CN105994251A - Diluting and preserving solution for killing animal sperm viruses and bacteria - Google Patents
Diluting and preserving solution for killing animal sperm viruses and bacteria Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105994251A CN105994251A CN201610439771.XA CN201610439771A CN105994251A CN 105994251 A CN105994251 A CN 105994251A CN 201610439771 A CN201610439771 A CN 201610439771A CN 105994251 A CN105994251 A CN 105994251A
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- parts
- dilution
- liquid
- bacteria
- virus
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention provides a diluting and preserving solution for killing animal sperm viruses and bacteria. The solution is prepared from, by weight, 25-40 parts of glucose, 2.5-3 parts of citric acid, 5-8 parts of trisodium citrate, 1.2-1.3 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 1.2-1.3 parts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, 0.7-0.9 part of potassium chloride, 2.8-3 parts of trihydroxymethyl aminomethane, 0.05-0.08 part of cysteine, 0.025-0.030 part of povidone-iodine and 0-0.002 part of antibacterial peptide. The diluting and preserving solution is used for dilution, preservation and bacteria and virus killing of animal sperm.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to farm animals artificial insemination field, be specifically related to a kind of kill the dilute of animal semen virus and bacteria
Release preservation liquid.
Background technology
The advantage of technology of artificial insemination is can to gather animal high-quality seminal fluid by artificial, is made by certain technological means
It can preserve transport for a long time, produces performance for animal husbandry breed improvement and raising and brings great economic benefit.But it is artificial
Insemination techniques also has its natural defect, that is, by inside donor seminal fluid may with pathogenic microorganism be all transmitted to its
Receptor.As a example by pig, boar semen usually contains 104~105 CFU/ml antibacterial and may pollute unknown virus and other
Pathogenic microorganism.These antibacterials and virus can affect the holding time of boar semen and the motility rate of sperm, and can pass through people
Boar may be carried pathogenic microorganism and is transmitted to sow and piglets by work insemination techniques, causes sow breeding difficulty, piglets disease
The sick popular and significantly decline of production performance, causes serious economic loss.
The research of Chinese scholars shows that the main virus of the harm Swine Production that can detect in boar semen has: foot and mouth disease
Virus (FMDV), swine fever virus (CSFV), pig circular ring virus (PCV-2), PRV (Pseudorabies virus) (PRV), pig breeding are combined with breathing
Close syndrome virus (PRRSV), pig parvoviral (PPV), Japanese B encephalitis virus (JEV).Wherein have proven to CSFV, PRRSV,
PPV, PRV can infect sow by artificial fertilization and cause the breeding difficulty such as stillborn fetus, miscarriage.Breeding boar seminal fluid band poison is swinery virus
One important channel of sick vertical transmission, is also restriction artificial fertilization technology's development and a great problem promoted.
It is extensive in artificial insemination sector application that animal semen dilution preserves liquid, and technical difficulty is the highest, and formula is the most easily given birth to
Producing, its major function is to increase seminal fluid volume, prevents cold stress, provides sperm nutrition, buffer as high ph-values, extends essence
The time-to-live of son.But polluting for boar semen, existing technology is by adding antibiotic in preserving liquid at semen dilution
(such as penicillin, streptomycin, gentamycin, lincomycin etc.) come antibacterial, but antibiotic is only capable of suppressing the part in seminal fluid thin
Bacterium breeds, and completely ineffective to virus, and has the risk of abuse of antibiotics.Therefore, lead in economic animal artificial insemination at present
Territory does not also have more preferable way to the antibacterial processing in seminal fluid and viral containment issues.
Such as application for a patent for invention 201510756292.6, disclose the fresh essence of a boar and preserve long-acting dilution powder and preparation method
With application.It is by the glucose sugar 35-40 of parts by weight, ethanedioic acid tetraacethyl sodium 1.2-1.4, sodium citrate 4-8, sodium bicarbonate
1.2-1.4, potassium chloride 0.7-0.8, polyvinyl alcohol 0.4-0.6, cysteine 0.1-0.2, inositol 0.4-0.6, penicillin 1.0-
The raw material compositions such as 1.5, streptomycin 1.0-1.5, the problem that there is abuse of antibiotics.
