CN107494729A - 一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法 - Google Patents
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- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B9/00—Preservation of edible seeds, e.g. cereals
- A23B9/16—Preserving with chemicals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法,涉及果蔬的化学保存技术领域,具体包括如下步骤:步骤1选果:挑选成熟较晚的、采摘时青皮为黄绿色、果实顶部尚未出现裂痕且无腐烂、虫咬和机械伤的核桃;步骤2预冷:将选择好的青皮核桃放入冷库预冷;步骤3:抑制剂处理:预冷后的青皮核桃放入抑制剂中浸泡10~20分钟后晾干;步骤4涂膜晾干:将预冷完毕的青皮核桃放入复合保鲜涂膜液中浸泡5‑30分钟后取出晾干;步骤5入库冷藏:将涂膜晾干的青皮核桃放入冷库,冷库温度控制在5~10℃之间;本发明具有环保安全、成分无毒且易得,试剂制备简单,步骤实施便捷的优点,解决现有技术中鲜核桃贮藏期短、褐变严重和营养成分破坏的技术问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及果蔬的化学保存技术领域,更具体的是涉及一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法。
背景技术
核桃与扁桃、腰果、榛子并称世界四大坚果,遍及五大洲的40多个国家和地区。核桃仁富含不饱和脂肪酸、优质蛋白质以及纤维素、维生素和大量钙、磷、铁等矿物质元素,能够改善大脑的代谢平衡及神经细胞的膜功能,降低血黏度,有清除自由基、抗衰老作用,抑制机体的脂质过氧化反应等。鲜食核桃脂肪含量低、氨基酸和维生素含量高、口感清香;有研究表明,鲜食核桃的营养价值优于干制核桃,因此,对于青皮核桃保鲜技术的研究十分必要。
壳聚糖具有良好的成膜性、气体阻隔性和特有的抗菌性,来源广泛。但壳聚糖涂膜形成的膜层极薄、力学性能较差,不能较好地抑制水分的散失,且膜层的稳定性会随时间延长而降低,为此,在壳聚糖中添加纳米材料可改善其气体阻隔性、水蒸气敏感性和稳定性,达到增强保鲜效果的目的。
蒙脱土是一种成本低廉、无毒无味且来源较广的无机纳米材料,选用蒙脱土与壳聚糖制成纳米复合膜,有利于提高壳聚糖复合膜的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度,同时还保有其抑菌性能。
冷藏是现代果品低温保鲜的主要方式,目前葡萄、苹果等水果都是通过低温冷藏来延长保鲜期的。冷藏可以减缓果品的呼吸代谢过程,从而达到阻止衰败,延长贮藏期的目的。
核桃的青皮中含有多酚和多酚氧化酶(PPO),多酚氧化酶(PPO)以潜伏状态存在与质体中,其底物存在于液泡中,当核桃青皮受到机械损伤或腐烂霉变时,多酚氧化酶(PPO)与底物的亚细胞区域化被打破,细胞内的多酚氧化酶(PPO)被激活,使组织被氧化从而发生强烈的褐变现象,同时使果实失去抵御虫害的作用,致使其品质下降,降低核桃的经济价值。
