CN105518893A - 用于制造在辐照下能够发出电流的活性层的方法 - Google Patents
用于制造在辐照下能够发出电流的活性层的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105518893A CN105518893A CN201480049600.5A CN201480049600A CN105518893A CN 105518893 A CN105518893 A CN 105518893A CN 201480049600 A CN201480049600 A CN 201480049600A CN 105518893 A CN105518893 A CN 105518893A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- ferroelectric
- semi
- form crystallization
- polymer
- active layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920000301 poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 vinylenephenylene Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoroethene Chemical group FC=C(F)F MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)=O NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Natural products CCC(C)C(C)=O UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SWXVUIWOUIDPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N diacetone alcohol Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)(C)O SWXVUIWOUIDPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HJOVHMDZYOCNQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)CC(C)(C)C1 HJOVHMDZYOCNQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940043265 methyl isobutyl ketone Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PTTPXKJBFFKCEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-4-heptanone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(=O)CC(C)C PTTPXKJBFFKCEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930188620 butyrolactone Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004816 dichlorobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- CCAFPWNGIUBUSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl sulfoxide Chemical compound CCS(=O)CC CCAFPWNGIUBUSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WFKAJVHLWXSISD-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyramide Chemical compound CC(C)C(N)=O WFKAJVHLWXSISD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 claims description 2
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002220 fluorenes Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical class C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-dicarboxybenzene Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005621 ferroelectricity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- MRNHPUHPBOKKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;tin;hydrate Chemical compound O.[In].[Sn] MRNHPUHPBOKKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 3
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylbenzyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FLKPEMZONWLCSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl phthalate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC FLKPEMZONWLCSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical class C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 description 2
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000013086 organic photovoltaic Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BLTXWCKMNMYXEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)(F)F BLTXWCKMNMYXEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical group ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOPYVZVNUXHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-ethyloctan-3-yloxycarbonyl)benzoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(CC)(CC)OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O IOPYVZVNUXHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Di-n-octyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCCC MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VOWAEIGWURALJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dicyclohexyl phthalate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(C(=O)OC2CCCCC2)C=1C(=O)OC1CCCCC1 VOWAEIGWURALJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVFDTKUVRCTHQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diisodecyl phthalate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCCC(C)C ZVFDTKUVRCTHQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001597008 Nomeidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101000701286 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1) Alkanesulfonate monooxygenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- NSLJAYQJTGJPBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N S1C=CC2=C1C=CS2.C2=CC=CC=C2 Chemical compound S1C=CC2=C1C=CS2.C2=CC=CC=C2 NSLJAYQJTGJPBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101000983349 Solanum commersonii Osmotin-like protein OSML13 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous trimellitic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1 ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000089 atomic force micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrifluoroethylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)Cl UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007766 curtain coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBGGXOJOCNVPFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisononyl phthalate Chemical class CC(C)CCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCC(C)C HBGGXOJOCNVPFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002573 ethenylidene group Chemical group [*]=C=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- MTZQAGJQAFMTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl benzoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MTZQAGJQAFMTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007775 ferroic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002240 furans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- OJURWUUOVGOHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-[(2-acetyloxyphenyl)methyl-[2-[(2-acetyloxyphenyl)methyl-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(OC(C)=O)C=1CN(CC(=O)OC)CCN(CC(=O)OC)CC1=CC=CC=C1OC(C)=O OJURWUUOVGOHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005076 polymer ester Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000131 polyvinylidene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005591 trimellitate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/151—Copolymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/60—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation in which radiation controls flow of current through the devices, e.g. photoresistors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
用于制造在辐照下能够发出电流的活性层的方法。本发明涉及用于光伏能量(即将光能转换为电)的有机电子领域。本发明特别地涉及制造在光辐照下能够发出电流的活性层的方法,组合半导体聚合物和铁电体聚合物材料的所述层容许将光能转换为电。
Description
本发明涉及用于光伏能量(即将光能转换为电)的有机电子的领域。更特别地,本发明涉及制造在辐照下能够发出电流的活性层的方法,组合铁电体材料和半导体聚合物容许将光能转换为电。
已经存在容许将光能转换为电的器件:光伏电池。这些器件是由正极、活性层和负极组成。光伏电池可用无机材料或有机材料制成。由无机材料制成的光伏电池是广为人知的;它们的效率高,超过25%,但是因为无机材料难以使用,所以它们的制造成本高。有机材料具有廉价的优点,它们易于使用,并且使用这些材料可得到柔性的器件。然而,使用这些材料会得到低效率,尤其是由于光能转换的方式。有机太阳能电池的活性层一般由P3HT(聚(3-己基噻吩))和PCBM(丁酸[6,6]-苯基-C61-甲基酯)组成。该有机活性层吸收光子,并且在P3HT中产生激子,即电子-空穴对。有必要用高于这两种电荷之间的库仑引力的电场将这些电荷分离以得到光伏电流。因此,正是这些激子的离解和自由电荷的传输将产生光伏电流。P3HT和PCBM之间的能级差产生内电场,所述内电场使得可离解在P3HT中产生的激子,并且因此电子-空穴对的分离发生在P3HT-PCBM界面处。然而,尤其是由于激子的过度复合,有机光伏电池的效率低,因此我们需要寻找离解激子的另一方式以提高有机光伏电池的效率。
