CN105829576A - 用高速无电镀覆形成导电图像 - Google Patents

用高速无电镀覆形成导电图像 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105829576A
CN105829576A CN201480055096.XA CN201480055096A CN105829576A CN 105829576 A CN105829576 A CN 105829576A CN 201480055096 A CN201480055096 A CN 201480055096A CN 105829576 A CN105829576 A CN 105829576A
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China
Prior art keywords
metal
substrate surface
image
substrate
coordination complex
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CN201480055096.XA
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W.威斯曼
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Whole World First Circuit Engineering Co
EARTHONE CIRCUIT Tech CORP
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Whole World First Circuit Engineering Co
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Publication of CN105829576A publication Critical patent/CN105829576A/zh
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    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C18/00Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
    • C23C18/16Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
    • C23C18/1601Process or apparatus
    • C23C18/1603Process or apparatus coating on selected surface areas
    • C23C18/1607Process or apparatus coating on selected surface areas by direct patterning
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    • C03CCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/06Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with metals
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    • C23C18/00Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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    • C23C18/18Pretreatment of the material to be coated
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    • C23C18/00Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
    • C23C18/16Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
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    • C23C18/00Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/10Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern
    • H05K3/18Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using precipitation techniques to apply the conductive material
    • H05K3/181Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using precipitation techniques to apply the conductive material by electroless plating
    • H05K3/182Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using precipitation techniques to apply the conductive material by electroless plating characterised by the patterning method
    • H05K3/185Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using precipitation techniques to apply the conductive material by electroless plating characterised by the patterning method by making a catalytic pattern by photo-imaging
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Abstract

本发明的用高速无电镀覆产生导电图像的方法优选包括以下步骤:制备基片表面;使金属配位络合物沉积进入基片表面;还原金属配位络合物,以在基片表面中形成图像;在图像上沉积保护性材料;在图像上无电镀覆金属。

Description

用高速无电镀覆形成导电图像
发明背景
本发明涉及高速无电镀覆溶液,及其明确针对电子器件领域的制备方法。
在制造电子器件中,密度增加,导线(trace)的大小且导线之间的空间减小,它们均必须在基片上形成。随着导线密度增加,导电材料的净电阻也总体显著增加。电子器件导电线的电阻增加导致器件品质由于信号延迟变坏。因此,期望减小镀覆的导电线的电阻。
铜作为导电材料具有相对低的比电阻和极佳的电迁移电阻。在确定铜用于电子器件内的导电材料组时,优选载流量相对于小型化和较小器件的高集成密度保持不受影响,这在当前是合乎需要的。无电镀覆是一种通过在溶液中还原和氧化反应在活化或预处理基片表面上提供导电材料或金属来镀覆导电材料或金属的方法。通过使用无电镀覆方法,金属遍布整个基片均匀且同时沉积。无电镀覆不使用其中提高镀覆均匀性的外电源(电镀则使用外电源)。
通常无电镀铜溶液包含铜离子源、用于铜离子的络合剂、用于铜离子的还原剂和pH调节剂。在用无电镀铜溶液进行镀铜时,难以得到具有高粘着力的镀膜,形成金属镀膜的速度低,难以均匀镀覆整个基片。
