CN105507163B - Equipment and detection method for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation - Google Patents
Equipment and detection method for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation Download PDFInfo
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- CN105507163B CN105507163B CN201510845873.7A CN201510845873A CN105507163B CN 105507163 B CN105507163 B CN 105507163B CN 201510845873 A CN201510845873 A CN 201510845873A CN 105507163 B CN105507163 B CN 105507163B
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D21/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for erecting or assembling bridges
- E01D21/08—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for erecting or assembling bridges by rotational movement of the bridge or bridge sections
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Abstract
For the deficiency of existing highway bridge rotator construction test method, the present invention provide it is a kind of for turning bridge experiment of weighing when critical point differentiate equipment and detection method, equipment of the present invention include vertical displacement sensor, dial gauge, horizontal displacement sensors, vertical displacement sensor conductor, horizontal displacement sensors wire, data collecting instrument, jack.Device of the invention is simple, is easy to make.Test method of the invention is easy, has saved manpower, improves the controllability of process of the test, and the accuracy of test data has been effectively ensured.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Bridge Rotation Construction Technique control technology field, and in particular to for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point
The equipment and detection method of differentiation.
Background technology
Bridge is turned in along the upright plane of beam axis, due to the fabrication and installation error and beam body Mass Distribution of ball pivot system
The degree difference of difference and prestressed stretch-draw, may cause bridge pier both sides cantilever beam section Mass Distribution different, so as to produce not
Trimming moment.It is attitude when strict control is finally turned due to complexity and importance that bridge is finally turned, we have must
Experiment of weighing and rationally counterweight are carried out to it after swivel bridging toughening whole support.
Experiment of weighing is the whole T structures system in ball pivot top after whole supports is removed as a rigid body, by applying
The progressively rotating torque of uniform increase, makes ball pivot rotate displacement, when displacement is undergone mutation, it is believed that system overcomes quiet rubbing
Wipe power to rotate, this is a critical condition.And then according to the standing balance relation of swing system under this state, solve needs
Mechanics parameter such as rotor ball pivot friction moment, rotor unbalanced moments, coefficient of friction and eccentric throw etc..
Thus the selection of displacement measurement point is important link, is related to reasonable judgement and title that ball pivot rotates critical condition
Retry the success or not tested.Current displacement measurement point mainly selects to bury vertical sensor or dial gauge in spike surrounding, also has
The embedded horizon sensor of report, but do not form system, it is impossible to critical point is judged well.Rotation displacement between ball pivot is really to cut
To displacement, simultaneously because there is butter layer to be compacted the influence of displacement, vertical displacement is only considered, loading curve can influence in non-linear
To the reasonable judgement of critical point.Dial gauge manually reading, while surrounding measuring point is more when considering level to vertical displacement, no
Data can be reported without delay, prevents program from loading as scheduled.Sensor is easy to testing crew to control gathered data, is easy to Control experiment
When process, but be difficult to judge that whether reading opportunity, in Stability Analysis of Structures state, Accurate Analysis is done after being not easy to experiment, judge to face
The exact numerical of boundary's point.
The content of the invention
The present invention is to make up the weak point existing for above-mentioned prior art, there is provided a kind of new construction monitoring side
Method, reaches easy to operate, it is ensured that structure safety, the purpose of accelerating construction progress.
Specific inventive technique scheme is as follows：
Equipment for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation, the swivel bridge includes slideway 8, spike 9, ball pivot
10th, cushion cap 11, concrete lower cushion cap 12 on concrete.Slideway 8 is provided with the top of concrete lower cushion cap 12, in the inner side of slideway 8
The top of concrete lower cushion cap 12 be provided with ball pivot 10.Spike 9 is evenly equipped with slideway 8.Set at the top of spike 9 and ball pivot 10
There are cushion cap 11 on concrete.Additionally, being passed including vertical displacement sensor 1, dial gauge 2, horizontal displacement sensors 3, vertical displacement
Sensor wire 4, horizontal displacement sensors wire 5, data collecting instrument 6, jack 7.