在期刊《西部林业科学》中《四川核桃栽培适宜性区划研究》提出多酚氧化酶(PPO)可催化单酚羟基化为邻二酚、二羟酚氧化为邻醌,邻醌合并与细胞内蛋白质的氨基酸反应,发生黑色或褐色色素沉淀,最终导致水果、蔬菜等经济作物营养丢失和经济损失。《经济林研究》也提出过氧化物酶(POD)具有提高果实对活性氧的抵抗能力,有延缓果实衰老的作用,因此,抑制多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,保持或提高过氧化物酶(POD)的活性有益于在延长青皮核桃贮藏期的同时,提高青皮核桃的感官指数,保障鲜核桃的营养价值和口感,良好的核桃外观也能提高其经济价值。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于:解决鲜核桃保藏时间短、受温度影响造成营养成分变化、油脂增加以及食用风味不佳的技术问题。为了解决上述技术问题,本发明提供一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法。
本发明为了实现上述目的具体采用以下技术方案:
本发明包括如下步骤:
步骤1、选果:挑选成熟较晚的、采摘时青皮为黄绿色、果实顶部尚未出现裂痕且无腐烂、虫咬和机械伤的核桃;
步骤2、预冷:将选择好的青皮核桃放入冷库预冷24小时,冷库温度控制在5~10℃之间;
步骤3、抑制剂处理:预冷后的青皮核桃放入抑制剂中浸泡10~20分钟后晾干;
步骤4、涂膜晾干:将预冷完毕的青皮核桃放入复合保鲜涂膜液中浸泡5-30分钟后取出,并在5到10分钟以内晾干;
步骤5、入库冷藏:将涂膜晾干的青皮核桃放入冷库:冷库温度控制在5~10℃之间,湿度控制在40%~60%之间;
上述步骤3中使用的抑制剂,所述抑制剂所用试剂包括亚硫酸钠(Na2SO3)、氯化钠(NaCl)、L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)和芦丁(Rutin);
所述抑制剂的制备方法(以1L抑制剂溶液为例)如下:
1)称取0.2~0.4mol的亚硫酸钠(Na2SO3)、0.5~0.8mol的氯化钠(NaCl)、0.2~0.4mol的L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)和0.4~0.8mol的芦丁(Rutin),分别溶于250mL纯水中,搅拌均匀后静置;
2)待1)中4种溶液静置到室温,任意分为2组(每组两种溶液),将同组溶液混合均匀并静置至室温;
3)将2)得到的两种混合溶液再次混合均匀并置于温度控制在5~10℃之间的冷库中预冷。
上述步骤4中使用的复合保鲜涂膜液,所述复合保鲜涂膜液所用试剂包括壳聚糖(分析纯、分子质量≥100kDa、脱乙酰度≥95%)、乙酸(分析纯)或柠檬酸、蒙脱土;
所述复合保鲜涂膜液的制备方法如下:
1)取1~3份壳聚糖,加入50份体积分数为0.5~2%的乙酸溶液,搅拌至完全溶解,得到壳聚糖乙酸溶液;
2)按壳聚糖总质量的1%~5%称取蒙脱土(MMT),溶于50份体积分数为0.5~2%的乙酸溶液中,搅拌均匀后超声振荡30~40分钟,得到蒙脱土(MMT)乙酸溶液;
3)将2)的蒙脱土(MMT)乙酸溶液加入到1)的壳聚糖乙酸溶液中,并搅拌均匀,得到复合保鲜涂膜液。
综上所述,由于采用了上述技术方案,本发明的有益效果是:
1.对青皮核桃进行预冷处理,避免因气候不同而影响壳聚糖溶液的成膜效果。
2.使用含有的亚硫酸钠、氯化钠和芦丁的预处理剂处理,前述成分对于多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性具有抑制作用,延长核桃的贮藏期、有效延缓青皮的褐变黑腐进程。
3.采用高分子量的超高脱乙酰度壳聚糖作为保鲜溶液的溶质,其良好的成膜性有益于全面包裹青皮核桃表面,其气体阻隔性有益于减缓核桃呼吸代谢过程,保持其营养成分,其特有的抗菌性有益于核桃避免细菌和虫害。
4.采用蒙脱土与壳聚糖制成力学性能好的纳米复合膜,有助于避免青皮的机械破损,保持青皮核桃的外观,同时减少多酚氧化酶(PPO)被激活从而使青皮核桃发生褐变。
5.冷库冷藏减缓核桃呼吸代谢过程,阻止衰败,延长贮藏期,同时避免温度过低导致的果实冻伤,破坏鲜核桃的营养组分。
6.预处理剂中含有L,半胱氨酸成分,L-Cys与多酚氧化酶(PPO)催化生成的中间产物邻醌生成稳定的无色化合物,保障核桃良好的外观,有助于提高鲜核桃的经济价值。