另外,无电镀铜溶液可包含提高镀浴稳定性的稳定剂、提高镀膜性能的表面活性剂与可加到无电镀铜溶液以提高镀液稳定性和材料性能及所设计的铜图像(图案)特性的各种添加剂。然而,常规无电镀铜溶液已提供显示足够低电阻和极佳结合二者的铜沉积。无电镀铜溶液的简单机制是在溶液中还原剂引起利用铜催化作用的氧化反应时。
简单解释无电镀铜的机制,镀浴中的还原剂利用铜催化作用引起氧化反应,反应释放电子。随后,通过接受释放的电子还原铜离子,在溶液中的基片上沉积铜镀层。
在电镀工业中,实际上所有的无电铜溶液/浴用甲醛作为还原剂。遗憾的是,甲醛为毒性化学物质和致癌物,并在电子工业中对环境不利。关于甲醛问题,有人提出在无电镀铜溶液/浴中用乙醛酸代替甲醛。然而,乙醛酸的氧化反应较慢,这可由铜的催化作用引起。乙醛酸从氧化反应释放较少电子,因此,镀覆反应在无电镀铜溶液/浴中用乙醛酸作为还原剂发生较慢。其目的是提供较小毒性且在生产中更加一致稳定的无电镀铜溶液/浴。
一般无电镀铜溶液/浴主要使用包含乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)作为络合剂的溶液。EDTA的铜沉积速率也很慢,因此,有必要提高无电铜沉积速率的速度。由于镀覆所需的时间较长,生产效率降低,这造成要克服的问题或需要高速无电铜溶液/浴。
由于制造电子器件尺寸越来越小,通孔的长径比和3D特征(例如,沟槽)以较高密度和较窄导线和空间(线宽度和空间)设计,需要研发满足设计者动力的方法。铜沉积进入这些特征的常规方法包括物理气相沉积(PVD)、化学气相沉积(CVD)、原子层沉积(ALD)和电镀。这些方法具有无电镀覆能够克服的固有问题。无电镀铜有很大希望成为形成超大规模集成(ULSI)的铜导线或线路的方法,并且作为目前所用的溅射、蒸气沉积和电解镀铜系统的替代。
本创新的一个目的是应对上述常规技术问题,并提供能够改善无电镀溶液/浴沉积和加速的无电镀覆的实践或系统。
因此,印刷电路板制造需要一种附加方法,该方法具有其它附加方法的所有益处,但显示与基片的增强结合特性。本发明提供这种附加方法。
发明概述
本文描述一种用高速无电镀覆形成导电图像的克服以上限制的方法。
本发明的用高速无电镀覆形成导电图像的方法优选包括以下步骤:制备基片表面;使金属配位络合物沉积进入基片表面;还原金属配位络合物,以在基片表面中形成图像;在图像上沉积保护性材料;在图像上无电镀覆金属。因此,无电镀覆可以高速和高效完成。
通过以下详述并结合附图,本发明的不同特征和优点将变得显而易见,这些附图以实例说明本发明所述方法的原理和所得产物。
附图简述
在附图中说明本发明最佳方式实施方案至少之一。在这些附图中:
图1为根据本发明的至少一个实施方案的示例方法的说明性流程图;
图2为根据本发明的至少一个实施方案在基片表面中的示例结合;并且
图3说明根据本发明的至少一个实施方案的示例调谐磁场状态(图3A至3D)。
优选实施方案详述
上述附图在优选最佳方式实施方案至少之一中说明所描述的发明,该实施方案进一步在以下说明中详细限定。本领域的普通技术人员可在不脱离其精神和范围下对本文所述做出变化和改进。虽然本发明容许有很多不同形式的实施方案,但在附图中显示且将在本文中详细描述本发明的优选实施方案,且应了解,本公开应理解为本发明原理的例证,而不是使本发明的宽泛方面限于所说明的实施方案。因此,应了解,所说明的只用于实例目的,而不应认作为对本发明装置范围及其使用方法的限制。
如图1中所示,在至少一个实施方案中,用高速无电镀覆形成导电图像的方法包括以下步骤:制备基片表面;使金属配位络合物沉积进入基片表面;还原金属配位络合物,以在基片表面中形成图像;在图像上沉积保护性材料;在图像上无电镀覆金属。本文所用“导电图像”是指导电表面图案,例如而不限于印刷电路。
制备基片(步骤100)
如图1中所示,根据步骤100制备至少部分基片表面,以用金属无电镀覆。
如图2中所示,根据至少一个实施方案,提供具有厚度22的表面20的基片10,并制备至少部分基片表面,以用金属无电镀覆。本文所用术语“至少部分基片表面”是指整个基片表面或其任何部分。优选基片为非导电基片,例如玻璃、聚硅氧烷或聚合物。在至少一个实施方案中,制备要用金属无电镀覆的基片表面包括预处理所述基片表面部分和活化所述基片表面部分至少之一。
