CN105557612B - Crab shrimpfish recirculation system - Google Patents
Crab shrimpfish recirculation system Download PDFInfo
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- CN105557612B CN105557612B CN201510988544.8A CN201510988544A CN105557612B CN 105557612 B CN105557612 B CN 105557612B CN 201510988544 A CN201510988544 A CN 201510988544A CN 105557612 B CN105557612 B CN 105557612B
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- 241001659573 Centriscus scutatus Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 127
- 241000238557 Decapoda Species 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 241000361919 Metaphire sieboldi Species 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000009360 aquaculture Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 244000144974 aquaculture Species 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 241000252230 Ctenopharyngodon idella Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001597062 Channa argus Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000252233 Cyprinus carpio Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000252234 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000008436 Ipomoea aquatica Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019004 Ipomoea aquatica Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N h2o hydrate Chemical compound O.O JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009342 intercropping Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001275898 Mylopharyngodon piceus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000008881 Oenanthe javanica Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000000365 Oenanthe javanica Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000269799 Perca fluviatilis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013559 Schnittsellerie Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000236458 Panicum colonum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015225 Panicum colonum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021120 animal protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000238565 lobster Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009343 monoculture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
- A01K63/003—Aquaria; Terraria
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
- A01G31/02—Special apparatus therefor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to technical field of aquaculture, and in particular to a kind of crab shrimpfish recirculation system, the crab shrimpfish recirculation system are separated by ridge as two crab shrimp ponds, and spiral shell, crab or shrimp are put in a suitable place to breed in each crab shrimp ponds；The both ends of ridge have flowing water pond, put fish in each flowing water pond in a suitable place to breed, the bottom in each flowing water pond is equipped with ooxygenation facility, and the upstream in flowing water pond is equipped with sump equipped with air blower, downstream, upstream and downstream direction and the ridge in flowing water pond are vertically arranged, and are pumped equipped with soil pick-up in sump；Water earthworm aquaculture pond is equipped in crab shrimp ponds with sump adjacent position, water earthworm is inoculated in water earthworm aquaculture pond.The crab shrimpfish recirculation system of the present invention raises together crab shrimp and fish, improves water surface utilization rate, output is high, achievees the effect that cyclic culture.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of aquaculture, and in particular to a kind of crab shrimpfish recirculation system.
Background technology
Crab, shrimp ponds cultivation refer to that several breeding way such as river crab, freshwater shrimp, cray, the mixed breeding of crab shrimp are carried out in pond, this
Several breeding way or carry out river crab, freshwater shrimp, cray monoculture or the mixed breeding of these kinds, in general crab shrimp ponds not into
Row fish are raised together.
Flowing water culture is to utilize continuous flowing water body, carries out the cultivation of aquatic animal.With the culture-cycle it is short, occupy face
Product is small, density is high, yield is high, high efficiency and management the features such as facilitating.Flowing water culture water body is constantly updated, and the fish of cultivation are enable
It is enough to be mushroomed out under the conditions ofs optimum water temperature, water quality, dissolved oxygen, bait etc..The principal mode of flowing water culture has nature flowing water at present
Cultivation, warm flow water cultivation and industrial circulating water flowing water culture.
Circulating water cultivation is a kind of breeding way recycled after aeration, precipitation, disinfection, filtering to breeding water,
Circulating water cultivation water position reason is handled by mechanical treatment or special ecological canal at present.
For crab shrimp aquaculture since yield is relatively low, general per mu yield only has 100 kilograms or so, causes water body utilization rate not high；Flowing water
Cultured output is high, but needs to consume a large amount of water resource, and generates a large amount of pollutant；There are cost of water treatment for circulating water cultivation
Higher problem.
Invention content
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of crab shrimpfish recirculation systems, and crab shrimp and fish are raised together, and improve water surface profit
With rate, output is high, achievees the effect that cyclic culture.
To achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is：A kind of crab shrimpfish recirculation system, crab shrimpfish
Recirculation system is separated by ridge as two crab shrimp ponds, and spiral shell, crab or shrimp are put in a suitable place to breed in each crab shrimp ponds；The both ends of ridge have
Fish are put in flowing water pond in each flowing water pond in a suitable place to breed, and the bottom in each flowing water pond is equipped with ooxygenation facility, and the upstream in flowing water pond is equipped with air blast
Machine, downstream are equipped with sump, and upstream and downstream direction and the ridge in flowing water pond are vertically arranged, and are pumped equipped with soil pick-up in sump；Crab shrimp ponds
It is interior to be equipped with water earthworm aquaculture pond with sump adjacent position, it is inoculated with water earthworm in water earthworm aquaculture pond.
