CN105522085A - 高速工具钢大截面锻材制造方法 - Google Patents
高速工具钢大截面锻材制造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105522085A CN105522085A CN201510872328.7A CN201510872328A CN105522085A CN 105522085 A CN105522085 A CN 105522085A CN 201510872328 A CN201510872328 A CN 201510872328A CN 105522085 A CN105522085 A CN 105522085A
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- Prior art keywords
- forging
- steel
- temperature
- cast
- insulation
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 128
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum Chemical compound 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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
- C21C7/072—Treatment with gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
- C21C7/076—Use of slags or fluxes as treating agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/10—Handling in a vacuum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
- C22B9/16—Remelting metals
- C22B9/18—Electroslag remelting
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Abstract
本发明公开一种高速工具钢大截面锻材制造方法，目的是解决锻材内裂和表裂缺陷增加的问题。本发明采取的技术方案是：采用LF精炼、VD脱气、喂铝线等炼钢工艺提高钢水洁净度，对电渣重熔输出功率的控制以及锻造前均质化处理，改善共晶碳化物偏析和钢的热加工塑性；通过对大型高速工具钢钢锭的锻造火次和不同变形量控制，破碎大颗粒碳化物和改善共晶碳化物不均匀度；超声波探伤按ASTM？A388标准达到不大于Φ3平底孔水平。本发明具有下列优点：合理控制碳饱和度；控制钢水洁净度；减少成分和碳化物偏析；钢材内部充分变形，保证钢材内部组织碳化物破碎。
Description
技术领域
[0001] 本发明属于钢材锻造方法，具体设及一种高速钢大截面锻材制造方法，是对Φ 160mm~Φ 350mm锻材的冶炼及锻造。
背景技术
[0002] 高速工具钢简称高速钢，是特殊钢中通过特殊热处理可W获得极高硬度(HRC)63 ~70,而且在550°C~600°C仍可W保持高硬度化RC)6〇W上和高耐磨性的耐热耐磨钢类，其 主要用途为制造各种机床的切削工具，也部分用于高载荷模具，航空高溫轴承及特殊耐热 耐磨零部件等。
[0003] 高速钢属于高碳高合金莱氏体钢，主要的组织特征之一是含有大量的碳化物，运 些碳化物包括铸态组织中大量莱氏体共晶碳化物(一次碳化物），W及从奥氏体和马氏体基 体中析出的碳化物(二次碳化物）。碳化物对钢材性能影响很大，为此应在热加工过程中使 碳化物充分破碎、细化并均匀分布，但由于高速钢热加工变形抗力大、导热系数小、热塑性 差、变形溫度范围窄，在热加工过程中易出现内部裂纹及表面裂纹等探伤缺陷。因此如何保 证高速钢冶炼钢锭获得良好的铸态组织，W及热加工过程中碳化物充分破碎和成品探伤合 格，历来是高速钢生产工艺和提高质量的关键问题。目前国内、外高速钢生产厂家所生产的 大截面锻材，通常采用真空精炼或电渣重烙冶炼钢锭，采用快锻机上下等宽平化对称锻造， 该制造方法易出现钢材内裂缺陷或高速钢碳化物破碎不足等问题。