返回图1,在至少一些实施方案中,制备基片表面的步骤包括预处理所述基片表面部分,即,从所述基片表面部分去除在本发明的过程期间其存在可导致不良镀覆的不需要的材料。预处理基片表面可根据在本领域已知的方法完成。
在至少一些实施方案中,制备所述基片表面部分的步骤包括活化所述基片表面部分,即,使基片表面更适用于与基片表面上布置的另一种材料相互作用,随后物理或化学结合到该材料上。活化基片表面可包括改变基片表面的形貌和/或使基片表面对入射电磁辐射更有扩散性。
在至少一个实施方案中,活化基片表面包括改变基片表面的形貌。表面的形貌可通过在本领域已知或以后研发的任何方法改变,包括机械、化学、等离子体、激光或其组合。在至少一个实施方案中,基片表面的形貌可通过刻蚀改变,包括机械、化学、等离子体或激光刻蚀。
机械改变基片表面拓扑结构包括例如用所需的拓扑结构模制基片。在这些实施方案中,可使熔融基片材料沉积进入模,模给予制备的基片所需的表面拓扑结构。
化学改变基片表面拓扑结构包括例如酸刻蚀、碱刻蚀、氧化刻蚀和等离子体刻蚀。酸刻蚀是指用强酸改变基片表面的表面性质,一般为玻璃,这在本领域是已知的。碱刻蚀是指用碱性物质改变基片表面的拓扑结构,一般为有机聚合物,这在本领域是已知的。氧化刻蚀是指用强氧化剂改变基片表面的表面性质,这在本领域是已知的。
用等离子体改变基片表面拓扑结构包括例如等离子体刻蚀。等离子体刻蚀是指用适合气体高速辉光放电流冲击基片表面的方法,这在本领域是已知的。
用激光改变基片表面拓扑结构包括例如激光刻蚀。激光刻蚀是指将激光束引向基片表面,以从基片表面去除材料的过程。
在至少一个实施方案中,基片表面的形貌可以预定图案或设计形貌形式改变。如本文中进一步讨论,预定图案可形成在基片表面中形成的图像的导线。在用激光刻蚀制备基片表面时,这特别适用。
在至少一个实施方案中,活化基片表面包括使基片表面更有扩散性,即,可渗入布置进入基片表面的另一种材料。在这些实施方案中,可使基片表面暴露于流体,流体使基片表面软化和/或溶胀,允许施加到表面的材料在表面内(即,在表面厚度内)物理相互作用,并使材料更紧密结合到基片表面,特别在干燥时。
沉积金属配位络合物(步骤200)
如图1中所示,根据步骤200使金属配位络合物沉积进入所述基片表面部分的表面。
根据至少一个实施方案,提供金属配位络合物,用于沉积进入基片表面(在基片表面厚度内)。本文所用术语“金属配位络合物”是指本领域的技术人员了解具有本文所述所需性质的那些金属络合物。优选金属配位络合物为顺磁性或铁磁性金属配位络合物。示例性金属配位络合物例如描述于美国专利8,784,952和美国专利8,784,953,这些专利的全部内容和公开通过引用结合到本文中。
在至少一个实施方案中,金属配位络合物为铁磁性配位络合物,包括铁、镍或钴,优选铁。在至少一个实施方案中,金属配位络合物为顺磁性配位络合物,包括钨、铯、铝、锂、镁、钼、钽,优选铝或钼。在至少一个实施方案中,金属配位络合物为贵金属络合物,包括钌、铑、钯、锇、铱、铂、银、铜或金,优选钯或铂。在至少一个实施方案中,金属配位络合物为包含以上讨论的铁磁性、顺磁性和贵金属配位络合物至少之一的组合配位络合物。
在至少一个实施方案中,使金属配位络合物沉积进入基片表面的步骤包括子步骤:在基片表面上沉积金属配位络合物;对金属配位络合物施加磁场,以使金属配位络合物的配位体排布并引入基片表面的厚度内;调谐磁场,使得金属配位络合物的配位体更高度排布和更深地引入基片表面的厚度内;并去除磁场。根据至少一个实施方案,这些子步骤可以任何次序进行,不同之处在于去除磁场的步骤优选在施加磁场影响下金属配位络合物施加到基片表面之后进行。
在至少一个实施方案中,通过将基片表面放在磁场源上或附近施加磁场。优选磁场正交于基片表面。磁场可例如通过一个或多个永磁体、电磁体或其任何组合产生。优选磁体的场强为至少1000高斯,更优选至少2000高斯。优选磁体为钕磁体。磁体也具有优选尺寸,使得所述基片表面部分完全包含在磁体尺寸内。在一些实施方案中,磁场基本上在所有交点正交于所述基片表面部分,和/或具有基本均匀的通量密度。优选布置基片和磁体,使得基片表面与磁体不被基片其余部分分隔,而是基片与磁体的最接近部分,但预期备选布置。