最近在无机光伏电池领域中的研究调研了由铁电体材料产生的光伏效应。当施加大于矫顽场的电场时,可将铁电体材料极化,这是材料的固有性质。因此可获得两种极化状态;当材料不再经受外电场时,其保存自身的极化-这是剩余极化。Fridkin等在他们标题为“Anomalousphotovoltaiceffectinferroelectrics”,SovietPhysicsUspekhi,1978,21(12)第981页的文章中描述了铁电体材料LiNbO3在光照下产生光电流和光伏电流的能力。因此可利用某些无机材料的铁电性以离解激子。Choi等在他们标题为“SwitchableferroelectricdiodeandphotovoltaicinBiFeO3”,Science,2009,324,第63页的文章中描述了无机多铁性材料BiFeO3的使用。BiFeO3的极化状态容许在材料内产生的电子-空穴对的分离。在光照下电流较高,并且因此BiFeO3由于铁电性而产生光伏电流。Yang等在他们标题为“Above-bandgapvoltagesfromferroelectricphotovoltaicdevices”,Naturenanotechnology,2010,5,第143页的文章中也使用了BiFeO3并描述了在该材料中造成光伏效应的机理。
最近对有机铁电体材料的研究没有显示出这样的性质。
然而,Yuan等在他们标题为“Efficiencyenhancementinorganicsolarcellswithferroelectricpolymers”,NatureMaterials,2011,10,296的文章中描述了使用插在活性层和电极之间的小厚度的铁电体聚合物P(VDF-TrFe)(聚(偏二氟乙烯-共聚-三氟乙烯))。证明了当铁电体聚合物极化时光伏电流提高,并且该铁电体聚合物的极化因此使得可提高激子的离解效率。也可将所述P(VDF-TrFe)膜沉积于活性层的两种供体和受体材料之间,如Yang等在他们标题为“Tuningtheenergyleveloffsetbetweendonorandacceptorwithferroelectricdipolelayersforincreasedefficiencyinbilayerorganicphotovoltaiccells”,AdvancedMaterials,2012,24,1455–1460的文章中所描述的。目前关于将铁电性用于光伏的研究涉及铁电体聚合物PVDF-TrFe提高内电场的能力以使激子离解更有效。然而,由于还伴随存在着供体/受体体系,故光伏电流不仅仅通过铁电性引发。
Nalwa等在他们标题为“EnhancedchargeseparationinorganicPhotovoltaicfilmsdopedwithferroelectricdipole”,EnergyEnviron.,2012,5,7042-7049的文章中描述了一个体系,其中,在一个实例中,将铁电体聚合物与P3HT混合。然而,通过溶剂蒸发并且不通过由溶剂混合物“旋转流延”或“旋转涂布”的施加方法不可能得到铁电体聚合物在P3HT基体内的精细分布,而是得到宏观相分离。由于铁电体聚合物仅与半导体聚合物接触,铁电体聚合物的极化几乎不可能得以保持。在半导体聚合物中的电荷密度太低并且因此无法补偿铁电体材料的极化。
WO2010131254公开了用于制造基于铁电体材料和半导体材料的混合物的光伏电池的方法。然而,该方法包括许多非常难以工业地和大规模地应用的用于制造活性层的步骤。另外,该文献中没有图(数字)能够展示该器件的运行和因此的其可行性。另外,在该申请中提到的铁电体聚合物和有机半导体材料的组合物几乎不可能导致显著的光伏效应。特别地,聚合物(例如PVDF和PTrFE)只有经物理处理(例如拉伸)后才是铁电性的,这在该申请所描述的组合物和相关形态中是难以想象的。
出乎意料地,申请人观察到由能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料产生的电场对于特定组合物而言足以将激子离解,典型地与简化的施用方法组合的主要量的能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料。这些组合物正是将一种能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料与半导体聚合物组合在出乎意料的半导体聚合物的圆柱体类型的形态内并且得到优异的光伏转换效率。
发明内容:
本发明涉及用于制造器件的方法,其包括下列步骤:
-制备包括至少一种溶剂、能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料或材料的混合物和至少一种半导体聚合物的溶液,对于低于10重量%、优选地低于5重量%的浓度这些化合物在所述溶剂中是能混溶的,一方面的能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料和另一方面的一种或多种导电聚合物是相互不能混溶的,,
-将该溶液以旋转涂布、刮刀涂布或任何其它技术施加于导电电极上,
-以这样的方式蒸发所述溶剂,使得一方面的能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料和另一方面的一种或多种半导体聚合物之间的相分离建立形态。
具体实施方式:
可将任何能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料或材料的混合物用于本发明中。优选地,能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料或材料的混合物是有机材料、和优选地聚合物。其也可为能够以铁电体形式结晶的一种材料和在单独使用时未必能够以铁电体形式结晶的另一材料,但是条件是两种材料的混合物能够以铁电体形式结晶。
将优选地选择包含单体偏二氟乙烯和三氟乙烯、偏二氟乙烯和三氟乙烯、偏二氟乙烯和六氟丙烯并任选地添加选自下列单体的第三单体的聚合物或聚合物的混合物:三氟乙烯、四氟乙烯、氟乙烯、全氟烷基乙烯基醚例如全氟甲基乙烯基醚、二氯乙烯、氯乙烯、三氟氯乙烯、全氟(甲基乙烯基醚)、溴三氟乙烯、四氟丙烯、六氟丙烯。
还可使用奇聚酰胺例如PA7、PA9、PA11、PA13以及其混合物。
更特别地,其是亚乙烯基类与三氟乙烯的共聚物P(VDF-TrFe)。
任何半导体材料均可用于本发明中。优选地,半导体材料为有机材料、和更特别地聚合物。导电聚合物可为电子供体或电子受体。其也可为半导体聚合物的混合物。
半导体聚合物优选地选自包含芴、噻吩、亚苯基、亚苯基亚乙烯基、富勒烯、二萘嵌苯、咔唑、噻吩衍生物例如苯并二噻吩或环戊并二噻吩、芴衍生物、吡咯和呋喃的聚合物。
更优选地,导电聚合物为聚(3-己基噻吩)P3HT。
半导体聚合物的迁移率为10-7cm2/V-1s-1-104cm2/V-1s-1。
本发明还涉及包括以下的器件:(a)导电电极,(b)第二导电电极,(c)包括能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料和半导体材料的活性层,其将两电极分隔于两侧。优选地本发明涉及包括以下的器件:(a)导电透明电极,(b)导电金属电极,(c)包括能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料和半导体材料的活性层,其将两个电极分隔于两侧。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,在器件中包括:(a)导电透明电极,(b)导电电极,(c)包括能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料和半导体材料的活性层,其将两个电极分隔在两侧,能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料是通过机械变形和/或通过施加大于矫顽场的电场、和更优选地通过施加大于矫顽场的电场至器件的电极而极化的。
透明电极意为对于100nm的电极厚度,其透射率大于60%和优选地大于80%的电极,透光率是使用分光光度仪(例如来自PerkinElmer公司的lambda19分光光度仪)在555nm处测量的。
导电电极意为其导电率为10-109S/cm的电极。
以这样的方式选择构成活性层的优选的组合物:使得能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料相对于半导体聚合物和能够以铁电体形式结晶的全部材料的比例是大于20重量%、和优选地大于50%、和更优选地70-95%。