Horizontal displacement sensors 3 are provided with spike 9.The horizontal displacement sensors 3 are responsible for the water that collection ball pivot is rotated
Prosposition is moved.
Vertical displacement sensor 1 is provided with cushion cap 11 on concrete.Cushion cap 11 is responsible for collection ball pivot on the concrete
The vertical displacement of rotation.
Dial gauge 2 is provided with cushion cap 11 on the concrete adjacent with vertical displacement sensor 1.The dial gauge 2 is responsible for
The vertical displacement that collection ball pivot is rotated.
Vertical displacement sensor 1 is connected with data collecting instrument 6 by vertical displacement sensor conductor 4.By level
With data collecting instrument 6 be connected horizontal displacement sensors 3 by displacement transducer wire 5.The data collecting instrument 6 is responsible for will collection
To data be transferred to computer.
Jack 7 is provided between cushion cap 11 and concrete lower cushion cap 12 on concrete.The jack 7 is responsible for will be mixed
, there is minor rotation displacement in the structure swing system jacking of the solidifying upper top of cushion cap 11 of soil.
Using the detection method for turning the equipment of bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation of the present invention, by following step
Suddenly carry out：
Step 1：Along vertical bridge to loading jack 7 --- jack 7 is listed in the both sides of loading axis when swivel bridge is weighed,
Four vertical displacement sensors 1 are arranged at 11 4 turnings of cushion cap on concrete.
Step 2：Dial gauge 2 is arranged simultaneously at 11 two turnings of cushion cap on the concrete of jack 7, by dial gauge
2 record vertical displacements.
Step 3：Four spikes 9 in loading axis both sides arrange horizontal displacement sensors 3, by horizontal displacement sensors
The horizontal displacement that 3 record ball pivots are rotated.
Step 4：By vertical displacement sensor conductor 4, horizontal displacement sensors wire 5 by vertical displacement sensor 1, water
Put down and be connected with data collecting instrument 6 respectively to displacement transducer 3, computer is connected with data collecting instrument 6.
By the control program in computer, it is ensured that data between data collecting instrument 6 and computer and instruction it is effective
Transmission.
Step 5：Carry out N grades of loading by 7 pairs of swivel bridges of jack, N is not less than 2, it is differential be about controlled to 200 ~
300kN。
Often after 7 pairs of swivel bridges of jack carry out the loading of one-level, the pointer of dial gauge 2 is observed, treat the finger of dial gauge 2
During pin stabilization, record reading simultaneously issues gathered data instruction simultaneously, you can collect 8 displacement datas of passage in time --- and 4
The individual vertical displacement sensor Isosorbide-5-Nitrae that comes from comes from horizontal displacement sensors 3, and on computers simultaneous display out, by 2
The registration of individual dial gauge 2, the registration of 4 vertical displacement sensors 1,4 registrations for coming from horizontal displacement sensors 3 are common just
Judge whether the ball pivot system for turning bridge has rotated, so that effectively controlled loading process.
Step 6：The data storage that step 5 is obtained is finished for detection and does data analysis in computer, judges critical point
Numerical value, so as to the success of experiment of weighing is effectively ensured.
Beneficial technique effect
Equipment for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation of the present invention, its simple structure connects brief introduction,
Observed data is directly perceived, and the standard that Conventional wisdom can be avoided to judge varies with each individual, parameter is big, examination criteria disunity, result essence
The drawbacks of degree difference.
Detection method for turning the equipment of bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation of the present invention, test method letter
Just, manpower has been saved, the controllability of process of the test has been improve, the accuracy of test data has been effectively ensured.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the schematic perspective view of experiment of weighing displacement monitoring system of being constructed for bridge horizontal of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the floor map of experiment of weighing displacement monitoring system of being constructed for bridge horizontal of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the local sectional drawing using swing system of being constructed for bridge horizontal of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the simple view using swing system of being constructed for bridge horizontal of the present invention.