发明内容
[0004] 本发明公开一种高速工具钢大截面锻材制造方法，目的是解决大型钢锭的铸态组 织碳化物偏析恶化、造成大截面锻材共晶碳化物不均匀度十分严重W及锻造过程中的内裂 和表裂缺陷增加的问题。
[000引为达到上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案是： 采用LF精炼、VD脱气、喂侣线等炼钢工艺提高钢水洁净度，对电渣重烙输出功率的控制 W及锻造前均质化处理，改善共晶碳化物偏析和钢的热加工塑性;通过对大型高速工具钢 钢锭的锻造火次和不同变形量控制，破碎大颗粒碳化物和改善共晶碳化物不均匀度;超声 波探伤按ASTM A388标准达到不大于Φ 3平底孔水平;高速工具钢大截面锻材生产工艺见图 10
[0006] 1.炼钢工艺： 1) 钢采用EAF+LF+VD+ESR方法冶炼，电渣钢锭规格：Φ 480mm、Φ 610mm; 2) LF炉白渣冶炼，白渣保持时间大于30min; 3) VD炉真空度小于Imbar，保持时间大于15min; 4) 诱注前钢包中吹氣气10 min~15 min; 5) 电极巧冶炼成分控制符合相应钢种的碳饱和度要求，碳饱和度 Ac=Cs/Cp, Cs为钢中碳含量， Cp为平衡碳Cp=0.033W+0.063MO+0.06Cr+0.20V); 6) 电极红送退火后电渣重烙； 7) 电渣重烙采用化F2: Al2〇3 = 70 % : 30 %二元渣系，电极巧重烙输入功率控制在450kw ~600 kw，电渣锭红送转移。
[0007] 2.锻造工艺： 锻造变形采用多火锻造工艺，锻造过程采用两头锻造方法，整个锻造过程可分为Ξ步： 1)对称锻造:钢锭按要求加热均匀透烧，钢锭加热至860°C保溫化~化，再升溫至1180 °C保溫化~化;采用上下等宽平化对钢锭轻压，该步骤每道次变形量按3%~5%控制;终锻溫 度不低于900°C。
[000引 2)不对称锻造:钢巧按要求均匀加热透烧，钢锭加热至860°C保溫化~化，再升溫 至1180°C保溫化~化;对中间钢巧采用上宽平化、下平台锻造，该步骤每道次变形量按12% ~28%控制;终锻溫度不低于900°C。
[0009] 3)成品锻造:钢巧采用圆孔型化摔圆成形，该步骤每道次变形量在5%~15%;终锻 溫度不低于850°C;锻材成品规格为Φ 160mm~Φ 350mm; 3.锻后成品材采取红送退火，钢材装炉溫度应大于650°C。
[0010] 对技术方案的分析和理论阐述： 1)化学成分控制 高速工具钢中的鹤、钢、铭、饥等合金元素均为强碳化物形成元素，其含量达到17%~ 24%，通过调整、控制上述元素的含量能够得到最佳的碳饱和度参数，使钢的铸态组织中的 碳化物分布更加均匀细小。
[0011] 2)电渣重烙工艺参数的控制 在电渣重烙过程中，电压和电流的控制能够稳定金属电极烙化速度，减少组织偏析。
[0012] 3)锻造工艺参数的控制 在锻造拔长工序，通过对锻造工具的调整，实现对称变形和不对称变形工艺的合理使 用，确保钢锭铸态组织的破碎，同时最大程度避免拉应力造成锻材内裂;通过合理的变形量 及终锻溫度的控制，保证锻造过程钢材表面质量。
[0013] 与现有技术相比，本发明具有下列优点： 1) 合理控制碳饱和度，使钢材成分控制达到最优； 2) 采用LF+VD精炼工艺控制钢水洁净度； 3) 控制大型电渣锭重烙速度和充填速度，减少成分和碳化物偏析； 4) 采用上宽平化、下平台法大变形量锻造，使钢材内部充分变形， 保证钢材内部组织碳化物破碎。
附图说明
[0014] 图1是高速工具钢大截面锻材生产工艺流程图； 图2是不对称变形锻造示意图。
[001引图标说明：宽平化1、钢巧2、平台3。
具体实施方式
[0016] 实施案例1~4共同执行W下工艺： 1) 钢采用EAF+LF+VD+ESR方法冶炼，电渣钢锭规格：Φ 480mm、Φ 610mm; 2) LF炉白渣冶炼，白渣保持时间大于30min; 3) VD炉真空度小于Imbar，保持时间大于15min; 4) 诱注前钢包中吹氣气lOmin~15min; 5) 电极红送退火后电渣重烙； 6) 电渣重烙采用化F2: Al2〇3 = 70 % : 30 %二元渣系，电极巧重烙输入功率控制在450kw ~600 kw，电渣锭红送转移； 7) 钢锭按要求加热均匀透烧，钢锭加热至800°C保溫化，再升溫至1180°C保溫化~化； 8) 锻造采用2000快锻机，采取两头锻造方式； 第1~2火次采用对称锻造:上下等宽平化对钢锭轻压，该步骤每道次变形量按3%~5% 控制;终锻溫度不低于900°C; 第3~8火次采用不对称锻造:如图2所示，对中间钢巧采用上宽平化、下平台锻造，该步 骤每道次变形量按12%~28%控制;终锻溫度不低于900°C; 第9~10火次为成品锻造:钢巧采用圆孔型化摔圆成形，该步骤每道次变形量在5%~ 15%;终锻溫度不低于850°C; 9) 成品材锻后采取红送退火，钢材装炉溫度大于650°C。