关于制备如下的溶液所需的溶剂,其为能够溶解铁电体聚合物和半导体聚合物的一种或多种极性和/或芳族的溶剂:所述溶液包括至少一种溶剂、能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料或材料的混合物和至少一种半导体聚合物,对于低于10重量%的浓度这些化合物在所述溶剂中是能混溶的。所述溶剂选自下列:四氢呋喃、甲乙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、二乙基亚砜、丙酮、甲基异丁基酮、环己酮、双丙酮醇、二异丁基酮、丁内酯、异佛尔酮、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、氯仿、二氯苯、邻二氯苯。
以这样的方式进行活性层的制备:使得构成活性层的两种材料的相分离导致这样的形态,其中一种材料在低于μm的尺度下分散于另一种材料中,或在低于μm的尺度下具有两种材料的共连续性(co-continuity)。根据本发明的变型,以上提到的形态类型还可包括与一个或两个电极接触的低于40nm的能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料的薄层的存在。
根据本发明更优选的实施方案,以这样的方式进行活性层的制备:使得在溶剂蒸发后,构成活性层的两种材料的相分离导致半导体聚合物的圆柱体型的形态,其中半导体聚合物相和能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料的相在导电电极上电接触并且圆柱体的轴相对于导电电极平面的角度为20-90°、和优选地70-90°、更优选地90°,如此沉积的层在溶剂蒸发后构成所述活性层。
申请人还发现将添加剂添加至铁电体材料提供另外的优点,因为其使得可限制对于这些器件的运行不可或缺的极化所需的电场。在添加剂中增塑剂将是优选的,在其中我们可提到线性或支化的邻苯二甲酸酯例如邻苯二甲酸二正辛基酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁基酯、邻苯二甲酸-2-乙基己基酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙基己基酯、邻苯二甲酸二异壬基酯、邻苯二甲酸二异癸基酯、邻苯二甲酸苄基丁基酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙基酯、邻苯二甲酸二环己基酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲基酯、邻苯二甲酸线性双十一烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸线性双十三烷基酯,氯化石蜡,支化或线性的偏苯三酸酯(特别地偏苯三酸二乙基己基酯),脂族酯或聚合物酯,环氧化物,己二酸酯,柠檬酸盐(酯),苯甲酸酯,并且这些增塑剂可单独或组合地使用。
相对于能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料的混合物的总和,以0.01-95%和优选地0.01-40%和更优选地0.1-10%的比例将这些添加剂引入。
在能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料极化后,这些器件可具有剩余极化。
这些器件在光照下能够产生电流。
导电的和优选透明的电极可为有机的或金属的性质。其可由碳纳米管组成。其可由半导体聚合物例如PEDOT-PSS(聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩)-聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐))组成。
其也可为混合的(杂化的),即部分地由有机材料和金属材料的混合物制成。
将由本发明的方法得到的器件用于低于所考虑的能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料的居里点的温度范围内。
优选地,在能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料极化后,这些器件具有剩余极化。
将这些器件有利地用于在光照下产生电流。
实施例:
使用如下器件:
-玻璃基底,将具有100nm的厚度的ITO(氧化铟锡)电极沉积在其上。
-包括90重量%P(VDF-TrFe)和10重量%P3HT的活性层,其通过由两种聚合物在THF中的3重量%溶液旋转涂布于ITO电极上而沉积。
-LiF/Al电极。
AFM和TEM图像说明所得到的形态(图1和图2)。可清楚地看到次要聚合物(P3HT)的圆柱体形分布(图1(a)中的圆圈),和在活性层内的黑点(图2)。
在光照下,观察到约50%的电流提高(图3和图4)。
Claims (16)
1.用于制造器件的方法,包括下列步骤:
-制备包括至少一种溶剂、能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料或材料的混合物和至少一种半导体聚合物的溶液,对于低于10重量%的浓度这些化合物在所述溶剂中是能混溶的,一方面的能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料和另一方面的一种或多种导电聚合物是相互不能混溶的,
-将该溶液以旋转涂布、刮刀涂布或任何其它技术施加于导电电极上,
-以这样的方式蒸发溶剂,使得一方面的能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料和另一方面的一种或多种半导体聚合物之间的相分离建立形态。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中将透明或不透明的第二导电电极沉积于先前形成的活性层上。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中以这样的方式选择构成活性层的组合物,使得能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料相对于半导体聚合物和能够以铁电体形式结晶的全部材料的比例大于20重量%。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中以这样的方式进行活性层的制备,使得半导体聚合物的圆柱体型的形态是在溶剂的蒸发后建立的,其中半导体聚合物相和能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料相在两个电极上电接触并且圆柱体的轴相对于电极平面的角度为20-90°。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中构成能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料的材料之一是增塑剂。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,特征在于能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料之一是有机材料、优选地聚合物材料。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,特征在于能够以铁电体形式结晶的聚合物材料由含氟的聚合物或聚合物的混合物、优选地含偏二氟乙烯的共聚物组成。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,特征在于能够以铁电体形式结晶的聚合物材料是偏二氟乙烯和三氟乙烯的共聚物P(VDF-TrFe)。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,特征在于所述半导体聚合物是得自芴类、噻吩类、亚苯基类、亚乙烯基亚苯基类、富勒烯类、二萘嵌苯类的有机材料。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,特征在于电子供体半导体聚合物为聚(3-己基噻吩)P3HT。
11.如权利要求10所述的制造方法,其包括能够溶解铁电体聚合物和半导体聚合物的一种或多种极性的和/或芳族的溶剂。