在至少一个实施方案中,磁场为可调谐磁场。换句话讲,磁场通量密度和结构可调节或可调谐。在至少一个实施方案中,金属配位络合物对所施加磁场有反应性,具体地讲,对磁场的结构(例如,磁场通量密度)有反应性。优选施加调谐磁场使金属配位络合物根据磁场结构(例如,磁场通量密度)排布。在至少一个实施方案中,可至少部分基于基片表面内金属配位络合物的实际和/或所需结构排布、形状、极性和/或深度选择磁场结构。
图3说明磁场的示例性调谐状态。例如,如图3A和3D中所示,可在不同调谐状态之间调节磁场。例如,图3A和3B说明根据至少一个实施方案扁平(图3A)和圆(图3B)结构的椭圆形磁场。不同调谐状态对金属配位络合物施加不同磁力(大小和方向二者),如图3中磁力线所示。因此并且根据金属配位络合物的性质,在电磁场内增加振幅和功率迫使金属配位络合物的电子达到较高键价水平。对此,可调谐磁场,以改变(例如,使更大)施加的磁力,这进而改变基片表面内的结合(例如,使更强)。
在至少一个实施方案中,根据金属配位络合物的分子结构和极性,各场状态可在基片表面内产生不同切线部位以共享电子,产生三种不同的能级结合。因此,调谐磁场可包括使具有不同能级的不同电磁场结构组合。例如,如图3C和3D中所示,根据至少一个实施方案,可用Halbach阵列或交变极性阵列实现本发明的优点。
然而,应注意到,提供本文所述示例性磁场结构用于说明目的,和所有可预想的磁场结构。另外,如上讨论,可根据要形成的所需金属图像选择调谐磁场的状态。例如,如果希望无电镀覆整个基片表面用于半附加薄镀层,则可调谐磁场,以用高水平功率(或高斯)以表现出更水平、扁平的椭圆形。然而,例如,要是希望无电镀覆高密度的精细特征,则可调谐磁场以设定配位络合物分子结构和排布,以便垂直累积镀层,从而限制侧壁生长。
不受任何具体理论限制,相信在磁场影响下金属配位络合物向磁场源内引入,从而更深地注入基片表面。另外或供选,磁场可使金属配位络合物的配位体以磁场方向排布。这种排布可进一步将配位体引入基片表面的厚度。也可进行两种过程的组合。总之,结果是使金属配位络合物比没有磁场影响更紧密地结合在基片表面内。
在至少一个实施方案中,对于在电子工业中常用的基片材料(例如,玻璃等),金属配位络合物透过基片表面厚度超过10%深度。在至少一个实施方案中,对于在电子工业常用的基片材料(例如,玻璃等),金属配位络合物透过基片表面厚度超过15%深度。在至少一个实施方案中,对于在电子工业中常用的基片材料(例如,玻璃等),金属配位络合物透过基片表面厚度超过20%深度。
在至少一个实施方案中,在施加磁场影响下将金属配位络合物施加到基片表面后去除磁场源。
在至少一个实施方案中,金属配位络合物可通过涂漆、喷雾、辊涂器或在本领域已知或以后研发的任何其它程序沉积到所述基片表面部分上。根据至少一个实施方案,金属配位络合物可通过喷墨印刷沉积到所述基片表面部分上。
在至少一个实施方案中,金属配位络合物可根据要在基片表面中形成的图像沉积到所述基片表面部分上。例如,可用掩模根据要形成的图像沉积金属配位络合物。因此,在一些实施方案中,将金属配位络合物施加到在基片表面中形成的预定图案。
在至少一个实施方案中,图像包括电子电路设计。优选电子电路选自模拟电路、数字电路、混合信号电路和RF电路。因此,可实施至少一个实施方案以制造模拟电路、数字电路、混合信号电路和RF电路中的一种或多种。
在基片表面中形成图像(步骤300)
如图1中所示,根据步骤300在所述基片表面部分的表面中形成图像。图像为由在基片表面内沉积的金属配位络合物还原成零氧化态金属形成的金属图像。示例性还原剂和还原方法例如描述于美国专利8,784,952和美国专利8,784,953,这些专利的全部内容和公开通过引用结合到本文中。
在至少一个实施方案中,在基片表面中形成图像的步骤包括以下子步骤:根据要形成的图像使沉积的金属配位络合物暴露于电磁辐射;去除未暴露的金属配位络合物,以留下金属图像;并干燥基片表面。
