CN105507163A - Device for discriminating swivel bridge weighing test critical point and detection method - Google Patents
Device for discriminating swivel bridge weighing test critical point and detection method Download PDFInfo
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- CN105507163A CN105507163A CN201510845873.7A CN201510845873A CN105507163A CN 105507163 A CN105507163 A CN 105507163A CN 201510845873 A CN201510845873 A CN 201510845873A CN 105507163 A CN105507163 A CN 105507163A
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- concrete
- cushion cap
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- vertical displacement
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D21/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for erecting or assembling bridges
- E01D21/08—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for erecting or assembling bridges by rotational movement of the bridge or bridge sections
Abstract
Aiming at the deficiency of the existing bridge swivel construction test method, the invention provides a device for discriminating the swivel bridge weighing test critical point and a detection method. The device comprises a vertical displacement sensor, a dial indicator, a horizontal displacement sensor, a vertical displacement sensor wire, a horizontal displacement sensor wire, a data acquisition instrument and a jack. The device for discriminating the swivel bridge weighing test critical point is simple, and can be manufactured conveniently. The detection method is simple, manpower is saved, controllability of the test process is improved, and the accuracy of test data is effectively guaranteed.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Bridge Rotation Construction Technique control technology field, be specifically related to the equipment for bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation of turning and detection method.
Background technology
Turn bridge in the upright plane along beam axis, due to the fabrication and installation error of ball pivot system and the degree difference of beam weight distributional difference and prestressed stretch-draw, bridge pier both sides cantilever beam section Mass Distribution may be caused different, thus produce unbalanced moment.The complexity of finally turning due to bridge and importance, for strictly controlling attitude when finally turning, we are necessary to carry out experiment of weighing to it and reasonable counterweight after the whole support of bridging toughening of turning.
Experiment of weighing is that whole T structure system above removing the ball pivot after whole support is used as a rigid body, by applying the rotating torque progressively evenly increased, ball pivot is rotated displacement, when displacement is undergone mutation, think that system overcomes stiction and rotates, this is a critical condition.And then according to the standing balance relation of swing system under this state, solve the mechanics parameter of needs as rotor ball pivot friction moment, rotor unbalanced moment, friction factor and eccentric throw etc.
Thus the selection of displacement measurement point is important link, is related to ball pivot and rotates the reasonable judgement of critical condition and the success or not of experiment of weighing.Current displacement measurement point is mainly selected to bury vertical sensor or dial gage underground in spike surrounding, also has report to bury horizon sensor underground, but does not form system, well can not judge critical point.Rotation displacement between ball pivot is actual is tangential displacement, and simultaneously owing to there being the impact of the real displacement of butter lamination, only consider vertical displacement, loading curve is non-linear, can have influence on the reasonable judgement of critical point.Dial gage, by artificial reading, considers that level is to more with surrounding measuring point during vertical displacement, can not report without delay and program can not be loaded data as scheduled simultaneously.Sensor is convenient to testing crew and is controlled image data, is convenient to process during Control experiment, but not easily judges whether reading is in Stability Analysis of Structures state opportunity, does Accurate Analysis, judge the exact numerical of critical point after being not easy to test.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is the weak point for making up existing for above-mentioned prior art, provides a kind of novel construction monitoring method, reaches easy and simple to handle, ensures structural safety, the object of accelerating construction progress.
Concrete invention technical scheme is as follows:
For the equipment that bridge experiment of weighing critical point of turning differentiates, described in bridge of turning to comprise on slideway 8, spike 9, ball pivot 10, concrete cushion cap 12 under cushion cap 11, concrete.Under concrete, the top of cushion cap 12 is provided with slideway 8, and under the concrete inside slideway 8, the top of cushion cap 12 is provided with ball pivot 10.Slideway 8 is evenly equipped with spike 9.Cushion cap 11 on concrete is provided with at the top of spike 9 and ball pivot 10.In addition, vertical displacement sensor 1, dial gage 2, horizontal displacement sensors 3, vertical displacement sensor conductor 4, horizontal displacement sensors wire 5, data collecting instrument 6, jack 7 is comprised.
Spike 9 is provided with horizontal displacement sensors 3.Described horizontal displacement sensors 3 is responsible for the horizontal movement gathering ball pivot rotation.
Cushion cap 11 is provided with vertical displacement sensor 1 to concrete.On described concrete, the vertical displacement gathering ball pivot rotation is responsible for by cushion cap 11.
Cushion cap 11 is provided with dial gage 2 to the concrete adjacent with vertical displacement sensor 1.The vertical displacement gathering ball pivot rotation is responsible for by described dial gage 2.
By vertical displacement sensor conductor 4, vertical displacement sensor 1 is connected with data collecting instrument 6.By horizontal displacement sensors wire 5, horizontal displacement sensors 3 is connected with data collecting instrument 6.Described data collecting instrument 6 is responsible for the data collected to be transferred to computer.
Concrete is provided with jack 7 between cushion cap 12 under cushion cap 11 and concrete.Described jack 7 is responsible for the structure swing system jacking above cushion cap on concrete 11, and minor rotation displacement occurs.
Adopt the detection method of the equipment for bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation of turning of the present invention
,carry out as follows:
Step 1: along vertical bridge to loading jack 7---the both sides loading axis when bridge of turning is weighed listed in by jack 7, and on concrete, four vertical displacement sensors 1 are arranged at cushion cap 11 4 turnings.
Step 2: dial gage 2 is arranged at cushion cap 11 two turnings simultaneously on the concrete near jack 7, records vertical displacement by dial gage 2.