12.如权利要求11所述的制造方法,特征在于一种或多种溶剂可选自下列溶剂:四氢呋喃、甲乙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、二乙基亚砜、丙酮、甲基异丁基酮、环己酮、双丙酮醇、二异丁基酮、丁内酯、异佛尔酮、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、氯仿、二氯苯、邻二氯苯15.由权利要求1-14之一的方法获得的光伏器件。
13.由权利要求1-12之一的方法得到的光伏器件。
14.如权利要求13所述的器件,其中能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料是通过机械变形和/或通过将大于矫顽场的电场施加至器件的电极而极化的。
15.如权利要求14所述的器件,其在能够以铁电体形式结晶的材料极化之后具有剩余极化。
16.如权利要求13-15之一所述的器件能够在光照下产生电流的用途。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1356832A FR3008548B1 (fr) | 2013-07-11 | 2013-07-11 | Procede de fabrication d'une couche active susceptible d'emettre un courant electrique sous irradiation |
FR13.56832 | 2013-07-11 | ||
PCT/FR2014/051772 WO2015004393A1 (fr) | 2013-07-11 | 2014-07-10 | Procédé de fabrication d'une couche active susceptible d'émettre un courant électrique sous irradiation |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN105518893A true CN105518893A (zh) | 2016-04-20 |
Family
ID=50064702
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201480049600.5A Pending CN105518893A (zh) | 2013-07-11 | 2014-07-10 | 用于制造在辐照下能够发出电流的活性层的方法 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20160141534A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP3020078A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2016525793A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20160032159A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN105518893A (zh) |
FR (1) | FR3008548B1 (zh) |
SG (1) | SG11201600190XA (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2015004393A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105453662B (zh) | 2013-07-12 | 2021-06-11 | 康维达无线有限责任公司 | 用于支持休眠节点的邻居发现 |
CN104868048B (zh) * | 2015-05-13 | 2018-02-02 | 重庆科技学院 | 一种光致伸缩复合膜及其制作的光驱动器 |
KR102444719B1 (ko) | 2016-10-05 | 2022-09-16 | 라이너지 테크 인코포레이션 | 유기 광검출기 |
WO2018065356A1 (en) * | 2016-10-05 | 2018-04-12 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Organic semiconducting compounds |
PL3367455T3 (pl) * | 2017-02-24 | 2024-04-15 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) | Sposób wytwarzania wielobarwnego urządzenia optoelektronicznego zawierającego wiele materiałów światłoczułych |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1995736A1 (en) * | 2007-05-22 | 2008-11-26 | Rijksuniversiteit Groningen | Ferro-electric device and modulatable injection barrier |
JP2010210400A (ja) * | 2009-03-10 | 2010-09-24 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 異常高温検出用素子、およびそれを備える異常高温検出用装置 |
WO2010131254A1 (en) * | 2009-05-13 | 2010-11-18 | Even Or Technologies Ltd. | Photovoltaic device on polarizable materials |
US20110269966A1 (en) * | 2010-04-30 | 2011-11-03 | Deepak Shukla | Semiconducting articles |
-
2013
- 2013-07-11 FR FR1356832A patent/FR3008548B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2014
- 2014-07-10 KR KR1020167003533A patent/KR20160032159A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2014-07-10 JP JP2016524878A patent/JP2016525793A/ja active Pending
- 2014-07-10 CN CN201480049600.5A patent/CN105518893A/zh active Pending
- 2014-07-10 US US14/904,331 patent/US20160141534A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-07-10 WO PCT/FR2014/051772 patent/WO2015004393A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2014-07-10 EP EP14747092.6A patent/EP3020078A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-07-10 SG SG11201600190XA patent/SG11201600190XA/en unknown
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1995736A1 (en) * | 2007-05-22 | 2008-11-26 | Rijksuniversiteit Groningen | Ferro-electric device and modulatable injection barrier |
JP2010210400A (ja) * | 2009-03-10 | 2010-09-24 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 異常高温検出用素子、およびそれを備える異常高温検出用装置 |
