CN105660267B - 防控猕猴桃软腐病的新方法和保护膜剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents

防控猕猴桃软腐病的新方法和保护膜剂及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN105660267B
CN105660267B CN201610063071.5A CN201610063071A CN105660267B CN 105660267 B CN105660267 B CN 105660267B CN 201610063071 A CN201610063071 A CN 201610063071A CN 105660267 B CN105660267 B CN 105660267B
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chitosan
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李明
张承
龙友华
吴小毛
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Guizhou University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种防控猕猴桃软腐病的新方法和保护膜剂及其制备方法,该方法采用了一种壳聚糖复合保护膜剂,该保护膜剂的组分中包括质量百分比为2.5~7.5%壳聚糖、0.5~2.5%钙盐、1.5~3.5%成膜剂、0.5~1.5%抗菌物质,其余为水。田间于猕猴桃软腐病病原菌侵染前期或猕猴桃萌芽期、幼果期、和壮果末期时果实表面喷施25~100倍液使用,使得果实表面形成一层天然屏障保护猕猴桃免受病原微生物的侵染。本发明的猕猴桃保护膜剂稳定性良好,还能有效地改善猕猴桃营养品质和食用品质。

Description

防控猕猴桃软腐病的新方法和保护膜剂及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及植物保护领域,尤其猕猴桃软腐病的防控和猕猴桃果实的保鲜技术领域。
背景技术
猕猴桃(Actinidia)作为新兴的经济林树种之一,21世纪以来我国猕猴桃产业得到了快速的发展,产量和种植面积均已位居世界第一。‘贵长’猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa cv.Guichang)系美味猕猴桃中的优良品种,贵州修文县于1989年开始引种,现已发展成贵州省特色精品水果之一和当地的支柱产业。近年来,由病原真菌侵染造成的果实采后腐烂逐渐加重,如软腐病、蒂腐病等;加之我国果蔬保鲜技术的相对落后,使得潜伏或者后期感染的病原真菌极易造成果实在贮藏过程中大规模的病害发生。据统计, 2014年贵州修文县猕猴桃采后病害严重发生,损失率达35%以上,给当地产业和果农造成重大的经济损失。
大多数学者均赞同猕猴桃软腐病是由葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)和拟茎点霉菌(Phomopsis sp.)混合侵染,而现有的防治手段主要为化学防治。当前,猕猴桃贮藏保鲜技术主要集中在农艺栽培、生物、物理、化学等贮藏技术上。壳聚糖(chitosan)因其良好的成膜性、抑菌性和保鲜特性,在果蔬贮藏保鲜领域应用广阔,且其高效的抑制病原微生物繁殖和生长、诱导果实抗病性亦成为国内外研究的热点问题之一。作为植物所必需的大量元素,Ca2+能在提高果实抗病性、贮藏性等方面发挥着积极的作用。壳聚糖涂膜和钙营养采前处理应用于猕猴桃贮藏保鲜已有报道,但就壳聚糖和钙营养配合抗菌物质和成膜剂(糊精)采前处理猕猴桃未曾报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服欠发达地区猕猴桃种植中面临的猕猴桃软腐病及贮藏保鲜问题而提供的一种有效防治软腐病的方法及该方法采用的天然保护膜剂及这种保护膜剂的制备方法,这种保护膜剂不仅能够提高猕猴桃抗病性,还能增强猕猴桃贮藏性和改善猕猴桃品质。
本发明通过以下技术方案来实现的:
一种取代化学农药防控猕猴桃软腐病的新方法,它采用一种壳聚糖复合保护膜剂,该保护膜剂的组分中包括质量百分比为2.5~7.5%壳聚糖、0.5~2.5%钙盐、1.5~3.5%成膜剂、0.5~1.5%抗菌物质,其余为水;在猕猴桃软腐病病原菌侵染前期或猕猴桃萌芽期、幼果期、和壮果末期果实表面喷施这种保护膜剂,使得果实表面形成一层天然屏障,从而实现防控猕猴桃软腐病。该方法还可以提高猕猴桃抗病性,增强猕猴桃贮藏性和改善猕猴桃品质。
该保护膜剂的组分中包括质量百分比为2.5~7.5%壳聚糖、0.5~2.5%钙盐、1.5~3.5%成膜剂、0.5~1.5%抗菌物质,其余为水。其最优为由以下质量百分比的组份制成:壳聚糖5.0%、钙盐1.5%、成膜剂2.5%、抗菌物质1.0%和91%的水。
所述壳聚糖为水溶性壳聚糖,脱乙酰度≥95%;所述钙盐为硝酸钙、氯化钙、葡萄糖酸钙中的一种或两种以上的组合;所述成膜剂为糊精、可溶性淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚乙烯醇中的一种或两种以上的组合;所述抗菌物质为茶多酚、抗菌肽、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、甘氨酸、Nisin、纳他霉素、植物源提取物中的一种或两种以上的组合;所述水为蒸馏水、去离子水、高纯水中的一种或两种以上的组合。其中,最佳的方案是它由以下质量百分比的组份制成:壳聚糖5.0%、硝酸钙1.5%、糊精2.5%、茶多酚0.2%,苯甲酸钠1.0%,其余为水。该最佳方案比其它常规方案的防控效果高出15%以上,具有不可预料的效果。
这种用于防控猕猴桃软腐病的保护膜剂的制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)原料称量:按质量百分比称取壳聚糖、钙盐、成膜剂、抗菌物质;
2)成膜剂溶解:按质量比称取成膜剂,并用水加热磁力搅拌溶解成膜剂制成成膜剂溶液;
3)溶解混匀:再向成膜剂溶液中依次加入所需质量百分比的壳聚糖、钙盐、抑菌物质,磁力搅拌至充分混合溶解成均匀相膜剂;
4)密封保存:用灭菌后的玻璃瓶或塑料瓶密封保存。