Application for a patent for invention 201410164618.1, discloses the formula composition of a boar antiviral semen diluent.Base
In every 1000 milliliters of DDWs, pig antiviral semen diluent contains: the glucose of 15.50 parts;The citric acid three of 11.65 parts
Sodium;The EDETATE SODIUM salt of 2.35 parts;The sodium bicarbonate of 1.75 parts;The polyvinyl alcohol of 1.00 parts;The three carboxymethylamino first of 5.50 parts
Alkane;The citric acid of 4.10 parts;The cysteine of 0.07 part;The vitamin C of 1.00 parts;The enrofloxacin of 0.10 part;And 50ml
Antiviral agent.Containing antiviral ingredients such as ribavirins in formula, although ribavirin has certain effect suppressing viral growth,
But country forbids the antiviral drugs that animal and veterinary industry uses.
The development difficulty of the semen dilution preservation liquid killing animal semen virus and bacteria is embodied in:
A, safety, first otherwise damage sperm motility rate, the breeding to germ cell, embryo and sow does not impacts, to essence
The heritability of son is without impact.
B, effectiveness, to the harmful cause of disease inside sperm, particularly virus effectively, is the key of this technology.
C, sperm can provide effectively protection, sperm storage phase can reach 7-10 days.
D, safety and effectiveness are conflicts, are difficult to the unity of opposites.
E, study condition require height, it is desirable to cultivate pharmaceutics, veterinary bacteriology, virusology, virocyte and herding
Etc. relevant speciality and experimental condition, single enterprise or research unit are difficult to meet.
" a kind of seminal fluid purifies protective agent and viral kills work on the impact of boar sperm motility rate and in seminal fluid 5 kinds document
With research " (China's herding magazine, breeding physiology, the 7th phase of volume 51 in 2015), disclose a kind of seminal fluid and purify protective agent to public affairs
The impact of Boar spermatozoa motility rate, and to being present in boar semen the killing action of virus.The seminal fluid of the document purifies protective agent
It is not suitable for the disinfectant containing iodine.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve above-mentioned technical problem, the invention provides a kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria and preserve
Liquid.Preserve in boar semen dilution and liquid adds low toxicity povidone iodine and antibacterial peptide, for dilution, the preservation of economic animal seminal fluid
With kill bacterial virus.
The present invention, in order to realize foregoing invention purpose, adopts the following technical scheme that
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria preserves liquid, by weight, including following component: glucose 25-40 part,
Citric acid 2.5-3 part, trisodium citrate 5-8 part, sodium bicarbonate 1.2-1.3 part, disodiumedetate 1.2-1.3 part, chlorine
Change potassium 0.7-0.9 part, trishydroxymethylaminomethane 2.8-3 part, cysteine 0.05-0.08 part, povidone iodine 0.025-0.030
Part and antibacterial peptide 0-0.002 part.
Preferably, by weight, including following component: glucose 35-40 part, citric acid 2.8-3 part, trisodium citrate 5-
6 parts, sodium bicarbonate 1.25-1.3 part, disodiumedetate 1.25-1.3 part, potassium chloride 0.7-0.8 part, trihydroxy methyl ammonia
Methylmethane 2.8-2.9 part, cysteine 0.05-0.07 part, povidone iodine 0.025-0.030 part and antibacterial peptide 0.001-0.002
Part.
This dilution preserves liquid and is divided into two parts, dilution nutritional solution part based on Part I: glucose, citric acid, lemon
Lemon acid trisodium, sodium bicarbonate, disodiumedetate, potassium chloride, trishydroxymethylaminomethane and cysteine, therein half
Cystine is sperm protective;Part II is for killing virus and bacteria effective ingredient: povidone iodine.Inventive formulation is by three
The control of the additional proportion of hydroxymethyl aminomethane, disodiumedetate and potassium chloride, the pH value making dilution preserve liquid is
6.20 6.30, osmotic pressure is 347mOsm.