在至少一个实施方案中,使沉积的金属配位络合物暴露于电磁辐射的步骤包括使沉积的金属配位络合物暴露于以下至少之一:微波辐射、红外辐射、可见光辐射、紫外辐射、X射线辐射或γ辐射。在一些实施方案中,金属配位络合物的组成可使得金属配位络合物对特定范围的电磁谱敏感。另外或者备选,可将一种或多种增敏剂加到与布置在基片上相关的金属配位络合物,使得配位络合物光敏,或者如果络合物为固有光敏,则使其甚至更光敏。
通过对还原剂活化金属配位络合物,沉积的金属配位络合物暴露于电磁辐射使金属配位络合物还原成零氧化态金属。暴露于辐射使金属配位络合物的暴露部分易于还原。还原剂使金属配位络合物还原成单质金属。还原剂可以为任何含金属盐,其中所述金属具有更大还原电位,即,常规具有比金属配位络合物的金属更负的还原电位。结果是根据金属图像使暴露的金属配位络合物还原成单质金属。
在至少一个实施方案中,从基片表面去除未暴露(即,未还原)金属配位络合物的步骤包括用溶剂洗涤表面。从暴露(即,还原)步骤得到的单质金属图像优选不溶于大部分溶剂。因此,用适合溶剂洗涤基片表面(其由初始金属配位络合物的组成决定)将去除未暴露络合物,留下金属图像。如果总体暴露基片表面,金属图像可均匀散布在基片表面上,或者如果据此暴露基片表面,金属图像可形成离散图案。
在至少一个实施方案中,一旦未暴露金属配位络合物去除,就干燥基片,以完全形成金属图像。在至少一个实施方案中,干燥表面的步骤包括在环境温度或升高的温度优选用真空室干燥。
然后,可用另一种金属镀覆金属图像,或用非金属导电材料涂覆金属图像。
在图像上沉积保护性材料(步骤400)
在镀覆金属图像前,优选将保护层施加到金属图像(步骤400)。该保护层优选为导电材料。在至少一些实施方案中,保护层为通过以下至少之一施加的金属或导电聚合物:闪沉积(flashdeposit)、蒸气沉积、静电结合等,均在本领域已知。
在图像上无电镀覆金属(步骤500)
如图1中所示,根据步骤500使受保护的单质金属图像经过无电镀覆过程。以此方式,在单质金属图像的区域上形成导电金属层,得到凸起的导电表面。在至少一个实施方案中,使导电金属层沉积到基片表面上包括在所述基片表面部分上和/或包含还原金属配位络合物的金属图像上加速无电沉积金属。
在至少一个实施方案中,凸起的导电表面包括电子电路。优选电子电路选自模拟电路、数字电路、混合信号电路和RF电路。因此,可实行至少一个实施方案以制造模拟电路、数字电路、混合信号电路和RF电路中的一种或多种。
在至少一个实施方案中,通过要在络合剂(即,络合金属盐溶液)存在下沉积的金属的盐溶液施加到基片表面完成金属图像无电镀覆。络合金属盐溶液施加到基片表面可通过刷、喷雾、浸没或在本领域已知或以后研发的任何其它方法。还原剂的水溶液可同时或连续施加到具有所施加络合金属盐溶液的基片表面。然后还原金属络合物,以得到单质金属,该金属粘着到已在基片表面上的金属图像,即,得到金属上的无电沉积金属层。
优选络合剂使金属离子保持在溶液中,且一般用于稳定溶液。络合金属盐溶液和还原溶液可同时喷到图案化基片上,从单独喷雾装置,引导喷雾流使得在基片处或附近相交,或从具有单独储器和喷嘴孔的单一喷雾装置,两个流在它们从喷嘴出现并撞击在基片表面上时混合。
在至少一个实施方案中,在包含还原的金属配位络合物的所述基片表面部分上无电沉积导电金属层包括用包含金属盐、络合剂和还原剂的溶液施加到包含金属配位络合物的至少部分基片表面。
在至少一个实施方案中,在所述基片表面部分上无电沉积导电金属层包括施加无电镀浴。无电镀覆溶液/浴优选包括:用于无电镀覆的包含碱溶液、还原剂和络合剂的预处理/净化/刻蚀溶液;和包含pH调节剂、还原剂、金属离子和络合剂的无电镀覆化学溶液/浴。
在至少一个实施方案中,pH调节剂优选选自KOH、NaOH、Ca(OH)2、NH4OH(氢离子浓度(pH)10.5至14)等。
在至少一个实施方案中,还原剂优选选自醛、次磷酸盐(钠或钾)、硼酸氢盐、肼、乙醛酸、二甲基胺硼烷(DMAB)、硼氢化物、钴(II)乙二胺络合物(浓度2至8%mol/l)等。
