CN105514192A - 一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法 - Google Patents
一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 title abstract description 13
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 3
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910007609 Zn—S Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005987 sulfurization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004506 ultrasonic cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001763 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000019743 Choline chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M choline chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 229960003178 choline chloride Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L dimercury dichloride Chemical class Cl[Hg][Hg]Cl ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 abstract description 58
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 17
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 14
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 7
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- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- KTSFMFGEAAANTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu].[Se].[Se].[In] Chemical compound [Cu].[Se].[Se].[In] KTSFMFGEAAANTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001755 magnetron sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
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- WGPCGCOKHWGKJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenezinc Chemical compound [Zn]=S WGPCGCOKHWGKJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc nitrate Chemical group [Zn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(oxolan-2-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1CCCO1 WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002083 X-ray spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVRDHUBQLOKMHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chalcopyrite Chemical class [S-2].[S-2].[Fe+2].[Cu+2] DVRDHUBQLOKMHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-22,24-diide Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CC(C(=C2C=CC([N-]2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(N=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=C3[N-]2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC1=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010926 waste battery Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical group [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
- H01L31/032—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only compounds not provided for in groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/0312
- H01L31/0322—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only compounds not provided for in groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/0312 comprising only AIBIIICVI chalcopyrite compounds, e.g. Cu In Se2, Cu Ga Se2, Cu In Ga Se2
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/186—Particular post-treatment for the devices, e.g. annealing, impurity gettering, short-circuit elimination, recrystallisation
- H01L31/1864—Annealing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法。首先制备离子液体,然后将锌的金属盐和硫代硫酸钠按一定浓度溶解于离子液体中,再在基底材料上电沉积制备锌和硫的预制膜,最后将预制膜硫化退火生成硫化锌薄膜。本发明制备的薄膜质量好,可以有效避免析氢反应对薄膜产生的不利影响。薄膜表面平整,致密度高,晶粒大小均匀,完全覆盖基底,与基底的附着性好。与高真空气相法相比,本发明具有成本低廉、工艺简单、原料利用率高、可控性强、能够实现大面积沉积和用于工业化大规模生产等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于新能源光电薄膜材料技术领域。涉及一种薄膜太阳能电池缓冲层材料的制备方法,具体涉及一种采用恒电位法电沉积锌-硫预制薄膜后硫化退火形成硫化锌薄膜的方法。
背景技术
随着当今世界能源问题的出现,太阳能电池的开发和利用受到人们的普遍关注。黄铜矿系列Cu(In,Ga,Al)(S,Se)2(CIGASS)材料为直接带隙半导体,具有高的光吸收系数,达到105cm-1,只需1-2um厚的薄膜就可以吸收99%以上的太阳光,而且抗辐照能力强,稳定性好,弱光特性好,因此CIGASS薄膜太阳能电池有望成为新一代太阳电池的主流产品之一,目前已经成为国际光伏界的研究热点。其中以铜铟镓硒(CIGS)为吸收层材料的电池已经取得薄膜太阳能电池中的最高转化率21.7%。在电池结构中的缓冲层厚度虽然只有50nm左右,但是对于太阳能电池来说却是至关重要的。缓冲层能够与吸收层形成异质结从而使光生载流子分离,而且可以保护吸收层不被破坏。CIGS太阳能电池主要是用CdS作为缓冲层,但是CdS的禁带宽度只有2.4eV,限制了电池吸收层的短波响应,使CdS/CIGS太阳能电池的量子效率在短波范围内下降。而且CdS中的Cd元素是有毒重金属,生产过程中含Cd废水的排放,以及报废电池中Cd的流失,都会对环境造成污染。因此,无镉缓冲层的开发成为热点。ZnS替代CdS具有如下优势:无毒环保;禁带宽度(3.74eV)比CdS(2.4eV)宽很多,不仅可以提高电池的短路电流,还有利于增强太阳电池短波区的光谱响应;ZnS与CIGS结合性、覆盖性好,电池转换效率高;ZnS可减小电子亲和势,提高开路电压。这些优势使之成为理想的硫化镉的替代物。
目前制备硫化锌薄膜的方法主要有:真空蒸发、磁控溅射、分子束外延和电沉积法。通过真空蒸发法制备的电池效率比较高,但是该方法对设备要求比较高,原料利用率低且蒸发过程不容易控制,重复性比较差,难以实现工业化大规模生产。另外磁控溅射法和分子束外延法能较精确地调节各元素的比例,制备的薄膜质量好均匀性高,重复性好,转化效率高。但是同样的是制备工艺比较复杂,设备要求高且生产效率比较低,生产成本高,大规模生产难以实施。而电沉积法设备简单,可以实现连续大面积低温多组分沉积,而且沉积薄膜的厚度容易控制,也可以在各种复杂表面基体上沉积,电沉积溶液可多次重复利用,生产成本低,生产效率高,薄膜质量好,因而更适合于工业化生产。
在水溶液中进行电沉积,多元素共沉积时由于沉积电势过负很容易发生析氢反应,使沉积的薄膜孔洞多,不均匀,薄膜组分偏离化学计量比,薄膜质量差,严重阻碍太阳能电池的转化效率。离子液体有较宽的电化学窗口,热稳定性好,是一种优秀的电沉积溶液。本发明中采用离子液体作为电解液,可有效避免析氢反应。所制备的薄膜表面平整致密,均匀性好,制备效率高。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对水溶液中电沉积制备硫化锌薄膜材料的不足之处,提供了一种在离子液体中电沉积法制备平整致密的硫化锌薄膜的方法。以锌的金属盐和硫代硫酸钠为主要原料,按一定摩尔比溶解于离子液体中作为电化学沉积的电解质溶液。采用三电极恒电位电沉积制备锌硫前驱体薄膜,再将前驱体薄膜在真空或者惰性保护气体中硫化退火重结晶,得到硫化锌薄膜材料。本发明工艺简单、成本低、效率高、成分和形貌可控、原材料利用率高,制备效率高。
本发明实现上述目的的技术方案为:
一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将氯化胆碱和乙二醇按摩尔比1:2混合,真空中放置形成无色透明的离子液体;
(2)将锌的金属盐溶解在步骤(1)所得离子液体中,搅拌使其充分溶解;再加入硫代硫酸钠,搅拌使其充分溶解,得到离子液体电沉积溶液;
(3)以基底材料为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,铂丝为对电极,采用三电极恒电位法对步骤(2)所得离子液体电沉积溶液在基底材料上进行电沉积,得到Zn-S预制膜,即Zn-S前驱体薄膜;
(4)将Zn-S预制膜置于含有硫粉的真空或惰性保护气体中硫化退火,最后得到太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料。
进一步,所述步骤(1)的真空温度为60~85℃,时间为8~14小时。
进一步,所述的锌盐为ZnCl2、ZnSO4或Zn(NO3)2中的任意一种,所述锌离子浓度为0.01~0.03mol/L。
进一步,所述的硫代硫酸钠浓度为0.015~0.04mol/L。