Preferably, the size of crab shrimpfish recirculation system is 15-30 mus, and the quantity in the flowing water pond that ridge is often held is 2-3
A, the size in each flowing water pond is 110-130 ㎡；Sump is located at the downstream position in often end flowing water pond, the size of sump
Area for the 1/15-1/25 of all flowing water pool area total sizes in ridge one end, water earthworm aquaculture pond is all streams in ridge one end
The 40%-60% of sump area.
Preferably, the size in each flowing water pond is 120 ㎡, and the size of sump is that all flowing water pool areas in ridge one end are total
The 1/20 of size, the area of water earthworm aquaculture pond are the 50% of all flowing water pool areas in ridge one end.
Preferably, the fish are one kind in perch, snakehead, grass carp and black carp.
Preferably, the fish size be 20-50 tails/kilogram, breeding density be 150-200 tails/square metre, water body exchange
Frequency is to exchange 1 time for every 1.5 minutes.
Preferably, the pond of the crab shrimpfish recirculation system, which obstructs, has ecological canal, fish excretion in sump
Organic matter enters crab shrimp ponds and water earthworm aquaculture pond, and the water body in water earthworm aquaculture pond flows into ecological canal, through ecological canal
Purified water flows into crab shrimp ponds.
Preferably, water plant is planted in crab shrimp ponds, water water plant is endured in shoal plantation, by the quantity of 0.5 kilogram/square metre
It is inoculated with water earthworm.
Preferably, it is inoculated with water earthworm, top plantation aquatic vegetable in the water bottom of water earthworm aquaculture pond and ecological canal,
It is 1 kilogram/square metre that water earthworm, which is inoculated with quantity, and the coverage rate of aquatic vegetable is 60-80%.
Preferably, the aquatic vegetable is water spinach or Chinese celery, and the coverage rate of aquatic vegetable is 70%.
Preferably, 10 tail of 30 tail of intercropping silver carp and/or variegated carp per acre in crab shrimp ponds.
After adopting the above technical scheme, the present invention has the positive effect that：
(1) present invention establishes flowing water pond in crab shrimp ponds, carries out fish culture, on the one hand the waste of fish passes through concentration
Blowdown enters water earthworm aquaculture pond and ecological canal carries out purified treatment；On the other hand crab shrimp ponds are discharged into and carry out rich water, and are passed through
Water plant is purified in pond.Meanwhile the dissolved oxygen of crab shrimp ponds is improved by flowing water, in this way, on the one hand substantially increasing water surface profit
With rate, yield per unit area is increased, the excrement of another aspect fish, residual bait are by water earthworm, aquatic vegetable, planktonic organism, water
Grass is absorbed and utilized, and achievees the purpose that ecologic breeding, water circulation use；
(2) present invention for fish by building more suitable growing environment, compared with ordinary pond cultivates, the speed of growth
Fast 10% or more, dosage reduces 60%.Crab, shrimp ponds are due to constantly there is organic matter inflow, in addition dissolved oxygen is abundant, benthon and
Water plant growth is vigorous, by cultivating water earthworm, not only consumes organic matter, but also increase animal protein sources for crab, shrimp, enhances
Immunity makes crab, 10% or more shrimp volume increase.The present invention crab shrimpfish recirculation system, make water surface utilization rate improve 1 times with
On, achieve the effect that low-carbon, efficient, ecology, cycle, solve the problems, such as breeding pollution, controllability is strong, and disease is few, aquatic products listing
Season is flexible.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the crab shrimpfish recirculation system structure chart of the present invention.
Wherein：1, crab shrimp ponds, 2, flowing water pond, 3, sump, 4, water earthworm aquaculture pond, 5, ecological canal.
Specific implementation mode
Invention is further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description.
Embodiment 1
As shown in Figure 1, for the crab shrimpfish recirculation system of the present embodiment, the specific design of the system is as follows：
Being divided into two pieces with the low bank of earth between fields among one 30 mu of crab shrimp ponds 1, the both ends on the intermediate ridge respectively build 2 120 square metres
Flowing water pond 2, the upstream in each flowing water pond 2 installs one 2.2 kilowatts of air blower, and micro-pore oxygenation facility is installed in 2 bottom of flowing water pond.
12 square metres of sump 3 is built in downstream per one end flowing water pond 2, installation soil pick-up pump in sump 3, it is adjacent with sump 3,
120 square metres of water earthworm aquaculture pond 4 is built close to the pool side of crab shrimp ponds 1, and ecological canal 5 is built on Chi Geng.
In flowing water pond 2 stocking size be 50 tails/kilogram snakehead, breeding density be 150 tails/square metre, in pond always
Perennial draingage is kept, it is to exchange 1 time for every 1.5 minutes that water body, which exchanges frequency,.Snakehead special swelling pellet is fed in flowing water pond 2.