在至少一个实施方案中,也可使用加速剂,优选选自羧酸、乙醇酸、乙酸、甘氨酸、草酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸、丙二酸、柠檬酸、次膦酸和氨基三乙酸(浓度1至20%mol/l)等。
在至少一个实施方案中,络合剂优选选自EDTA、HEDTA、罗谢尔盐、有机酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸铵、TEA、乙二胺、三烷基单胺、酒石酸钠钾、三异丙醇胺(浓度2至10%mol/l)等。
在至少一个实施方案中,金属离子为优选选自CuSO4.5H2O、CuO、CuCl2、Cu(NO3)2(浓度1至5%mol/l)的铜化合物的铜离子。
在至少一个实施方案中,使基片经过无电镀覆过程的步骤包括搅拌镀覆溶液(即,镀浴)。根据在本领域已知的方法,搅拌优选包括氮搅拌约20至120分钟。
在至少一个实施方案中,使基片经过无电镀覆过程的步骤包括过滤镀覆溶液(即,镀浴)。这优选根据在本领域已知的方法用小于1微米滤器进行。
在至少一个实施方案中,镀浴包含要镀覆的金属的溶解金属盐和给予电解质(即,金属盐)导电性的其它离子。
在对镀浴施加电力时,包括浸没的基片表面部分,使金属阳极氧化,以产生要沉积的金属的阳离子,且带正电荷的阳离子迁移到阴极,即,基片表面上的金属图像,在此,使它们还原成零价态金属,并沉积到表面上。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,可制备要沉积的金属的阳离子溶液,并且可将溶液喷到金属化结构上。
要在单质金属图像上涂覆的导电材料也可包含非金属导电物质,例如而不限于碳或导电聚合物。这些材料可通过技术沉积到金属图像上,例如而不限于静电粉末涂料和静电分散体涂料,它们可作为湿(来自溶剂)或干过程进行。通过使金属图像静电带电,然后使图像与已经静电带有与施加到金属图像相反的电荷的纳米或微米微粒接触,可进行此过程。另外,为了进一步保证只涂覆金属图像,可研磨不导电基片,以消除基片上显现有吸引力的电荷的可能性,或者,可使基片带有与要沉积物质相同的极性电荷,使得基片排斥该物质。
实施例
为了说明,现在描述示例性实施方案。
为了显示详细信息和设计,高速无电过程集中在以比工业标准更高的速率沉积铜,根据市场上可得到的无电铜化学物质,为1μ-3μ/小时。无电镀铜过去已通过活化钯表面催化,并继续在新近还原的沉积铜上自动催化沉积。沉积速率取决于活性钯和铜表面上铜离子还原和甲醛氧化的半反应活性。络合剂可通过经络合稳定铜离子和通过表面吸附改变半反应行为。(例如)关于铜离子电化学还原和甲醛(作为还原剂)氧化检验络合剂、乙二胺四乙酸和三乙醇胺。也可认定,pH变化加速无电铜沉积速率。溶液的pH通过配位络合物质子化或通过氢氧化物作为配位体影响还原电位。随着提高pH,甲醛氧化的平衡电位变得更负。由于防止在碱性溶液中氢氧化铜沉淀,在浴中使用络合剂十分重要。由于具有铜离子的络合物的强度(这就是为什么其主要用于PCB工业),乙二胺四乙酸基无电铜溶液具有相对低的沉积速率与高浴稳定性。过去利用三乙醇胺的问题是,它可能与甲醛氧化冲突,然后抑制在活性配位络合物/催化剂上初始铜沉积。三乙醇胺基无电铜溶液达到比乙二胺四乙酸基溶液更高的沉积速率,然而,利用高pH(用于沉积速率加速),将通过铜离子去除或削弱配位络合物/催化剂积累。因此,结合络合剂溶液可缓解稳定性问题,或者,通过用铜密封配位络合物/催化剂,这允许加速无电铜累积,克服三乙醇胺基无电铜溶液的问题。在结合络合剂的情况下,在三乙醇胺:乙二胺四乙酸摩尔比增加时沉积速率增加,浴稳定性保持。通过调节操作温度和浴pH,可增大铜在活化表面上的不均沉积。在阴极和阳极电流相等时,在混合电位出现高速无电镀铜的净沉积速率。
试验参数:
使用NaOH或H2SO4,溶液的目标pH应在11至13的范围内。
目标温度范围应为45℃至70℃(优选55℃)。
强氮搅拌
组分比:1份铜(0.04M硫酸铜)、3份还原剂(0.12M甲醛)和5份络合剂(0.20M乙二胺四乙酸和三乙醇胺混合物)。注:所有溶液用分析级试剂和去离子水制备。