具体实施方式
为了本技术领域的人员更好的理解本发明,下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细描述。
壳聚糖是一种天然高分子多聚糖,可改变病原菌细胞膜的流动性和通透性,具有抗菌杀菌作用;采用壳聚糖涂膜,膜层具有通透性、阻水性,可抑制果蔬呼吸代谢和水分散失,减缓果蔬组织和结构衰老;但壳聚糖涂膜形成的膜层极薄、力学性能较差,不能较好地抑制水分的散失,且膜层的稳定性会随时间延长而降低,为此,在壳聚糖中添加纳米材料可改善其气体阻隔性、水蒸气敏感性和稳定性,达到增强保鲜效果的目的。
本发明采用更有益于成膜的分子质量≥100kDa、脱乙酰度≥95%的超高脱乙酰度壳聚糖。
蒙脱土是一种成本低廉、无毒无味且来源较广的无机纳米材料,与壳聚糖复合使用配成的纳米复合膜具有效较高的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度,在青皮核桃表面形成力学性能好的膜层,减少青皮核桃的机械损伤。
乙酸分子与类脂化合物的相容性较好,乙酸可透过细胞壁,使细胞内蛋白质变形,从而起到杀菌的效果。
多酚氧化酶(PPO)是引起果蔬褐变的主要原因之一,会降低果蔬等的营养价值及经济价值,并影响其风味及品质,核桃的青皮中含有多酚和多酚氧化酶(PPO),当核桃青皮受到机械损伤或腐烂霉变时,多酚氧化酶(PPO)与底物的亚细胞区域化被打破,细胞内的多酚氧化酶(PPO)被激活,使组织被氧化从而发生强烈的褐变现象。
亚硫酸钠(Na2SO3)具有将强的抑制和护色的作用,亚硫酸钠溶液中游离的二氧化硫对PPO活性的抑制效果十分明显,Na2SO3会使PPO酶活性中心与底物向不利于二者结合的方向变化,阻碍反应进程,致使酶促反应效果不佳,酶活性降低。
氯化钠(NaCl)能部分排除溶于水中的氧气,使酚类底物难以与氧接触,氯化钠溶液形成的高渗透压也可使酶细胞脱水失活。
L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)能通过与多酚氧化酶(PPO)催化单酚羟基化成的邻醌发生耦合现象,生成稳定的无色化合物,从而减少核桃青皮中有色物质的生成。
芦丁与酶结合会导致酶活性中心向不利于与底物向不利于结合的趋势变化,从而降低了酶和底物结合的几率及产物的生成,导致酶活性降低。
本发明中的抑制剂是亚硫酸钠、氯化钠、L-半胱氨酸和芦丁以一定比重配比而成的复合抑制剂,Na2SO3在乙酸提供的酸性条件下游离出二氧化硫抑制PPO活性、NaCl使酶细胞脱水失活、芦丁降低酶活性,三种抑制剂共同抑制PPO酶活性减少青皮的褐变,保障鲜核桃的营养价值和口感;L-Cys与多酚氧化酶(PPO)催化生成的中间产物生成稳定的无色化合物,保障核桃良好的外观,从而提供营养价值高、卖相又好的鲜核桃,有利于提高鲜核桃的经济价值。
抑制剂所用试剂及制备方法:
试剂:亚硫酸钠(Na2SO3)、氯化钠(NaCl)、L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)和芦丁(Rutin)
制备方法(以1L抑制剂溶液为例):
1)称取0.2~0.4mol的Na2SO3、0.5~0.8mol的NaCl、0.2~0.4mol的L-Cys和0.4~0.8mol的芦丁,分别溶于250mL纯水中,搅拌均匀后静置;
2)待1)中4种溶液静置到室温,任意分为2组(每组两种溶液),将同组溶液混合均匀并静置至室温;
3)将2)得到的两种混合溶液再次混合均匀并置于温度控制在5~10℃之间的冷库中预冷。
复合保鲜涂膜液所用试剂及制备方法:
试剂:壳聚糖(分析纯、分子质量≥100kDa、脱乙酰度≥95%)、乙酸(分析纯)或柠檬酸、蒙脱土。
制备方法:
1)取1~3份壳聚糖,加入50份体积分数为0.5~2%的乙酸溶液,搅拌至完全溶解,得到壳聚糖乙酸溶液;