[0017] 10)质量检验。退火出炉后的钢材按ASTM A388标准进行超声波探伤，质量等级达 到< Φ3平底孔水平，表面检查合格。
[001引实施例1 生产尺寸为Φ 179mm的M2圆钢； 1. 冶炼分厂生产M2钢种，成品规格0179mm(尺寸公差-0 mm，+2mm)，电渣锭化学成分 见表1; 表1电渣锭化学成分
2. 采用EAF+LF+VD巧SR方式冶炼，VD出钢溫度1510°C，诱注Φ 250mm 电极，诱注电极碳饱和度Ac=0.79，电渣重烙诱注Φ 480mm电渣锭； 3. 将钢锭加热至800°C保溫化，再升溫至1180°C保溫化后出炉锻造； 4. 锻造第1、2火次采用对称锻造，每道次压下量不超过20mm，该工序变形量4%，终锻溫 度960°0;第3~8火次采用不对称锻造，锻造时在平台上翻转180<^大压下，每道次压下量不 超过80mm，道次变形量17%~26%，终锻溫度910°C;第9~10火次采用圆孔型化摔圆成形，变 形量13%，终锻溫度860°C。
[0019] 实施例2 生产尺寸为Φ 202mm的1.3343圆钢； 1. 冶炼分厂生产1.3343钢种，成品规格Φ 202mm(尺寸公差-0 mm，+3mm)，电渣锭化学 成分见表2; 表2电渣锭化学成分
2. 采用EAF+LF+VD巧SR方式冶炼，VD出钢溫度1515°C，诱注Φ 250mm 电极，诱注电极碳饱和度Ac=0.78，电渣重烙诱注Φ 480mm电渣锭； 3. 将钢锭加热至800°C保溫化，再升溫至1180°C保溫化后出炉锻造； 4. 锻造第1、2火次采用对称锻造，每道次压下量不超过20mm，该工序变形量3%，终锻溫 度990°0;第3~8火次采用不对称锻造，锻造时在平台上翻转180<^大压下，每道次压下量不 超过80mm，道次变形量17%~25%，终锻溫度910°C;第9~10火次采用圆孔型化摔圆成形，变 形量10%，终锻溫度870°C。
[0020] 实施例3 生产尺寸为Φ 303mm的1.3343ESR圆钢； 1. 冶炼分厂生产1.3343ESR钢种，成品规格〇303mm(尺寸公差-0 mm，+3mm)，电渣锭化 学成分见表3; 表3电渣锭化学成分
2. 采用EAF+LF+VD巧SR方式冶炼，VD出钢溫度1510°C，诱注Φ 250mm 电极，诱注电极碳饱和度Ac=0.76，电渣重烙诱注Φ 610mm电渣锭； 3. 将钢锭加热至800°C保溫化，再升溫至1180°C保溫化后出炉锻造； 4. 锻造第1、2火次采用对称锻造，每道次压下量不超过20mm，该工序变形量5%，终锻溫 度970°0;第3~8火次采用不对称锻造，锻造时在平台上翻转180<^大压下，每道次压下量不 超过80mm，道次变形量13%~16%，终锻溫度920°C;第9~10火次采用圆孔型化摔圆成形，变 形量10%，终锻溫度860°C。
[0021 ] 实施例4 生产尺寸为Φ 265mm的M2锻材； 1.冶炼分厂生产M2钢种，成品规格Φ 265mm(尺寸公差-0 mm，+3mm)，钢锭化学成分见表4; 表4钢锭化学成分
2. 采用EAF+LF+VD巧SR方式冶炼，VD出钢溫度1520°C，诱注Φ 250mm 电极，诱注电极碳饱和度Ac=0.77，电渣重烙诱注Φ 480mm电渣锭； 3. 将钢锭加热至800°C保溫化，再升溫至1180°C保溫化后出炉锻造； 4. 锻造第1、2火次采用对称锻造，每道次压下量不超过20mm，该工序变形量3%，终锻溫 度960°0;第3~6火次采用不对称锻造，锻造时在平台上翻转180<^大压下，每道次压下量不 超过80mm，道次变形量14%~20%，终锻溫度910°C;第7~8火次采用圆孔型化摔圆成形，变形 量12%，终锻溫度870°C。
Claims (5)