在高速铜无电罐前,使用5分钟溶液浸渍,溶液如下由ShipleyCuposit328材料组成:328A12.5%体积,328L12.5%体积,328C2.5%体积,H2O(去离子)72.5%体积,作为在三乙醇胺溶液中侵蚀性pH的密封剂。
碱性溶液中铜离子的还原性能取决于所用络合剂的性质。这是因为不同的络合能力,由其与铜离子的形成常数证明。在配位络合物/催化剂引发后没有保护性密封步骤,侵蚀性沉积就成问题,然而,设立此步骤,沉积速率就可接近20μ/小时(利用提高的温度和pH)。通过结合该络合剂以构成具有混合电位的集合络合剂,还原剂的氧化仍不依赖络合剂,但可通过增加浴pH加速。乙二胺四乙酸和酒石酸钠钾二者均与铜离子具有高形成常数,因此,利用任一这些络合剂,络合剂基无电铜溶液过程具有较低沉积速率和较佳浴稳定性。三乙醇胺或三异丙醇胺的络合能力比乙二胺四乙酸和酒石酸钠钾低得多,也可不利于基片表面的配位络合物/催化剂活化,除非在配位络合物/催化剂上使用保护层的过程步骤先于高速无电浴。通过用上述比率络合剂和还原剂电位组合的不同试验,显然沉积速率随侵蚀性络合剂和促进稳定性的络合剂之间的摩尔比增加。还通过操作浴的温度和pH(在其增加时)调节沉积的表面覆盖率和速度。
在至少一个实施方案中,使导电材料沉积到基片表面上包括在所述基片表面部分上或包含或包括还原的金属配位络合物的图像上沉积非金属导电物质。在至少一个实施方案中,通过静电分散使非金属导电物质沉积到包含还原的金属配位络合物的所述表面部分上。在至少一个实施方案中,使整个不导电基片表面活化,并使金属配位络合物沉积到整个表面上。在至少一个实施方案中,使整个不导电基片表面活化,并使金属配位络合物沉积到活化表面部分上。
比起记录的现有技术,认为以上详述的实施方案(enablement)是新颖的,且对本发明的至少一个方面的操作关键,并能实现上述目的。在本说明书中描述本发明实施方案使用的词应不仅以其一般定义意义理解,而且在本说明书中通过特殊定义包括一般定义意义范围之外的结构、材料或作用。因此,如果一种要素在本说明书背景中可理解为包括多于一种意义,则其使用必须理解为被说明书和被描述所述要素的词支持的一般意义乃至所有可能的意义。
本文所述词或附图要素的限定旨在不仅包括文字上阐述要素的组合,而且包括以基本相同方式发挥基本相同功能以得到基本相同结果的所有等效结构、材料或作用。因此,在这个意义上,设想在权利要求中可用两种或更多种要素等效取代所述任何一种要素及其不同实施方案,或者可用单一要素取代两种或多种要素。
本文所用任何近似术语指由近似术语修饰的词或短语不必精确书写,但可从所书面描述到一定程度上变化。描述可变化的程度取决于能够设立多大变化,并使本领域的普通技术人员认识仍具有未由近似术语修饰的词或短语的期望性质、特征和能力。总的来说,但注意前面讨论,除非另外明确说明,否则由近似词修饰的本文的数值可从所述值变化正或负10%。
在本领域的普通技术人员观看后,现在已知或以后想出的从要求保护的主题变化明确预期为在预定范围及其不同实施方案内的等价物。因此,本领域的普通技术人员现在或以后知道的明显取代限定在所限定要素的范围内。因此,本公开应理解为包括以上明确说明和描述的内容、概念上等效的内容、可明显取代的内容和加入重要想法的内容。
此描述的范围应只结合所附权利要解释,在此明确,发明人相信,要求保护的主题是要取得专利权的内容。

Claims (1)

1.一种用高速无电镀覆产生导电图像的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
制备基片表面,所述基片表面具有厚度;
在基片表面内沉积金属配位络合物;
还原金属配位络合物,以在基片表面中形成金属图像;
在金属图像上沉积保护性材料;和
在金属图像上无电镀覆金属。
CN201480055096.XA 2013-08-06 2014-08-06 用高速无电镀覆形成导电图像 Pending CN105829576A (zh)

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