The pH that dilution of the present invention preserves liquid is 6.20 6.30, and osmotic pressure is 347mOsm.For sperm existence tight
Lattice environmental requirement, the storage stability of sperm is best in this context.
It is distilled water that dilution of the present invention preserves the solvent of liquid employing.
Water quality is very big for the impact of motility of sperm and holding time, and different regions different breeding enterprise water quality is the most different,
Sperm quality is affected by key index therein such as pH, mineral and micronutrient levels, content of microorganisms, content of beary metal etc.
The biggest.The present invention uses stable distilled water water quality, overcomes the shortcoming using inconvenience, effect unstable.
Povidone iodine is one of Operand that current livestock and poultry farm is conventional, is to be loaded on strongly basic anionic resin by iodine
A kind of contact-type disinfectant formed, can kill major part antibacterial, fungus and virus.But, at the concentration model to sperm safety
In enclosing, povidone iodine has good effect to part antibacterial and virus, but can not kill common five kinds of viruses inside seminal fluid completely,
Particularly PRV (Pseudorabies virus) and swine fever virus poor effect.
Antibacterial peptide is that the interior one produced through induction of organism has bioactive micromolecule polypeptide, and molecular weight is 2000
~about 7000, it is made up of 20~60 amino acid residues, antibacterial and virus are had wide spectrum killing effect, and to sperm safety
Property is the best, particularly has seminal fluid common virus particularly swine fever virus, Pseudorabies virus, reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and well kills
Effect, and povidone iodine is with the use of there being strong complementarity.
It is further preferred that described antibacterial peptide is Blatta seu periplaneta Endogenous antimicrobial polypeptide.
The present invention selects Blatta seu periplaneta Endogenous antimicrobial polypeptide, and its aminoacid sequence is SEQIDNO:1.This antibacterial peptide has well
The features such as stability and broad-spectrum high efficacy is antibacterial, antiviral, and mature production technology and perfect, its production technology is with in Blatta seu periplaneta
The aminoacid sequence of antibiotic peptide is masterplate, uses engineering bacterium expression after being recombinated by aminoacid sequence with solid-phase peptide synthesis
Fermentation, obtains recombined broad spectrum antibacterial peptide sterling.Blatta seu periplaneta Endogenous antimicrobial polypeptide is the best to sperm safety under suitable concentration,
And seminal fluid common virus particularly swine fever virus, Pseudorabies virus, reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus are had good killing action, and low toxicity
Povidone iodine is with the use of there being strong complementarity.
The dilution of the present invention preserves liquid and has obtained the production checking of the whole nation raise pigs enterprise big-and-middle-sized more than 100, makes
Having more than 80% with what Growth Results after product of the present invention greatly improved, generally reflection sow breeding difficulty disease is greatly reduced,
Disease incident is remarkably decreased, and pregnancy rate significantly improves, and nest farrowing pig's head number increases, and produces performance and generally improves, and has notable
Economic benefit and social benefit.
Present invention employs preferably dilution and preserve liquid basic components and povidone iodine disinfectant, make dilution preserve formula of liquid
Between stability best, add unified stable distilled water water quality, overcome the shortcoming using inconvenience, effect unstable.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with detailed description of the invention, the essentiality content of the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment 1
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria preserves liquid, by weight, including following component: glucose 25 parts, lemon
Lemon acid 2.5 parts, trisodium citrate 5 parts, sodium bicarbonate 1.2 parts, disodiumedetate 1.2 parts, 0.7 part of potassium chloride, three hydroxyls
Aminomethane 2.8 parts, cysteine 0.05 part and povidone iodine 0.025 part.
Embodiment 2
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria preserves liquid, by weight, including following component: glucose 40 parts, lemon
Lemon acid 3 parts, trisodium citrate 8 parts, sodium bicarbonate 1.3 parts, disodiumedetate 1.3 parts, 0.9 part of potassium chloride, three hydroxyl first
Base aminomethane 3 parts, cysteine 0.08 part, povidone iodine 0.030 part and antibacterial peptide 0.002 part.
It is 6.2 that this dilution preserves the pH value of liquid, and osmotic pressure is 347mOsm.