Serial number in figure：1 vertical displacement sensor, 2 dial gauges, 3 horizontal displacement sensors, 4 vertical displacement sensors
Held on wire, 5 horizontal displacement sensors wires, 6 data collecting instruments, 7 jack, 8 slideways, 9 spikes, 10 ball pivots, 11 concrete
Platform, 12 concrete lower cushion caps.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiment the present invention is described in more detail：
Referring to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, the equipment for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation, the swivel bridge includes sliding
Cushion cap 11, concrete lower cushion cap 12 on road 8, spike 9, ball pivot 10, concrete.Slideway is provided with the top of concrete lower cushion cap 12
8, it is provided with ball pivot 10 at the top of the concrete lower cushion cap 12 of the inner side of slideway 8.Spike 9 is evenly equipped with slideway 8.In spike 9 and
The top of ball pivot 10 is provided with cushion cap 11 on concrete.Including vertical displacement sensor 1, dial gauge 2, horizontal displacement sensors 3, perpendicular
To displacement transducer wire 4, horizontal displacement sensors wire 5, data collecting instrument 6, jack 7.
Horizontal displacement sensors 3 are provided with spike 9.The horizontal displacement sensors 3 are responsible for the water that collection ball pivot is rotated
Prosposition is moved.
Vertical displacement sensor 1 is provided with cushion cap 11 on concrete.Cushion cap 11 is responsible for collection ball pivot on the concrete
The vertical displacement of rotation.
Dial gauge 2 is provided with cushion cap 11 on the concrete adjacent with vertical displacement sensor 1.The dial gauge 2 is responsible for
The vertical displacement that collection ball pivot is rotated.
Vertical displacement sensor 1 is connected with data collecting instrument 6 by vertical displacement sensor conductor 4.By level
With data collecting instrument 6 be connected horizontal displacement sensors 3 by displacement transducer wire 5.The data collecting instrument 6 is responsible for will collection
To data be transferred to computer.
Jack 7 is provided between cushion cap 11 and concrete lower cushion cap 12 on concrete.The jack 7 is responsible for will be mixed
, there is minor rotation displacement in the structure swing system jacking of the solidifying upper top of cushion cap 11 of soil.
Referring to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, furtherly, cushion cap 11 is hexagonal platform, and coagulation in concrete lower cushion cap 12, concrete
6 positions at turning of native lower cushion cap 12 are mutually corresponding with the position at 6 turnings of cushion cap on concrete 11.
Corresponded in concrete lower cushion cap 12 on concrete and be provided with jack at 2 bottom surfaces at relative turning of cushion cap 11
7.Vertical displacement sensor 1, dial gauge 2 are provided with remaining 4 turnings bottom surface.
Horizontal displacement sensors 3 are provided with the spike 9 adjacent with jack 7.
2 bottom surfaces of opposite corners of the concrete lower cushion cap 12 of cushion cap 11 on correspondence concrete in concrete lower cushion cap 12
Place's uniform 2 or 4 jack 7 of difference.
6 spikes 9 are evenly equipped with slideway 8.1 horizontal displacement sensing is respectively equipped with the spike 9 adjacent with jack 7
Device 3.
Referring to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, furtherly, 1 of cushion cap 11 is provided with thousand on correspondence concrete in concrete lower cushion cap 12
The turning top of the turning both sides on jin top 7 is respectively equipped with 1 dial gauge 2.Preferred scheme is set in concrete lower cushion cap 12
Three terrace with edges are put, three terrace with edge is the support set up for arrangement vertical displacement sensor 1 and dial gauge 2.Vertical displacement is sensed
Device 1 and dial gauge 2 are collection vertical displacements, and after can determine whether that structure is loaded by observing whether the pointer of dial gauge 2 stable
Whether stable state is reached.
Furtherly, on concrete the gross weight of the bridge structure rotor sections of the top of cushion cap 11 5000 ~
Between 20000 tons.