2)按壳聚糖总质量的1%~5%称取蒙脱土(MMT),溶于50份体积分数为0.5~2%的乙酸溶液中,搅拌均匀后超声振荡30~40分钟,得到蒙脱土(MMT)乙酸溶液;
3)将2)的蒙脱土(MMT)乙酸溶液加入到1)的壳聚糖乙酸溶液中,并搅拌均匀,得到复合保鲜涂膜液。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法:
步骤1、选果:挑选成熟较晚的、采摘时青皮为黄绿色、果实顶部尚未出现裂痕且无腐烂、虫咬和机械伤的核桃300个;
步骤2、抑制剂处理:预冷后的青皮核桃放入抑制剂中浸泡10~20分钟后晾干;
步骤3、涂膜晾干:将预冷完毕的青皮核桃放入复合保鲜涂膜液中浸泡5-30分钟后取出,并在5到10分钟以内晾干;
步骤4、入库冷藏:将涂膜晾干的青皮核桃放入冷库:冷库温度控制在5~10℃之间,湿度控制在40%~60%之间;
表1 青皮核桃贮藏过程中腐烂指数变化情况
注:腐烂指数分级,根据果实褐变面积分为5级,0级:果实表面完好无损;1级:果实表面褐斑面积为0%~20%;2级:果实表面褐斑面积为20%~40%;3级:果实表面褐斑面积为40%~60%;4级:果实表面褐斑面积为60%~80%;5级:果实表面褐斑面积为80%~100%。
表2 青皮核桃贮藏过程中失水率变化情况
实施例2
本实施例提供一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法:
步骤1、选果:挑选成熟较晚的、采摘时青皮为黄绿色、果实顶部尚未出现裂痕且无腐烂、虫咬和机械伤的核桃;
步骤2、预冷:将选择好的青皮核桃放入冷库预冷24小时,冷库温度控制在5~10℃之间;
步骤3、涂膜晾干:将预冷完毕的青皮核桃放入复合保鲜涂膜液中浸泡5-30分钟后取出,并在5到10分钟以内晾干;
步骤4、入库冷藏:将涂膜晾干的青皮核桃放入冷库:冷库温度控制在5~10℃之间,湿度控制在40%~60%之间;
表1 青皮核桃贮藏过程中腐烂指数变化情况
注:腐烂指数分级,根据果实褐变面积分为5级,0级:果实表面完好无损;1级:果实表面褐斑面积为0%~20%;2级:果实表面褐斑面积为20%~40%;3级:果实表面褐斑面积为40%~60%;4级:果实表面褐斑面积为60%~80%;5级:果实表面褐斑面积为80%~100%。
表2 青皮核桃贮藏过程中失水率变化情况
实施例3
本实施例提供一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法:
步骤1、选果:挑选成熟较晚的、采摘时青皮为黄绿色、果实顶部尚未出现裂痕且无腐烂、虫咬和机械伤的核桃;
步骤2、预冷:将选择好的青皮核桃放入冷库预冷24小时,冷库温度控制在5~10℃之间;
步骤3、抑制剂处理:预冷后的青皮核桃放入抑制剂中浸泡10~20分钟后晾干;
步骤4、涂膜晾干:将预冷完毕的青皮核桃放入复合保鲜涂膜液中浸泡5-30分钟后取出,并在5到10分钟以内晾干;
步骤5、入库冷藏:将涂膜晾干的青皮核桃放入冷库:冷库温度控制在5~10℃之间,湿度控制在40%~60%之间;
表1 青皮核桃贮藏过程中腐烂指数变化情况
注:腐烂指数分级,根据果实褐变面积分为5级,0级:果实表面完好无损;1级:果实表面褐斑面积为0%~20%;2级:果实表面褐斑面积为20%~40%;3级:果实表面褐斑面积为40%~60%;4级:果实表面褐斑面积为60%~80%;5级:果实表面褐斑面积为80%~100%。
表2 青皮核桃贮藏过程中失水率变化情况
以上所述,仅为本发明的较佳实施例,并不用以限制本发明,本发明的专利保护范围以权利要求书为准,凡是运用本发明的说明书所作的等同步骤变化,同理均应包含在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (6)