值得说明的是,上述的锌离子浓度及硫代硫酸钠浓度均表示其在离子液电沉积溶液中的浓度。
进一步,所述步骤(3)的基底材料为Mo玻璃,FTO玻璃,Mo箔中的一种,且其在使用前先用丙酮、乙醇、异丙醇、氨水中的任意两种超声清洗10~30分钟,再用去离子水超声波清洗10~30分钟,最后用氮气吹干备用。
进一步,所述步骤(3)的电沉积,电势为-1.3~-1.5V,沉积时间为10~60分钟,温度为40~70℃,搅拌速度为200~350rpm。
进一步,所述的硫化退火过程中,需先将制备的Zn-S前驱体薄膜和适量硫粉放入封闭的容器中,抽真空后通入惰性保护气体,再将退火炉升温至400~550℃并恒温1小时后快速将装有样品的容器推入退火炉中硫化退火60~120分钟,退火完成后将容器取出在空气中冷却至室温。
进一步,所述的硫化退火过程中所加硫粉的量根据理想气体方程P=nRT/V计算,其中P是硫粉升华后的压强,V是放置Zn-S预制膜和适量硫粉的容器的体积,n是硫粉的摩尔量,R为理想气体常数其值为8.314J/(mol·K),T是硫化退火的热力学温度,硫粉升华后的气压控制在低于一个大气压。
本发明参与反应的试剂均为分析纯,市售。
为研究所制备的材料的结构、形貌、成分以及光学性能,对所制备样品进行了X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜分析(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱分析(EDS)和紫外-可见光(UV-Vis)吸收光谱分析。
本发明的有益效果在于:
与高真空气相法相比,本发明具有成膜质量好、效率高,工艺简单,成本低廉、可控性强,可重复性好、原料利用率高等优点,而且电解质溶液采用离子液体可以有效地避免因析氢反应对薄膜产生的不利影响,改善了薄膜的成分以及形貌等微观特征,实现了硫化锌薄膜的可控制备,能够实现大面积高质量薄膜制备。
附图说明
图1实施例1制得的硫化锌薄膜的X射线衍射图,横坐标表示x射线的入射角度的两倍,单位是度,纵坐标表示衍射后的强度,单位是任意量。
图2实施例1制得的硫化锌薄膜的扫描电镜图。
图3实施例1制得的硫化锌薄膜的能谱图。
图4实施例1制得的硫化锌薄膜的紫外可见吸收光谱图。
具体实施方式
为了更好的理解本发明,下面结合实施例进一步阐明本发明的内容,但本发明的内容不仅仅局限于下面的实施例。
实施例1
一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,制备步骤如下:
(1)将氯化胆碱和乙二醇按摩尔比1:2混合,搅拌均匀后在真空干燥箱中80℃放置10小时配制成无色透明的离子液体;
(2)将0.020mol/L氯化锌溶解在离子液体中,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(3)再加入0.020mol/L硫代硫酸钠,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(4)先后采用丙酮、乙醇和去离子水,分别超声清洗Mo玻璃10分钟后,再将Mo玻璃用高纯度氮气吹干;
(5)以步骤(4)中清洗过的Mo玻璃基底为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,铂丝为对电极,在-1.35V恒电势下沉积30分钟,电沉积溶液的温度为60℃,沉积过程中溶液的搅拌速度为250rpm,得到Zn-S预制膜即Zn-S预制层薄膜;
(6)将步骤(5)中制备的预制层薄膜置于含有1.5mg硫粉的体积为10cm-3的封闭容器中,抽真空后通入氩气;将退火炉升温至400℃并恒温1小时,然后快速将装有样品的容器推入退火炉中退火60分钟,退火完成后将装有样品的容器迅速取出在空气中冷却至室温,得到太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料。
本实施例所制备的硫化锌薄膜的XRD图谱见图1,扫描电镜图见图2,能量色散X射线光谱图见图3;紫外-可见光吸收光谱图见图4。
图1给出了实施例1制备样品的XRD图谱。样品各特征衍射峰的位置对应硫化锌四方晶系的(111)、(200)、(220)和(311)晶面方向,与硫化锌标准卡片图谱(JCPDS#65-0309)相吻合。除了基底Mo的衍射峰外,XRD图谱中没有其他的衍射杂峰,说明本发明提供的电沉积后硫化方法制备出的是纯相的硫化锌。
图2的低倍扫描电镜图可以看出生成的薄膜由颗粒密排而成,表面平整,致密度高,晶粒大小均匀,完全覆盖基底,薄膜与基底的附着性较好。
图3的能谱图表明生成的产物只有锌和硫元素,组成的化学计量比为锌:硫=0.47:0.53。
图4为实施例1制备样品的紫外-可见吸收光谱图,波谱波长范围从200nm至800nm。从图中可以发现一个明显的吸收带边。在350nm附近出现的吸收对应硫化锌的吸收带边,根据禁带公式:(αhv)2~hv拟合得出,本实施例中制备的硫化锌薄膜材料的禁带宽度为3.45eV。以下其他实施例所制备的样品有基本一致的表征结果。
实施例2
一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,制备步骤如下:
(1)将氯化胆碱和乙二醇按摩尔比1:2混合,搅拌均匀后在真空干燥箱中60℃放置14小时配制成无色透明的离子液体;
(2)将0.030mol/L氯化锌溶解在离子液体中,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(3)再加入0.040mol/L硫代硫酸钠,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(4)先后采用丙酮、乙醇和去离子水,分别超声清洗Mo玻璃30分钟后,再将Mo玻璃用高纯度氮气吹干;
(5)以步骤(4)中清洗过的Mo玻璃基底为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,铂丝为对电极,在-1.3V恒电势下沉积60分钟,电沉积溶液的温度为60℃,沉积过程中溶液的搅拌速度为250rpm,得到Zn-S预制膜即Zn-S预制层薄膜;