The supporting radius of the ball pivot 10 is about in 1.6m ~ 2.5m.
Furtherly, the range of the vertical displacement sensor 1 is in -5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm.The dial gauge 2
Range in -5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm.The range of the horizontal displacement sensors 3 is in -5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm.
The data collecting instrument 6 at least has 8 data acquisition channels.The tonnage of the jack 7 between 300t ~ 500t, and
The supporting force snesor of corresponding tonnage is set on every jack 7.
Using the detection method for turning the equipment of bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation of the present invention, by following step
Suddenly carry out：
Step 1：Along vertical bridge to loading jack 7 --- jack 7 is listed in the both sides of loading axis when swivel bridge is weighed,
Four vertical displacement sensors 1 are arranged at 11 4 turnings of cushion cap on concrete.
Step 2：Dial gauge 2 is arranged simultaneously at 11 two turnings of cushion cap on the concrete of jack 7, by dial gauge
2 record vertical displacements.
Step 3：Four spikes 9 in loading axis both sides arrange horizontal displacement sensors 3, by horizontal displacement sensors
The horizontal displacement that 3 record ball pivots are rotated.
Step 4：By vertical displacement sensor conductor 4, horizontal displacement sensors wire 5 by vertical displacement sensor 1, water
Put down and be connected with data collecting instrument 6 respectively to displacement transducer 3, computer is connected with data collecting instrument 6.
By the control program in computer, it is ensured that data between data collecting instrument 6 and computer and instruction it is effective
Transmission.
Step 5：N grades of loading is carried out by 7 pairs of swivel bridges of jack, N is not less than 2.
Often after 7 pairs of swivel bridges of jack carry out the loading of one-level, the pointer of dial gauge 2 is observed, treat the finger of dial gauge 2
During pin stabilization, record reading simultaneously issues gathered data instruction simultaneously, you can collect 8 displacement datas of passage in time --- and 4
The individual vertical displacement sensor Isosorbide-5-Nitrae that comes from comes from horizontal displacement sensors 3, and on computers simultaneous display out, by 2
The registration of individual dial gauge 2, the registration of 4 vertical displacement sensors 1,4 registrations for coming from horizontal displacement sensors 3 are common just
Judge whether the ball pivot system for turning bridge has rotated, so that effectively controlled loading process.
Step 6：The data storage that step 5 is obtained is finished for detection and does data analysis in computer, judges critical point
Numerical value, so as to the success of experiment of weighing is effectively ensured.
Furtherly, in steps of 5, by dial gauge 2, vertical displacement sensor 1, horizontal displacement sensors 3 registration
Just judging the specific method whether the ball pivot system for turning bridge has rotated jointly is：
There is substantially mutation in vertical displacement that dial gauge 2 and vertical displacement sensor 1 are collected, or accumulative displacement more than 2 ~
, close to zero, there is mutation in 3mm, very little always before the horizontal displacement that horizontal displacement sensors 3 are collected, stops loading.
Furtherly, in step 6, judging the specific standards of the numerical value of critical point is：Load-vertical displacement curve occurs
There is significant change in flex point, or curvature, or numerical value corresponding during mutation occurs in horizontal displacement value.