The solvent that described dilution preserves liquid is distilled water.
Embodiment 3
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria preserves liquid, by weight, including following component: glucose 30 parts, lemon
Lemon acid 2.6 parts, trisodium citrate 6 parts, sodium bicarbonate 1.22 parts, disodiumedetate 1.22 parts, 0.8 part of potassium chloride, three
Hydroxymethyl aminomethane 2.9 parts, cysteine 0.06 part and povidone iodine 0.026 part.
It is 6.3 that this dilution preserves the pH value of liquid, and osmotic pressure is 347mOsm.
The solvent that described dilution preserves liquid is distilled water.
Embodiment 4
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria preserves liquid, by weight, including following component: glucose 35 parts, lemon
Lemon acid 2.8 parts, trisodium citrate 5 parts, sodium bicarbonate 1.25 parts, disodiumedetate 1.25 parts, 0.7 part of potassium chloride, three
Hydroxymethyl aminomethane 2.8 parts, cysteine 0.05 part, povidone iodine 0.025 part and antibacterial peptide 0.001 part.
It is 6.22 that this dilution preserves the pH value of liquid, and osmotic pressure is 347mOsm.
The solvent that described dilution preserves liquid is distilled water.
Embodiment 5
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria preserves liquid, by weight, including following component: glucose 40 parts, lemon
Lemon acid 3 parts, trisodium citrate 6 parts, sodium bicarbonate 1.3 parts, disodiumedetate 1.3 parts, 0.8 part of potassium chloride, three hydroxyl first
Base aminomethane 2.9 parts, cysteine 0.07 part, povidone iodine 0.030 part and Blatta seu periplaneta Endogenous antimicrobial polypeptide 0.002 part.
It is 6.25 that this dilution preserves the pH value of liquid, and osmotic pressure is 347mOsm.
The solvent that described dilution preserves liquid is distilled water.
Embodiment 6
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria preserves liquid, by weight, including following component: glucose 37 parts, lemon
Lemon acid 2.9 parts, trisodium citrate 6 parts, sodium bicarbonate 1.25 parts, disodiumedetate 1.25 parts, 0.75 part of potassium chloride, three
Hydroxymethyl aminomethane 2.8 parts, cysteine 0.07 part, povidone iodine 0.026 part and Blatta seu periplaneta Endogenous antimicrobial polypeptide 0.0015 part.
It is 6.26 that this dilution preserves the pH value of liquid, and osmotic pressure is 347mOsm.
The solvent that described dilution preserves liquid is distilled water.
Embodiment 7
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria preserves liquid, by weight, including following component: glucose 37 parts, lemon
Lemon acid 2.9 parts, trisodium citrate 6 parts, sodium bicarbonate 1.25 parts, disodiumedetate 1.25 parts, 0.75 part of potassium chloride, three
Hydroxymethyl aminomethane 2.8 parts, cysteine 0.08 part, vitamin C 1 part, povidone iodine 0.026 part and Blatta seu periplaneta endogenous are anti-
Bacterium peptide 0.0012 part.
It is 6.22 that this dilution preserves the pH value of liquid, and osmotic pressure is 347mOsm.
The solvent that described dilution preserves liquid is distilled water.
Toxicology test
Toxicology test uses animal experiment to observe its acute toxicity, subacute toxicity and zest toxicity data.
Result: the purifying sterilizing agent of this seminal fluid is all higher than 5000 m parts/k part BW to rat and chmice acute LD50 of passing through mouth,
Its stock solution is to lagophthalmos, intact skin and damaged skin nonirritant;Dosage is at 1000 m parts/k part below BW, with feminine gender
Matched group compares, and does not makes significant difference body weight, routine blood test and the haemobiochemistry index of rat, and each internal organs of experimental animal are the most not
See obvious pathological change.Piglet by Oral seminal fluid purifies protective agent stock solution, and twice daily, 1ml/ is each, within continuous two days, is administered, medication
In before and after test piglet edible tissues, iodine concentration is below MRL, povidone iodine when pig uses without the off-drug period.