Routinely cray cultural method carries out water plant plantation, launches spiral shell in crab shrimp ponds 1, puts small dragon at the beginning of 4 months in a suitable place to breed per acre
50 kilograms of shrimp species, per acre 30 tail of intercropping silver carp, 10 tail of variegated carp.Water water plant is endured in shoal plantation part, and cray is routinely
Cultural method carries out feeding management.Micro-pore oxygenation facility is installed in crab shrimp ponds 1, and launches 0.5 kilogram/square metre water earthworm seedling
Kind, make its breeding.
In water earthworm pond 4 and ecological canal 5, bottom is inoculated with water earthworm, and water spinach is planted on top.Water earthworm is inoculated with quantity
Coverage rate for 1 kilogram/square metre, aquatic vegetable is 70%.
As a result：In by the end of October, 2015 from April, 2015 to, snakehead average size is up to 0.75 kilogram/tail, per mu yield for test period
Amount is 2500 kilograms, and faster by 14% than the common cultivating pool speed of growth, survival rate is higher than the ordinary pond pool by 11% up to 86%.It is small
210 kilograms of lobster average yield per mu, higher than common cultivating pool by 32%, 1.1 ten thousand yuan of mu economic benefit is higher by than common cultivating pool
1 times or more.
Embodiment 2
As shown in Figure 1, for the crab shrimpfish recirculation system of the present embodiment, the specific design of the system is as follows：
Being divided into two pieces with the low bank of earth between fields among one 20 mu of crab shrimp ponds 1, the both ends on the intermediate ridge respectively build 3 110 square metres
Flowing water pond 2, each 2 upstream of flowing water pond installs one 2.2 kilowatts of air blower, and micro-pore oxygenation facility is installed in 2 bottom of flowing water pond.Often
22 square metres of sump 3 is built in the downstream in one end flowing water pond 2, installation soil pick-up pump in sump 3, it is adjacent with sump 3, lean on
The pool side of nearly crab shrimp ponds 1 builds 132 square metres of water earthworm aquaculture pond 4, builds ecological canal 5 on Chi Geng, ecological canal 5 is located at crab
The both sides of shrimp ponds 1, it is parallel with ridge.
In flowing water pond 2 stocking size be 20 tails/kilogram grass carp, breeding density be 200 tails/square metre, in pond always
Perennial draingage is kept, it is to exchange 1 time for every 1.5 minutes that water body, which exchanges frequency,.Grass carp special swelling pellet is fed in flowing water pond 2.
Routinely crab cultivation method carries out water plant plantation, launches spiral shell in crab shrimp ponds 1, and it is public to put crab kind 50 in a suitable place to breed per acre
Jin, per acre 35 tail of intercropping silver carp, 20 tail of variegated carp.Shoal plantation part endure water water plant, crab routinely cultural method into
Row feeds management.Micro-pore oxygenation facility is installed in crab shrimp ponds 1, and launches 0.7 kilogram/square metre water earthworm seed, makes its breeding.
In water earthworm pond 4 and ecological canal, bottom is inoculated with water earthworm, and water spinach is planted on top.Water earthworm is inoculated with quantity
Coverage rate for 1.2 kilograms/square metre, aquatic vegetable is 65%.
As a result：In by the end of October, 2015 from April, 2015 to, grass carp is faster than the common cultivating pool speed of growth for test period
15%, for survival rate up to 86%, grass carp per mu yield has 2500 kilograms or so, higher than the ordinary pond pool by 11%.Crab per mu yield is up to 100
Kilogram, higher than common cultivating pool by 32%, mu economic benefit is higher by 1 times or more than common cultivating pool.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that technical solution that can be as described above and design, make various other
It is corresponding to change and deformation, and all these change and deformation should all belong to the present invention claims protection domain it
It is interior.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of crab shrimpfish recirculation system, it is characterised in that：Crab shrimpfish recirculation system is separated by ridge as two crabs
Shrimp ponds (1), each crab shrimp ponds (1) are interior to put spiral shell, crab or shrimp in a suitable place to breed；The both ends of ridge have flowing water pond (2), each flowing water pond (2)
Inside put fish in a suitable place to breed, the bottom of each flowing water pond (2) is equipped with ooxygenation facility, and the upstream of flowing water pond (2) is equipped with equipped with air blower, downstream
The upstream and downstream direction of sump (3), flowing water pond (2) is vertically arranged with ridge, is pumped equipped with soil pick-up in sump (3)；Crab shrimp ponds (1)
It is interior to be equipped with water earthworm aquaculture pond (4) with sump (3) adjacent position, it is inoculated with water earthworm, the crab in water earthworm aquaculture pond (4)
Ecological canal (5) is had on the pond stalk of shrimpfish recirculation system, the organic matter of the interior fish excretion of sump (3) enters crab shrimp ponds
(1) and water earthworm aquaculture pond (4), the water body in water earthworm aquaculture pond (4) flows into ecological canal (5), through the net of ecological canal (5)
Change water and flow into crab shrimp ponds (1), the fish are one kind in perch, snakehead, grass carp and black carp.