Claims (9)
1. the equipment for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation is used for, and the swivel bridge includes slideway（8）, spike（9）, ball
Hinge（10）, cushion cap on concrete（11）, concrete lower cushion cap（12）；In concrete lower cushion cap（12）Top be provided with slideway（8）,
In slideway（8）The concrete lower cushion cap of inner side（12）Top be provided with ball pivot（10）；In slideway（8）On be evenly equipped with spike（9）；
Spike（9）And ball pivot（10）Top be provided with cushion cap on concrete（11）；It is characterized in that：Including vertical displacement sensor（1）、
Dial gauge（2）, horizontal displacement sensors（3）, vertical displacement sensor conductor（4）, horizontal displacement sensors wire（5）, data
Acquisition Instrument（6）, jack（7）；
In spike（9）It is provided with horizontal displacement sensors（3）；The horizontal displacement sensors（3）It is responsible for what collection ball pivot was rotated
Horizontal displacement；
The cushion cap on concrete（11）It is provided with vertical displacement sensor（1）；Cushion cap on the concrete（11）It is responsible for collection ball
Cut with scissors the vertical displacement for rotating；
With vertical displacement sensor（1）Cushion cap on adjacent concrete（11）It is provided with dial gauge（2）；The dial gauge（2）
It is responsible for the vertical displacement that collection ball pivot is rotated；
By vertical displacement sensor conductor（4）By vertical displacement sensor（1）With data collecting instrument（6）It is connected；By water
Prosposition displacement sensor wire（5）By horizontal displacement sensors（3）With data collecting instrument（6）It is connected；The data collecting instrument（6）
The data for being responsible for collecting are transferred to computer；
The cushion cap on concrete（11）With concrete lower cushion cap（12）Between be provided with jack（7）；The jack（7）It is responsible for
By cushion cap on concrete（11）The structure swing system jacking of top, produces rotation displacement.
2. according to claim 1 for turning the equipment that bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiates, it is characterised in that：Coagulation
Cushion cap on soil（11）It is hexagonal platform；In concrete lower cushion cap（12）Cushion cap on upper correspondence concrete（11）2 relative turnings
Bottom surface at be provided with jack（7）；Vertical displacement sensor is provided with remaining 4 turnings bottom surface（1）, dial gauge（2）；
With jack（7）Adjacent spike（9）It is provided with horizontal displacement sensors（3）.
3. according to claim 2 for turning the equipment that bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiates, it is characterised in that：Mixed
Solidifying soil lower cushion cap（12）Cushion cap on upper correspondence concrete（11）2 bottom surfaces of opposite corners at uniform 2 or 4 jack of difference
（7）；In slideway（8）On be evenly equipped with 6 spikes（9）；With jack（7）Adjacent spike（9）On be respectively equipped with 1 horizontal displacement
Sensor（3）.
4. according to claim 1 for turning the equipment that bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiates, it is characterised in that：Mixed
Solidifying soil lower cushion cap（12）Cushion cap on upper correspondence concrete（11）1 be provided with jack（7）Turning both sides turning top point
1 dial gauge is not provided with（2）.
5. according to claim 1 for turning the equipment that bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiates, it is characterised in that：Install
The cushion cap on concrete（11）The gross weight of the bridge structure rotor sections of top is between 5000 ~ 20000 tons；The ball pivot
（10）Supporting radius about in 1.6m ~ 2.5m.
6. according to claim 1 for turning the equipment that bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiates, it is characterised in that：It is described
Vertical displacement sensor（1）Range in -5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm；
The dial gauge（2）Range in -5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm；
The horizontal displacement sensors（3）Range in -5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm；
The data collecting instrument（6）At least there are 8 data acquisition channels；
The jack（7）Tonnage between 300t ~ 500t, and in every jack（7）It is upper that to set corresponding tonnage supporting
Force snesor.