It is safe that seminal fluid purifies protective agent toxicology under concentration.
Seminal fluid purifying sterilizing agent good stability of the present invention, after 37 DEG C of calorstats are placed three months, content of iodine rate of descent is less than
5%, within six months, content of iodine rate of descent is less than 10%.
The present invention preserves liquid good stability for porcine semen at normal temperature dilution, and airtight room temperature kept in Dark Place effect duration up to 1 year.
PH is 6.20 ± 0.05, osmotic pressure is 347mOsm.
Preparation method: in aseptic Factory Building, is sequentially added into the Fructus Vitis viniferae of formula ratio in 37 C 995.00ml sterilizing distilled waters
Sugar, EDTA-Na2, trisodium citrate:, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, Tris, potassium chloride and cysteine, limit edged stirring at low speed,
Maintaining the temperature at 37 C constant, treat that temperature is down to room temperature, add the povidone iodine of formula ratio after stirring, stirring at low speed is equal
Even rear aseptic subpackaged.
The product inspection project of the present invention and operational approach
1, available iodine content detection
According to " People's Republic of China's veterinary drug allusion quotation " (2005 editions) available iodine detection method, this product containing povidone iodine press available iodine (
I) calculate, should be the 0.85%~1.20% of labelled amount.
[character] this product is colourless liquid.
[discriminating]
(1) taking this product 1~5, add water 10ml and starch indicator solution 1, i.e. shows bluish violet.
(2) taking this product 10ml, put (in bottle, neck is sure not to stain) in 50ml conical flask, bottleneck covers one and uses starch indicator solution
Moistening filter paper, places 80 seconds, not aobvious blueness.
[inspection] pH value should be 6.20 ± 0.05.
2, different brands semen dilution preserves liquid and semen dilution preserves the powder impact on the semen at normal temperature holding time
Market is bought four kinds of different brands semen dilutions and is preserved liquid or semen dilution preservation powder (No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4) dilution
The most stand-by.
The impact that porcine semen at normal temperature is preserved by table 1 different diluent
As shown in Table 1, the present invention dilutes preservation liquid effective holding time pole and is significantly higher than 1,2,3, No. 4 liquid (P < 0.01), raw
Deposit index and be also significantly greater than 1,2,3, No. 4 liquid (P < 0.05).
3, the present invention dilutes preservation liquid room temperature preservation seminal fluid breeding achievement
Dilute preservation liquid dilution pig semen by the present invention, 17 DEG C of calorstats preserve 5d, motility of sperm dilution more than 0.5
Seminal fluid is tested for artificial insemination.Semen deposition sow 120 altogether, concrete outcome is shown in Table 2: visible, and the present invention dilutes preservation liquid room temperature
Preserve the pig semen non-return rate of 5d, average nest litter size apparently higher than 1,2,3, No. 4 liquid.
Table 2 different diluent room temperature preserves the pig semen non-return rate of 5d, average nest litter size
Sequence table
<110>Chengdu Mei Qiang veterinary arts Services Co., Ltd
<120>a kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria preserves liquid
<160>1
<170>PatentInversion3.3
<210>1
<211>37
<212>PRT
<213>Blatta seu periplaneta Endogenous antimicrobial polypeptide
<400>1
Lys Trp Lys Val Phe Lys Lys Ile glu Lys Met gly Arg Asn Ile Arg
1 5 10 15
Asn gly Ile Val Lys Ala gly Pro Ala Ile Ala Val Leu gly glu Ala
20 25 30
Lys Ala Lys Ala Leu
35
Claims (5)
1. the dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria preserves liquid, it is characterised in that: by weight, including following component:
Glucose 25-40 part, citric acid 2.5-3 part, trisodium citrate 5-8 part, sodium bicarbonate 1.2-1.3 part, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid two
Sodium 1.2-1.3 part, potassium chloride 0.7-0.9 part, trishydroxymethylaminomethane 2.8-3 part, cysteine 0.05-0.08 part, poly-dimension
Ketone iodine 0.025-0.030 part and antibacterial peptide 0-0.002 part.