1. 一种高速工具钢大截面锻材制造方法，其特征在于:所述制造方法包括冶炼、锻制和 热处理，所述冶炼钢采用EAF+LF+VD+ESR冶炼方法，其中LF精炼炉白渣冶炼，白渣保持时间 大于30min;其中VD炉真空度小于lmbar，保持时间大于15min脱气;饶注前钢包中吹氩气10 min~15 min;电极还冶炼成分控制符合相应钢种的碳饱和度Ac要求;其中电渣重恪采用 CaF2: Al2〇3 = 70 % : 30 %二元渣系，电极坯重熔输入功率控制在450kw~600kw，电渣钢锭红 送转移，电渣钢锭规格为Φ480πιπι、Φ610πιπι;所述锻制采用多火、两头锻造，锻造过程分为三 步： 1) 对称锻造:钢锭按要求加热均匀透烧，钢锭加热至800°C保温3h，再升温至1180°C保 温5h~6h;采用上下等宽平砧对钢锭轻压，该步骤每道次变形量按3%~5%控制;终锻温度不 低于900°C; 2) 不对称锻造:钢坯按要求均匀加热透烧，钢锭加热至800°C保温3h，再升温至1180°C 保温5h~6h;对中间钢坯采用上宽平砧、下平台锻造，该步骤每道次变形量按12%~28%控 制;终锻温度不低于900°C; 3) 成品锻造：钢坯采用圆孔型砧摔圆成形，该步骤每道次变形量在5%~15%;终锻温度 不低于850°C;成品锻材规格Φ160πιπι~Φ350πιπι;所述热处理将成品锻材红送退火，锻材装 炉温度应大于650°C。
2. 根据权利要求1所述一种高速工具钢大截面锻材制造方法，其特征在于:所述M2钢成 品锻材规格为Φ 179mm; 所述冶炼VD出钢温度1510°C，浇注Φ 250mm电极，浇注电极碳饱和度Ac=0.79，电渣重熔 浇注Φ 480mm电渣锭； 所述锻制，1)将钢锭加热至800°C保温3h，再升温至1180°C保温5h后出炉锻造;2)第1、2 火次采用对称锻造，每道次压下量不超过20_，该工序变形量4%，终锻温度960°C;第3~8火 次采用不对称锻造，锻造时在平台上翻转ISO* 3大压下，每道次压下量不超过80mm，道次变形 量17%~26%，终锻温度910°C;第9~10火次采用圆孔型砧摔圆成形，变形量13%，终锻温度 860。。。
3. 根据权利要求1所述一种高速工具钢大截面锻材制造方法，其特征在于:所述1.3343 钢成品锻材规格为Φ 202mm; 所述冶炼VD出钢温度1515°C，浇注Φ 250mm电极，浇注电极碳饱和度Ac=0.78，电渣重熔 浇注Φ 480mm电渣锭； 所述锻制，1)将钢锭加热至800°C保温3h，再升温至1180°C保温5h后出炉锻造;2)第1、2 火次采用对称锻造，每道次压下量不超过20mm，该工序变形量3%，终锻温度990°C;第3~8火 次采用不对称锻造，锻造时在平台上翻转ISO* 3大压下，每道次压下量不超过80mm，道次变形 量17%~26%，终锻温度910°C;第9~10火次采用圆孔型砧摔圆成形，变形量10%，终锻温度 870。。。
4. 根据权利要求1所述一种高速工具钢大截面锻材制造方法，其特征在于：所述 1.3343ESR钢成品锻材规格为Φ 303mm; 所述冶炼VD出钢温度1510°C，浇注Φ 250mm电极，浇注电极碳饱和度Ac=0.76，电渣重熔 浇注Φ 610mm电渣锭； 所述锻制，1)将钢锭加热至800°C保温3h，再升温至1180°C保温6h后出炉锻造;2)第1、2 火次采用对称锻造，每道次压下量不超过20mm，该工序变形量5%，终锻温度970°C;第3~8火 次采用不对称锻造，锻造时在平台上翻转ISO*3大压下，每道次压下量不超过80mm，道次变形 量13%~16%，终锻温度920°C;第9~10火次采用圆孔型砧摔圆成形，变形量10%，终锻温度 860。。。
5.根据权利要求1所述一种高速工具钢大截面锻材制造方法，其特征在于:所述M2钢成 品锻材规格为Φ 265mm; 所述冶炼VD出钢温度1520°C，浇注Φ 250mm电极，浇注电极碳饱和度Ac=0.77，电渣重熔 浇注Φ 480mm电渣锭； 所述锻制，1)将钢锭加热至800°C保温3h，再升温至1180°C保温5h后出炉锻造;2)第1、2 火次采用对称锻造，每道次压下量不超过20mm，该工序变形量3%，终锻温度960°C;第3~6火 次采用不对称锻造，锻造时在平台上翻转ISO* 3大压下，每道次压下量不超过80mm，道次变形 量14%~20%，终锻温度910°C;第7~8火次采用圆孔型砧摔圆成形，变形量12%，终锻温度870 V。
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