7. using any detection method for turning the equipment of bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation described in claim 1 to 6,
It is characterized in that：Carry out as follows：
Step 1：Along vertical bridge to loading jack（7）；
Step 2：Near jack（7）Concrete on cushion cap（11）Dial gauge is arranged in two turnings simultaneously（2）, by percentage
Table（2）Record vertical displacement；
Step 3：In four spikes of loading axis both sides（9）Arrangement horizontal displacement sensors（3）, by horizontal displacement sensors
（3）The horizontal displacement that record ball pivot is rotated；
Step 4：By vertical displacement sensor conductor（4）, horizontal displacement sensors wire（5）By vertical displacement sensor（1）、
Level is to displacement transducer（3）Respectively with data collecting instrument（6）It is connected, by computer and data collecting instrument（6）Connection；
By the control program in computer, it is ensured that data collecting instrument（6）Effective biography of data and instruction between computer
It is defeated；
Step 5：By jack（7）N grades of loading is carried out to swivel bridge, N is differential to be controlled to 200 ~ 300kN not less than 2；
Often pass through jack（7）After carrying out the loading of one-level to swivel bridge, dial gauge is observed（2）Pointer, treats dial gauge（2）'s
During pointer stabilization, record reading simultaneously issues gathered data instruction simultaneously, you can collect 8 displacement datas of passage in time, and
On computers simultaneous display out, by 2 dial gauges（2）Registration, 4 vertical displacement sensors（1）Registration, 4 come
From in horizontal displacement sensors（3）Registration jointly just judge turn bridge ball pivot system whether rotated, so as to effectively control
Loading process processed；
Step 6：The data storage that step 5 is obtained is finished for detection and does data analysis in computer, judges the number of critical point
Value, so as to the success of experiment of weighing is effectively ensured.
8. according to claim 7 using the detection method of the equipment for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation, its
It is characterised by：In steps of 5, by dial gauge（2）, vertical displacement sensor（1）, horizontal displacement sensors（3）Registration be total to
Just judging the specific method whether the ball pivot system for turning bridge has rotated together is：
Dial gauge（2）With vertical displacement sensor（1）There is substantially mutation in the vertical displacement that collects, or accumulative displacement more than 2 ~
3mm；Horizontal displacement sensors（3）, close to zero, there is mutation in very little always before the horizontal displacement for collecting, stops loading.
9. according to claim 7 using the detection method of the equipment for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation, its
It is characterised by：In step 6, judging the standard of the numerical value of critical point is：There is flex point, or curvature in load-vertical displacement curve
There is numerical value corresponding during mutation in generation significant change, or horizontal displacement value.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201510845873.7A CN105507163B (en) | 2015-11-26 | 2015-11-26 | Equipment and detection method for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510845873.7A CN105507163B (en) | 2015-11-26 | 2015-11-26 | Equipment and detection method for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation |
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| CN105507163A CN105507163A (en) | 2016-04-20 |
| CN105507163B true CN105507163B (en) | 2017-06-16 |
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Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105970835B (en) * | 2016-05-31 | 2017-10-27 | 中铁第五勘察设计院集团有限公司 | A kind of cable-stayed bridge rotator construction weighing structure and Weighing method |
| CN106758865A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-05-31 | 武汉海润工程设备有限公司 | A kind of steel sand barrel for being applied to real-time display bearing capacity in bridge rotating |
| CN108489668B (en) * | 2018-04-23 | 2019-09-24 | 中铁七局集团第四工程有限公司 | High-speed railway Curved Beam Bridge rotator construction out-of-balance force test method |
| CN108487082A (en) * | 2018-04-28 | 2018-09-04 | 中交三航局第三工程有限公司 | Bridge horizontal construction dynamic equilibrium Weighting system based on feedback control |
| CN108824219B (en) * | 2018-06-07 | 2020-06-12 | 中铁十二局集团有限公司 | Automatic weighing method and system for swivel continuous beam for flat swivel construction |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100442471B1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2004-07-30 | (주)대우건설 | Method for Installing Bridge Superstructure by Rotating Method |
| JP4581131B2 (en) * | 2006-02-01 | 2010-11-17 | 株式会社横河ブリッジ | Bridge erection method and apparatus |
| CN101725116A (en) * | 2010-01-07 | 2010-06-09 | 中交第二公路工程局有限公司 | Construction method for unbalanced swivel of pier top of continuous beam |
| CN104594207B (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2017-01-11 | 中铁四局集团有限公司 | Bridge horizontal rotation support construction method adopting support device for bridge horizontal rotation construction |
| CN205152813U (en) * | 2015-11-26 | 2016-04-13 | 中铁四局集团建筑工程有限公司 | A equipment for turning bridge weighing test faces boundary point and differentiates |
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