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria the most according to claim 1 preserves liquid, it is characterised in that: by weight
Gauge, including following component: glucose 35-40 part, citric acid 2.8-3 part, trisodium citrate 5-6 part, sodium bicarbonate 1.25-
1.3 parts, disodiumedetate 1.25-1.3 part, potassium chloride 0.7-0.8 part, trishydroxymethylaminomethane 2.8-2.9 part, half
Cystine 0.05-0.07 part, povidone iodine 0.025-0.030 part and antibacterial peptide 0.001-0.002 part.
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria the most according to claim 1 preserves liquid, it is characterised in that: this is dilute
The pH value releasing preservation liquid is 6.2-6.3, and osmotic pressure is 347mOsm.
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria the most according to claim 1 preserves liquid, it is characterised in that: described
It is Blatta seu periplaneta Endogenous antimicrobial polypeptide that dilution preserves the antibacterial peptide of liquid.
A kind of dilution killing animal semen virus and bacteria the most according to claim 1 preserves liquid, it is characterised in that: described
It is distilled water that dilution preserves the solvent of liquid.
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Cited By (5)
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---|---|---|---|---|
CN107912422A (en) * | 2017-11-21 | 2018-04-17 | 广东中农联生物制药有限公司 | A kind of dilution for pig semen and preparation method thereof |
CN108588014A (en) * | 2018-03-15 | 2018-09-28 | 广州伯瑞丁生物新技术开发有限公司 | A kind of Boar spermatozoa culture medium and preparation method thereof |
CN109938008A (en) * | 2019-03-20 | 2019-06-28 | 上海创宏生物科技有限公司 | A kind of animal semen inorganic agent and its application method |
CN111869658A (en) * | 2020-08-22 | 2020-11-03 | 南京健邦锦源医疗科技有限公司 | Inactivated virus preservation solution and preparation method thereof |
CN114794085A (en) * | 2022-06-08 | 2022-07-29 | 杭州东源生物科技有限公司 | Diluent for preserving pig semen at low temperature and preparation method thereof |
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CN104304237A (en) * | 2014-11-11 | 2015-01-28 | 成都美强兽医技术服务有限公司 | Safe and efficient animal semen disinfector and preparation method therefor |
CN105010304A (en) * | 2014-04-23 | 2015-11-04 | 马乃祥 | Prescription composition of pig antiviral semen diluent |
CN105325401A (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2016-02-17 | 天津市畜牧兽医研究所 | Fresh-pig-semen preserving long-acting dilution powder, preparing method thereof and application thereof |
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CN101168564A (en) * | 2007-10-22 | 2008-04-30 | 中国科学院昆明动物研究所 | Human antibiotic peptide and use for derivative thereof |
CN105010304A (en) * | 2014-04-23 | 2015-11-04 | 马乃祥 | Prescription composition of pig antiviral semen diluent |
CN104304237A (en) * | 2014-11-11 | 2015-01-28 | 成都美强兽医技术服务有限公司 | Safe and efficient animal semen disinfector and preparation method therefor |
CN105325401A (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2016-02-17 | 天津市畜牧兽医研究所 | Fresh-pig-semen preserving long-acting dilution powder, preparing method thereof and application thereof |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN107912422A (en) * | 2017-11-21 | 2018-04-17 | 广东中农联生物制药有限公司 | A kind of dilution for pig semen and preparation method thereof |
CN108588014A (en) * | 2018-03-15 | 2018-09-28 | 广州伯瑞丁生物新技术开发有限公司 | A kind of Boar spermatozoa culture medium and preparation method thereof |
CN109938008A (en) * | 2019-03-20 | 2019-06-28 | 上海创宏生物科技有限公司 | A kind of animal semen inorganic agent and its application method |
CN111869658A (en) * | 2020-08-22 | 2020-11-03 | 南京健邦锦源医疗科技有限公司 | Inactivated virus preservation solution and preparation method thereof |
CN114794085A (en) * | 2022-06-08 | 2022-07-29 | 杭州东源生物科技有限公司 | Diluent for preserving pig semen at low temperature and preparation method thereof |
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