(6)将步骤(5)中制备的预制层薄膜置于含有1.5mg硫粉的体积为10cm-3的封闭容器中,抽真空后通入氩气;将退火炉升温至400℃并恒温1小时,然后快速将装有样品的容器推入退火炉中退火120分钟,退火完成后将装有样品的容器迅速取出在空气中冷却至室温,得到太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料。
实施例3
一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,制备步骤如下:
(1)将氯化胆碱和乙二醇按摩尔比1:2混合,搅拌均匀后在真空干燥箱中85℃放置8小时配制成无色透明的离子液体;
(2)将0.010mol/L氯化锌溶解在离子液体中,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(3)再加入0.015mol/L硫代硫酸钠,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(4)先后采用丙酮、乙醇和去离子水,分别超声清洗Mo玻璃15分钟后,再将Mo玻璃用高纯度氮气吹干;
(5)以步骤(4)中清洗过的Mo玻璃基底为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,铂丝为对电极,在-1.4V恒电势下沉积30分钟,电沉积溶液的温度为40℃,沉积过程中溶液的搅拌速度为350rpm,得到Zn-S预制膜即Zn-S预制层薄膜;
(6)将步骤(5)中制备的预制层薄膜置于含有1.5mg硫粉的体积为10cm-3的封闭容器中,抽真空后通入氩气;将退火炉升温至400℃并恒温1小时,然后快速将装有样品的容器推入退火炉中退火60分钟,退火完成后将装有样品的容器迅速取出在空气中冷却至室温,得到太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料。
实施例4
一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,制备步骤如下:
(1)将氯化胆碱和乙二醇按摩尔比1:2混合,搅拌均匀后在真空干燥箱中80℃放置10小时配制成无色透明的离子液体;
(2)将0.020mol/L氯化锌溶解在离子液体中,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(3)再加入0.020mol/L硫代硫酸钠,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(4)先后采用丙酮、乙醇和去离子水,分别超声清洗Mo玻璃10分钟后,再将Mo玻璃用高纯度氮气吹干;
(5)以步骤(4)中清洗过的Mo玻璃基底为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,铂丝为对电极,在-1.45V恒电势下沉积30分钟,电沉积溶液的温度为70℃,沉积过程中溶液的搅拌速度为200rpm,得到Zn-S预制膜即Zn-S预制层薄膜;
(6)将步骤(5)中制备的预制层薄膜置于含有1.5mg硫粉的体积为10cm-3的封闭容器中,抽真空后通入氩气;将退火炉升温至400℃并恒温1小时,然后快速将装有样品的容器推入退火炉中退火120分钟,退火完成后将装有样品的容器迅速取出在空气中冷却至室温,得到太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料。
实施例5
一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,制备步骤如下:
(1)将氯化胆碱和乙二醇按摩尔比1:2混合,搅拌均匀后在真空干燥箱中80℃放置10小时配制成无色透明的离子液体;
(2)将0.020mol/L氯化锌溶解在离子液体中,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(3)再加入0.020mol/L硫代硫酸钠,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(4)先后采用丙酮、乙醇和去离子水,分别超声清洗Mo玻璃30分钟后,再将Mo玻璃用高纯度氮气吹干;
(5)以步骤(4)中清洗过的Mo玻璃基底为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,铂丝为对电极,在-1.35V恒电势下沉积60分钟,电沉积溶液的温度为60℃,沉积过程中溶液的搅拌速度为250rpm,得到Zn-S预制膜即Zn-S预制层薄膜;
(6)将步骤(5)中制备的预制层薄膜置于含有1.5mg硫粉的体积为10cm-3的封闭容器中,抽真空后通入氩气;将退火炉升温至500℃并恒温1小时,然后快速将装有样品的容器推入退火炉中退火60分钟,退火完成后将装有样品的容器迅速取出在空气中冷却至室温,得到太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料。
实施例6
一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,制备步骤如下:
(1)将氯化胆碱和乙二醇按摩尔比1:2混合,搅拌均匀后在真空干燥箱中80℃放置10小时配制成无色透明的离子液体;
(2)将0.015mol/L氯化锌溶解在离子液体中,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(3)再加入0.020mol/L硫代硫酸钠,搅拌使其充分溶解;
(4)先后采用丙酮、乙醇和去离子水,分别超声清洗Mo玻璃10分钟后,再将Mo玻璃用高纯度氮气吹干;
(5)以步骤(4)中清洗过的Mo玻璃基底为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,铂丝为对电极,在-1.5V恒电势下沉积10分钟,电沉积溶液的温度为70℃,沉积过程中溶液的搅拌速度为250rpm,得到Zn-S预制膜即Zn-S预制层薄膜;
(6)将步骤(5)中制备的预制层薄膜置于含有1.5mg硫粉的体积为10cm-3的封闭容器中,抽真空后通入氩气;将退火炉升温至550℃并恒温1小时,然后快速将装有样品的容器推入退火炉中退火60分钟,退火完成后将装有样品的容器迅速取出在空气中冷却至室温,得到太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料。
