的方法进行可见光催化分解水实验,见图6,复合光催化剂的平均产氢率为36.2μmol·h-1。按照实施例1的方法进行吸附及可见光催化活性试验,如图7所示,30 min对罗丹明B的吸附脱色率为10.1%,可见光照射60分钟后甲基橙的光催化降解率为71.4%。表明不足量的Al2O3复合降低了复合催化剂的光催化活性。
实施例4
(1)量取50mL甲醇置于圆底烧瓶中,称取2.5g三聚氰胺加入到上述圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下搅拌0.5h,得到悬浊液。
(2)量取50mL甲醇置于烧杯中,称取5.0 gAl(NO3)3·9H2O加入到上述烧杯中,搅拌得到澄清溶液;将该溶液转入步骤(1)中圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下继续搅拌2h,得到悬浊液;
(3)其它制备方法同实施例1。
对所得成品Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂进行X射线衍射测试(见图1),可见该复合催化剂中含有石墨相C3N4,和无定型态的Al2O3;该复合催化剂的比表面积为80.4 m2/g;按照实施例1的方法进行可见光催化分解水实验,见图6,复合光催化剂的平均产氢率为33.7μmol·h-1。按照实施例1的方法进行吸附及可见光催化活性试验,如图7所示,30 min对罗丹明B的吸附脱色率为37.5%,可见光照射60分钟后甲基橙的光催化降解率为82.6%。表明Al2O3的大量负载明显降低了复合催化剂的光催化活性。
实施例5
(1)量取50mL甲醇置于圆底烧瓶中,称取2.5g三聚氰胺加入到上述圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下搅拌0.5h,得到悬浊液。
(2)量取50mL甲醇置于烧杯中,称取1.0 gAl(NO3)3·9H2O加入到上述烧杯中,搅拌得到澄清溶液;将该溶液转入步骤(1)中圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下继续搅拌1h,得到悬浊液;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的悬浊液过滤、洗涤、干燥;干燥后的固体在马弗炉中600℃煅烧2h,得到Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂成品。
可见光照射下该复合光催化剂的平均产氢率为70.1μmol·h-1;
实施例6
(1)量取50mL甲醇置于圆底烧瓶中,称取5.0g三聚氰胺加入到上述圆底烧瓶中,在50℃冷凝回流下搅拌0.5h,得到悬浊液。
(2)量取50mL甲醇置于烧杯中,称取2.0 gAl(NO3)3·9H2O加入到上述烧杯中,搅拌得到澄清溶液;将该溶液转入步骤(1)中圆底烧瓶中,在50℃冷凝回流下继续搅拌1h,得到悬浊液;
(3)其它制备方法同实施例1。
可见光照射下该复合光催化剂的平均产氢率为64.5μmol·h-1;
实施例7
(1)量取50mL甲醇置于圆底烧瓶中,称取2.5g三聚氰胺加入到上述圆底烧瓶中,在70℃冷凝回流下搅拌0.5h,得到悬浊液。
(2)量取50mL甲醇置于烧杯中,称取1.0 gAl(NO3)3·9H2O加入到上述烧杯中,搅拌得到澄清溶液;将该溶液转入步骤(1)中圆底烧瓶中,在70℃冷凝回流下继续搅拌2h,得到悬浊液;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的悬浊液过滤、洗涤、干燥;干燥后的固体在马弗炉中500℃煅烧3h,得到Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂成品。
可见光照射下该复合光催化剂的平均产氢率为52.4μmol·h-1;
实施例8
(1)量取50mL甲醇置于圆底烧瓶中,称取2.5g三聚氰胺加入到上述圆底烧瓶中,在80℃冷凝回流下搅拌0.5h,得到悬浊液。
(2)量取50mL甲醇置于烧杯中,称取1.0 gAl(NO3)3·9H2O加入到上述烧杯中,搅拌得到澄清溶液;将该溶液转入步骤(1)中圆底烧瓶中,在80℃冷凝回流下继续搅拌1h,得到悬浊液;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的悬浊液过滤、洗涤、干燥;干燥后的固体在马弗炉中550℃煅烧2h,得到Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂成品。
可见光照射下该复合光催化剂的平均产氢率为74.2μmol·h-1;
实施例9
(1)量取50mL甲醇置于圆底烧瓶中,称取1.25g三聚氰胺加入到上述圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下搅拌1h,得到悬浊液。
(2)量取50mL甲醇置于烧杯中,称取0.5 gAl(NO3)3·9H2O加入到上述烧杯中,搅拌得到澄清溶液;将该溶液转入步骤(1)中圆底烧瓶中,在60℃冷凝回流下继续搅拌2h,得到悬浊液;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的悬浊液过滤、洗涤、干燥;干燥后的固体在马弗炉中550℃煅烧2h,得到Al2O3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂成品。
可见光照射下该复合光催化剂的平均产氢率为70.1μmol·h-1;
以上对本发明提供的一步原位制备超薄g-C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂方法进行了详细说明,应用了具体个例对本发明的原理及实施方式进行了阐述,以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以对本发明进行若干改进和修饰,这些改进和修饰也落入本发明权利要求的保护范围内。
Claims (1)
1.一种制备超薄g-C3N4/Al2O3纳米复合光催化剂的方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)将一定量三聚氰胺加入甲醇中,加热冷凝回流搅拌0.5~1h,得到悬浊液A;
(2)按比例将一定量的九水合硝酸铝溶于甲醇,并转入步骤(1)得到的悬浊液A内,以相同温度继续加热冷凝回流,搅拌1~2h,得到悬浊液B;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的悬浊液B过滤,洗涤、干燥,干燥后的固体在马弗炉中煅烧,得到成品;
所述步骤(1)中,三聚氰胺和甲醇的质量比为1:10~40;
所述步骤(1)和步骤(2)中的反应条件为50~80℃冷凝回流;
所述步骤(2)中三聚氰胺和九水合硝酸铝的质量比为1:0.5~5;
所述步骤(3)中,煅烧温度为500~600℃,煅烧时间为2~3h。
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