2. crab shrimpfish recirculation system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Crab shrimpfish recirculation system it is big
Small is 15-30 mus, and the quantity in the flowing water pond (2) that ridge is often held is 2-3, and the size of each flowing water pond (2) is 110-130 ㎡；
Sump (3) is located at the downstream position for often holding flowing water pond (2), and the size of sump (3) is all flowing water ponds (2) in ridge one end
The 1/15-1/25 of area total size, the area of water earthworm aquaculture pond (4) are the 40%- of all flowing water pond (2) areas in ridge one end
60%.
3. crab shrimpfish recirculation system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：Each the size in flowing water pond (2) is
120 ㎡, the size of sump (3) are the 1/20 of all flowing water pond (2) the area total sizes in ridge one end, water earthworm aquaculture pond (4)
Area be all flowing water pond (2) areas in ridge one end 50%.
4. crab shrimpfish recirculation system according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：The fish size be 20-50 tails/
Kilogram, breeding density be 150-200 tails/square metre, water body exchange frequency be every 1.5 minutes exchange 1 time.
5. crab shrimpfish recirculation system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Water plant is planted in crab shrimp ponds (1), it is shallow
Water water plant is endured in plantation at water, and water earthworm is inoculated with by the quantity of 0.5 kilogram/square metre.
6. crab shrimpfish recirculation system according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：In water earthworm aquaculture pond (4) and life
The water bottom inoculation water earthworm of state irrigation canals and ditches (5), top plant aquatic vegetable, and it is 1 kilogram/square metre that water earthworm, which is inoculated with quantity,
The coverage rate of aquatic vegetable is 60-80%.
7. crab shrimpfish recirculation system according to claim 6, it is characterised in that：The aquatic vegetable be water spinach or
The coverage rate of Chinese celery, aquatic vegetable is 70%.
8. according to claim 1-7 any one of them crab shrimpfish recirculation systems, it is characterised in that：It is every in crab shrimp ponds (1)
30 tail of mu intercropping silver carp and/or 10 tail of variegated carp.
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| CN201510988544.8A CN105557612B (en) | 2015-12-24 | 2015-12-24 | Crab shrimpfish recirculation system |
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| CN201510988544.8A CN105557612B (en) | 2015-12-24 | 2015-12-24 | Crab shrimpfish recirculation system |
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| CN105557612A CN105557612A (en) | 2016-05-11 |
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| CN106614176A (en) * | 2016-11-16 | 2017-05-10 | 防城港市鑫润养殖有限公司 | Method for land-based seawater-circulating sea shrimp farming |
| CN108077130A (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-05-29 | 山东省淡水渔业研究院（山东省淡水渔业监测中心） | It can prevent, mitigate the snakehead aquaculture pond of fatty liver and corresponding feed, cultural method |
| CN110089483B (en) * | 2019-06-04 | 2024-02-23 | 中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心 | Flowing fish tank, shrimp and crab serial circulating aquaculture system and breeding method |
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| CN101248766A (en) * | 2007-11-20 | 2008-08-27 | 广东海洋大学 | A shrimp-fish-shellfish-algae multi-culture and its water quality biological control system |
| CN101766138B (en) * | 2010-01-13 | 2012-07-04 | 苏州大学 | Circulating-water aquaculture system and application thereof |
| CN104137794A (en) * | 2014-07-17 | 2014-11-12 | 苏州建盈生态种养有限公司 | High-circulation water fish prawn and crab culture method |
| CN204335575U (en) * | 2014-12-19 | 2015-05-20 | 南通市水产技术推广指导站 | Nascent state aquaculture system |
| CN205233182U (en) * | 2015-12-24 | 2016-05-18 | 南京帅丰饲料有限公司 | Crab shrimpfish circulation farming systems |
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Denomination of invention: Crab, shrimp and fish recirculating culture system Effective date of registration: 20210203 Granted publication date: 20180904 Pledgee: Bank of Jiangsu Limited by Share Ltd. Gaochun branch Pledgor: NANJING SHUAIFENG FEED Co.,Ltd. Registration number: Y2021980000986 |
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Effective date of registration: 20230824 Address after: 703A, Block C, Nanfaxin Tianbo Center, Shunyi District, Beijing, 101399 Patentee after: Beijing Building Ark Technology Co.,Ltd. Address before: 211313 Yongsheng Gate, Yangjiang Town, Gaochun District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province Patentee before: NANJING SHUAIFENG FEED Co.,Ltd. |