1.一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1、选果:挑选成熟较晚的、采摘时青皮为黄绿色、果实顶部尚未出现裂痕且无腐烂、虫咬和机械伤的核桃;
步骤2、预冷:将选择好的青皮核桃放入冷库预冷24小时,冷库温度控制在5~10℃之间;
步骤3、抑制剂处理:预冷后的青皮核桃放入抑制剂中浸泡10~20分钟后晾干;
步骤4、涂膜晾干:将预冷完毕的青皮核桃放入复合保鲜涂膜液中浸泡5-30分钟后取出晾干;
步骤5、入库冷藏:将涂膜晾干的青皮核桃放入冷库:冷库温度控制在5~10℃之间,湿度控制在40%~60%之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法,其特征在于,所述抑制剂的成分及制备方法如下:
抑制剂成分包括:亚硫酸钠、氯化钠、L-半胱氨酸、芦丁;
抑制剂制备方法(以1L抑制剂溶液为例):
1)称取0.2~0.4mol的亚硫酸钠、0.5~0.8mol的氯化钠、0.2~0.4mol的L-半胱氨酸和0.4~0.8mol的芦丁,分别溶于250mL纯水中,搅拌均匀后静置;
2)待1)中4种溶液静置到室温,任意分为2组(每组两种溶液),将同组溶液混合均匀并静置至室温;
3)将2)得到的两种混合溶液再次混合均匀,混合溶液置于温度控制在5~10℃之间的冷库中降温。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法,其特征在于,所述复合保鲜涂膜液的成分及制备方法如下:
复合保鲜涂膜液成分包括:壳聚糖、乙酸、蒙脱土;
复合保鲜涂膜液制备方法:
1)取1~3份壳聚糖,加入50份体积分数为0.5~2%的乙酸溶液,搅拌至完全溶解;
2)按壳聚糖总质量的1%~5%称取蒙脱土(MMT),溶于50份体积分数为0.5~2%的乙酸溶液中,搅拌均匀后超声振荡30~40分钟;
3)将2)的蒙脱土(MMT)乙酸溶液加入到1)的壳聚糖乙酸溶液中,并搅拌均匀。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法,其特征在于,所述壳聚糖为分析纯、分子质量≥100kDa、脱乙酰度≥95%的超高脱乙酰度壳聚糖。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法,其特征在于,所述0.5~2%的乙酸溶液是常温常压下体积分数为0.5~2%的乙酸溶液,低温条件下质量分数为0.5~2%的乙酸溶液,乙酸为分析纯纯度的乙酸。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种青皮核桃的涂膜保鲜方法,其特征在于,将青皮核桃涂膜后在5~10分钟之内干燥,干燥后立即入库冷藏。
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CN109258788A (zh) * | 2018-08-09 | 2019-01-25 | 兴义市天瑞核桃种植农民专业合作社 | 一种青皮核桃的保鲜方法 |
CN110256708A (zh) * | 2019-06-29 | 2019-09-20 | 华南理工大学 | 一种利用核桃青皮制作的可食用冷藏水产保鲜膜及其制备方法与应用 |
CN113995012A (zh) * | 2021-09-30 | 2022-02-01 | 广西南亚热带农业科学研究所 | 一种澳洲坚果保鲜贮藏的方法 |
CN115918837A (zh) * | 2022-12-22 | 2023-04-07 | 云南省农业科学院热带亚热带经济作物研究所 | 一种核桃脱青皮剂以及脱青皮方法 |
CN118452275A (zh) * | 2024-07-09 | 2024-08-09 | 西南林业大学 | 一种核桃保鲜剂及保鲜方法 |
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