WO2010131254A1 (en) * | 2009-05-13 | 2010-11-18 | Even Or Technologies Ltd. | Photovoltaic device on polarizable materials |
US20110269966A1 (en) * | 2010-04-30 | 2011-11-03 | Deepak Shukla | Semiconducting articles |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
KAMAL ASADI,ET AL: "Organic non-volatile memories from ferroelectric phase-separated blends", 《NATURE》 * |
KAMAL ASADI,ET AL: "Origin of the efficiency enhancement in ferroelectric functionalized organic solar cells", 《APPL. PHYS. LETT.》 * |
KAMAL ASADI,ET AL: "Spinodal Decomposition of Blends of Semiconducting and Ferroelectric Polymers", 《ADV. FUNCT. MATER.》 * |
NALWA KANWAR S.,ET AL: "Enhanced charge separation in organic photovoltaic films doped with ferroelectric dipoles", 《ENERGY ENVIRON. SCI.》 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3020078A1 (fr) | 2016-05-18 |
FR3008548A1 (fr) | 2015-01-16 |
JP2016525793A (ja) | 2016-08-25 |
FR3008548B1 (fr) | 2016-12-09 |
WO2015004393A1 (fr) | 2015-01-15 |
SG11201600190XA (en) | 2016-02-26 |
US20160141534A1 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
KR20160032159A (ko) | 2016-03-23 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Mbuyise et al. | Zinc oxide doped single wall carbon nanotubes in hole transport buffer layer | |
CN105518893A (zh) | 用于制造在辐照下能够发出电流的活性层的方法 | |
US20120118368A1 (en) | Method for Increasing the Efficiency of Organic Photovoltaic Cells | |
US20110108116A1 (en) | P-type NiO conducting film for organic solar cell, a method for preparation of NiO conducting film, and an organic solar cell with enhanced light-to-electric energy conversion using the same | |
TW201443070A (zh) | 具鈣鈦礦結構吸光材料之有機混成太陽能電池及其製造方法 | |
US9515274B2 (en) | Photovoltaic cells | |
US20120266960A1 (en) | Multi layer organic thin film solar cell | |
KR101251718B1 (ko) | 유기 태양전지용 정공수송층 조성물, 이를 이용한 유기 태양전지의 제조방법 및 그에 따라 제조된 유기 태양전지 | |
Reshak et al. | Photovoltaic characteristics of hybrid MEH-PPV-nanoparticles compound | |
Chang et al. | Covalently functionalized graphene with organic semiconductors for energy and optoelectronic applications | |
US20110031429A1 (en) | Use of exfoliated clay nanoplatelets and method for encapsulating cations | |
JP2006278583A (ja) | 有機薄膜太陽電池 | |
CN105552221A (zh) | 基于单层二硫化钼纳米复合材料的电存储器及其制备方法 | |
KR100959760B1 (ko) | 태양전지 및 그 제조 방법 | |
JP2013058526A (ja) | 有機薄膜太陽電池 | |
Chatterjee et al. | Influence of terminal imide units on properties and photovoltaic characteristics for benzothiadiazole-based nonfullerene acceptors | |
Alhamada et al. | Recent advances in polymer and perovskite based third-generation solar cell devices | |
Iftimie et al. | Photovoltaic structures based on biologic/polymeric semiconducting thin films | |
Loew et al. | TiO2 as electron-extraction-layer in reverse type P3HT/ICBA organic solar cells | |
Subramanyam et al. | Performance of organic photovoltaic cells fabricated using reduced graphene oxide/PEDOT: PSS composites as transparent electrodes | |
WO2010119558A1 (ja) | 有機太陽電池 | |
US20160149148A1 (en) | Organic solar cell having planar heterojunction active layer and method for manufacturing the same | |
JP2015195296A (ja) | 光電変換素子、及び太陽電池 | |
하진하 et al. | Eco-Friendly Water-Borne Polyimide Gate Insulators for Large Area OFETs Arrray Using Simple Bar-Coating Method | |
한세교 et al. | Photomultiplication-type Organic Photodiodes with Fast Response Enabled by Controlling Charge Trapping Dynamics of Quantum Dot Interlayer |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
C06 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication | ||
WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20160420 |