本发明保护膜剂的使用方法为:于猕猴桃软腐病病原菌侵染前期或猕猴桃萌芽期、幼果期、和壮果末期果实表面喷施25~100倍液使用,使得果实表面形成一层天然屏障。本发明与现有技术相比,本发明的猕猴桃天然保护膜剂稳定性良好,能有效抑制防治软腐病、提高猕猴桃抗病性、增强猕猴桃贮藏性和改善猕猴桃品质。是一种以天然物质为原料,且成膜稳定、抗菌防腐、无毒无害、环保友好、成本低廉的天然保护膜剂剂。
附图说明
图1是猕猴桃丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性变化示意图;
图2是猕猴桃过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性变化示意图;
图3是猕猴桃可溶性固形物和可溶性总糖含量变化示意图;
图4是猕猴桃维生素C和可滴定酸含量变化示意图;
图5是猕猴桃叶绿素和蛋白质含量变化示意图;
图6是猕猴桃呼吸强度和硬度变化示意图;
图7是猕猴桃失重率和软化率变化示意图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和较佳实施实例,对本发明进行说明。实施例所描述的具体物料配比、使用方法及其结果仅用于说明本发明,不应当也不会限制权利要求书中所描述的本发明所要求保护的技术方案。
实验例1:
按照质量百分比量取所需的蒸馏水于烧杯中,再向烧杯中加入所需质量百分比的糊精置于HJ-6多头磁力加热搅拌器(金坛市盛蓝仪器制造有限公司)上加热磁力搅拌10min,后停止加热;再向糊精溶液中依次加入所需质量百分比的壳聚糖、硝酸钙、抑菌物质和苯甲酸钠,磁力搅拌12h后装于灭菌后的瓶中密封保存备用。
各壳聚糖复合膜剂配方见表1。
表1中仅列出除水以外的成份,实际应用中还需加入水的量才使得各组分的百分比之和达到100%。
(1)防控猕猴桃软腐病及提高贮藏品质的保护膜剂效果方法设计
试验采取随机区组设计,并在猕猴桃生育期采用喷施壳聚糖复合膜剂于果实表面的方式。设果实表面各喷施30倍液的MJ1、MJ2、MJ3和MJ4 4个膜剂处理 ,以果实表面喷施清水为对照(CK),共5个处理,每处理5棵树,重复4次,共20个小区,周围设保护行。第一次喷施时间为2015年5月20日(幼果期,5月8日授粉结束),第二次喷施时间为8月7日(壮果末期,淀粉迅速积累),每棵树每次用液1000 mL,采收时间为10月1日。试验期间天气均以晴为主,间或多云,喷施后3-4d内无降雨过程。
(2)分析项目及方法
猕猴桃采收后,每个重复取50个果置于常温下(25±1℃)贮藏,且每重复设置两组。第一组用于测定果实品质、抗性相关物质、呼吸强度及硬度等;第二组用于失重率、软化率及果实软腐病发病情况调查。
果实品质指标测定:
可溶性总糖含量用硫酸蒽酮比色法测定;维生素C含量用2,6-二氯靛酚法测定;可滴定酸含量用酸碱滴定法测定;可溶性固形物含量用PAL-1型折光仪测定;叶绿素含量用乙醇提取紫外分光光度计法测定;蛋白质含量用紫外吸收法测定。
贮藏保鲜指标测定:
猕猴桃采收后,每个重复取50个果置于常温下(20±1℃)贮藏,且每重复设置两组。呼吸强度采用碱吸收法测定;硬度采用GY-4数显式果实硬度计测定;失重率采用称重法测定。失重率(%)=100(贮前质量-贮后质量)/贮前质量;软化率(%)=100(软化果数/调查总果数)。
软腐病防控指标测定:
丙二醛(MDA)含量采用硫代巴比妥酸法测定;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性采用氮蓝四唑光还原法测定;过氧化物酶(POD)活性测定采用愈创木酚法;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性测定采用紫外分光光度法测定。
果实软腐病发病情况调查:于果实开始软化是每2d调查果实发病情况,统计累计发病率、病情指数及防效。发病率(%)=100×(发病果数/调查总果数);病情指数=100×∑(各级病果数×各级代表值)/(调查总果数×最高一级代表值);防效(%)=100×(对照病情指数-处理病情指数)/对照病情指数。病害严重性分级标准为:0级:未发病;1级:病斑累计直径小于1 cm;2级: 病斑累计直径在l~2cm;3级: 病斑累计直径在2~3cm;4级: 病斑累计直径在3~4cm;5级: 病斑累计直径在4~5cm;6级: 病斑累计直径大于5cm。
(3)实施实例效果:
由表2可知,不同壳聚糖复合膜剂对猕猴桃软腐病均具有良好的防控效果,贮藏22天后对照果实平均发病率达44.44%,而各壳聚糖复合膜剂处理果实发病率均在20.22%以下。防控效果较好的为MJ1,防效达86.54%;其次为MJ3和MJ4,防控效果分别达71.15%和69.23%。
图1和图2表明,采前果面喷施壳聚糖复合膜剂可有效降低果实受病原菌侵染的程度和果实MDA积累,各膜剂处理效果相当;采前果面喷施壳聚糖复合膜剂可显著增加猕猴桃果实SOD活性,提高猕猴桃抗病性,效果较好的为MJ3和MJ4;采前果面喷施壳聚糖复合膜剂一定程度上可提高猕猴桃果实CAT和POD活性,增强猕猴桃抗病性,效果较好的为MJ3和MJ4。图3表明,采前果面喷施壳聚糖复合膜剂可提高果实SSC和TSS含量和抑制猕猴桃果实贮藏期SSC和TSS含量上升速率,间接地延长了猕猴桃贮藏期。
图4表明,采前果面喷施壳聚糖复合膜剂可提高果实维生素C含量和有效降低猕猴桃果实贮藏期维生素C和TA含量的损失,使得保持适宜的糖酸比进而有利于猕猴桃的贮藏,效果较好的为MJ1。
图5表明,采前果面喷施壳聚糖复合膜剂可提高果实叶绿素和蛋白质含量,对猕猴桃贮藏期品质维护具有一定的辅助作用,效果较好的为MJ1和MJ3。
图6表明,采前果面喷施壳聚糖复合膜剂可有效降低猕猴桃呼吸强度和延缓呼吸高峰的出现时间,提高猕猴桃贮藏性,效果较好的为MJ4。且可有效地维持猕猴桃果实硬度,效果较好的为MJ3和MJ4。
图7表明,采前果面喷施壳聚糖复合膜剂可有效抑制了果实水分蒸发和果实内含物的降解,降地猕猴桃果实失重率,各膜剂处理效果相当。且可有效抑制了果实衰老软化,效果较好的为MJ1和MJ3。综上,采前于猕猴桃幼果期和壮果末期果面喷施由壳聚糖、钙营养、糊精、抗菌物质制成的复合膜剂能有效地改善猕猴桃营养品质和食用品质;且能有效提高和维持果实硬度,降低果实呼吸强度、失重率和维生素C、TA、叶绿素和蛋白质含量的损失,抑制果实SSC和TSS上升速率和衰老软化,提高了猕猴桃贮藏性能;还能增强抗性相关物质的活性,降低果实发病率,诱导果实抗病性增强。
当然,以上只是本发明的具体应用范例,本发明还有其他的实施方式,任何未脱离本发明技术方案内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与修饰,均仍属于本发明技术方案的范围内。