实施例7~18
将实施例1~6中的氯化锌分别用硫酸锌或硝酸锌代替,其他制备条件不变,也可得到质量较好的硫化锌薄膜。
实施例19~30
将实施例1~6中的Mo玻璃分别用FTO玻璃或Mo箔代替,其他制备条件不变,也可得到质量较好的硫化锌薄膜。
最后,在此应说明的是:在不脱离本发明的精神和原理基础上,本领域技术人员所做的任何等效替换均应属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
(1)将氯化胆碱和乙二醇按摩尔比1:2混合,真空放置形成无色透明的离子液体;
(2)将锌的金属盐溶解在步骤(1)所得离子液体中,搅拌使其充分溶解;再加入硫代硫酸钠,搅拌使其充分溶解,得到离子液体电沉积溶液;
(3)以基底材料为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,铂丝为对电极,采用三电极恒电位法对步骤(2)所得离子液体电沉积溶液在基底材料上进行电沉积,得到Zn-S预制膜;
(4)将Zn-S预制膜置于含有硫粉的真空或惰性保护气体中硫化退火,最后得到太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)的真空放置,温度为60~85℃,时间为8~14小时。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,其特征在于:所述的锌的金属盐为ZnCl2、ZnSO4或Zn(NO3)2中的任意一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,其特征在于:所述锌的金属盐形成的锌离子浓度为0.01~0.03mol/L。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,其特征在于:所述硫代硫酸钠浓度为0.015~0.04mol/L。
6.根据权利要求1所述的电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(3)的基底材料为Mo玻璃,FTO玻璃,Mo箔中的一种,且其在使用前先用丙酮、乙醇、异丙醇、氨水中的任意两种超声清洗10~30分钟,再用去离子水超声波清洗10~30分钟,再用氮气吹干备用。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(3)的电沉积,沉积电势为-1.3~-1.5V,沉积时间为10~60分钟,沉积温度为40~70℃,搅拌速度为200~350rpm。
8.根据权利要求1所述的电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)的硫化退火,需先将制备的Zn-S预制膜和适量硫粉放入封闭的容器中,抽真空后通入惰性保护气体,再将退火炉升温至400~550℃并恒温1小时后将装有样品的容器推入退火炉中硫化退火60~120分钟,退火完成后将容器取出在空气中冷却至室温。
9.根据权利要求8所述的电沉积后硫化退火制备太阳能电池缓冲层硫化锌薄膜材料的方法,其特征在于,硫化退火所加硫粉的量根据理想气体方程P=nRT/V计算,其中P是硫粉升华后的压强,V是放置Zn-S预制膜和适量硫粉的容器的体积,n是硫粉的摩尔量,R为理想气体常数其值为8.314J/(mol·K),T是硫化退火的热力学温度,硫粉升华后的气压控制在低于一个大气压。
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CN107946387A (zh) * | 2017-12-19 | 2018-04-20 | 电子科技大学中山学院 | 一种czts薄膜的新型退火方式 |
CN109904255A (zh) * | 2019-03-19 | 2019-06-18 | 湘潭大学 | 一种Cr-Se共掺杂硫化锌太阳能电池缓冲层薄膜材料的制备方法 |
CN109920881A (zh) * | 2019-03-19 | 2019-06-21 | 湘潭大学 | 一种铟铝镓中的至少一种掺杂硫化锌太阳能电池缓冲层薄膜的制备方法 |
CN111524712A (zh) * | 2020-04-13 | 2020-08-11 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种三维多孔结构染料敏化太阳能电池对电极的制备方法 |
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Cited By (6)
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CN107946387A (zh) * | 2017-12-19 | 2018-04-20 | 电子科技大学中山学院 | 一种czts薄膜的新型退火方式 |
CN109904255A (zh) * | 2019-03-19 | 2019-06-18 | 湘潭大学 | 一种Cr-Se共掺杂硫化锌太阳能电池缓冲层薄膜材料的制备方法 |
CN109920881A (zh) * | 2019-03-19 | 2019-06-21 | 湘潭大学 | 一种铟铝镓中的至少一种掺杂硫化锌太阳能电池缓冲层薄膜的制备方法 |
CN109904255B (zh) * | 2019-03-19 | 2020-09-29 | 湘潭大学 | 一种Cr-Se共掺杂硫化锌太阳能电池缓冲层薄膜材料的制备方法 |
CN111524712A (zh) * | 2020-04-13 | 2020-08-11 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种三维多孔结构染料敏化太阳能电池对电极的制备方法 |
CN111524712B (zh) * | 2020-04-13 | 2022-07-05 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种三维多孔结构染料敏化太阳能电池对电极的制备方法 |
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