Claims (2)

1.一种用于防控猕猴桃软腐病的保护膜剂,其特征在于:它由以下质量百分比的组份制成:壳聚糖5.0%、钙盐1.5%、成膜剂2.5%、抗菌物质1.0%和91%的水;所述壳聚糖为水溶性壳聚糖,脱乙酰度≥95%;所述钙盐为硝酸钙、氯化钙、葡萄糖酸钙中的一种或两种以上的组合;所述成膜剂为糊精、可溶性淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚乙烯醇中的一种或两种以上的组合;所述抗菌物质为茶多酚、抗菌肽、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、甘氨酸、Nisin、纳他霉素、植物源提取物中的一种或两种以上的组合;所述水为蒸馏水、去离子水、高纯水中的一种或两种以上的组合。
2.一种权利要求1所述的用于防控猕猴桃软腐病的保护膜剂的制备方法,其特征在于该方法包括如下步骤:
1)原料称量:按质量百分比称取壳聚糖、钙盐、成膜剂、抗菌物质;
2)成膜剂溶解:按质量比称取成膜剂,并用水加热磁力搅拌溶解成膜剂制成成膜剂溶液;
3)溶解混匀:再向成膜剂溶液中依次加入所需质量百分比的壳聚糖、钙盐、抑菌物质,磁力搅拌至充分混合溶解成均匀相膜剂;
4)密封保存:用灭菌后的玻璃瓶或塑料瓶密封保存。
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