Step 3: arrange horizontal displacement sensors 3 at four spikes 9 loading axis both sides, records the horizontal movement of ball pivot rotation by horizontal displacement sensors 3.
Step 4: by vertical displacement sensor conductor 4, horizontal displacement sensors wire 5, vertical displacement sensor 1, level are connected with data collecting instrument 6 respectively to displacement transducer 3, computer is connected with data collecting instrument 6.
By being arranged on the control program in computer, guarantee effective transmission of data between data collecting instrument 6 and computer and instruction.
Step 5: carry out the loading of N level by jack 7 to bridge of turning, N is not less than 2, differential about control is 200 ~ 300kN.
After often the loading of one-level being carried out to bridge of turning by jack 7, observation dial gage 2 pointer, when the pointer of dial gage 2 is stablized, record reading also issues image data instruction simultaneously, the displacement data of 8 passages can be collected in time---4 come from vertical displacement sensor 1, 4 come from horizontal displacement sensors 3, and simultaneous display is out on computers, by the registration of 2 dial gages 2, the registration of 4 vertical displacement sensors 1, whether 4 registrations coming from horizontal displacement sensors 3 jointly just judge to turn ball pivot system of bridge rotates, thus effective controlled loading process.
Step 6: data step 5 obtained are stored in computer, does data analysis for detection is complete, judges the numerical value of critical point, thus effectively ensure the success of experiment of weighing.
useful technique effect
The equipment differentiated for bridge experiment of weighing critical point of turning of the present invention, its structure is simple, connect brief introduction, observed data is directly perceived, and the standard that Conventional wisdom can be avoided to judge varies with each individual, parameter large, the drawback of examination criteria disunity, result low precision.
The detection method of the equipment for bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation of turning of the present invention, test method is easy, has saved manpower, improves the controllability of process of the test, effectively ensure that the accuracy of experimental data.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the schematic perspective view for bridge horizontal construction experiment of weighing displacement monitoring system of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the floor map for bridge horizontal construction experiment of weighing displacement monitoring system of the present invention.
Fig. 3 adopts the local sectional drawing for bridge horizontal construction swing system of the present invention.
Fig. 4 adopts the simple view for bridge horizontal construction swing system of the present invention.
Sequence number in figure is: cushion cap under cushion cap, 12 concrete on 1 vertical displacement sensor, 2 dial gages, 3 horizontal displacement sensors, 4 vertical displacement sensor conductors, 5 horizontal displacement sensors wires, 6 data collecting instruments, 7 jack, 8 slideways, 9 spikes, 10 ball pivots, 11 concrete.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is described in more detail:
See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, for the equipment that bridge experiment of weighing critical point of turning differentiates, described in bridge of turning to comprise on slideway 8, spike 9, ball pivot 10, concrete cushion cap 12 under cushion cap 11, concrete.Under concrete, the top of cushion cap 12 is provided with slideway 8, and under the concrete inside slideway 8, the top of cushion cap 12 is provided with ball pivot 10.Slideway 8 is evenly equipped with spike 9.Cushion cap 11 on concrete is provided with at the top of spike 9 and ball pivot 10.Comprise vertical displacement sensor 1, dial gage 2, horizontal displacement sensors 3, vertical displacement sensor conductor 4, horizontal displacement sensors wire 5, data collecting instrument 6, jack 7.
Spike 9 is provided with horizontal displacement sensors 3.Described horizontal displacement sensors 3 is responsible for the horizontal movement gathering ball pivot rotation.
Cushion cap 11 is provided with vertical displacement sensor 1 to concrete.On described concrete, the vertical displacement gathering ball pivot rotation is responsible for by cushion cap 11.
Cushion cap 11 is provided with dial gage 2 to the concrete adjacent with vertical displacement sensor 1.The vertical displacement gathering ball pivot rotation is responsible for by described dial gage 2.
By vertical displacement sensor conductor 4, vertical displacement sensor 1 is connected with data collecting instrument 6.By horizontal displacement sensors wire 5, horizontal displacement sensors 3 is connected with data collecting instrument 6.Described data collecting instrument 6 is responsible for the data collected to be transferred to computer.
Concrete is provided with jack 7 between cushion cap 12 under cushion cap 11 and concrete.Described jack 7 is responsible for the structure swing system jacking above cushion cap on concrete 11, and minor rotation displacement occurs.
See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, furtherly, under concrete, on cushion cap 12, concrete, cushion cap 11 is hexagonal platform, and under concrete, the position at 6 turnings of cushion cap 12 is mutually corresponding with the position at 6 turnings of cushion cap on concrete 11.
Under concrete, on cushion cap 12, on corresponding concrete, the bottom surface place at 2 of cushion cap 11 relative turnings is provided with jack 7.The bottom surface, 4 turnings of remainder is provided with vertical displacement sensor 1, dial gage 2.
The spike 9 adjacent with jack 7 is provided with horizontal displacement sensors 3.
The bottom surface place of 2 opposite corners of cushion cap 12 respectively uniform 2 or 4 jack 7 under cushion cap 11 concrete on corresponding concrete on cushion cap 12 under concrete.
Slideway 8 is evenly equipped with 6 spikes 9.The spike 9 adjacent with jack 7 is respectively equipped with 1 horizontal displacement sensors 3.
See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, furtherly, under concrete on cushion cap 12 on corresponding concrete 1 of cushion cap 11 top, turning being provided with the both sides, turning of jack 7 be respectively equipped with 1 dial gage 2.Preferred scheme is, under concrete, cushion cap 12 is arranged three terrace with edges, and this three terrace with edge is for arranging the support that vertical displacement sensor 1 and dial gage 2 are set up.Vertical displacement sensor 1 and dial gage 2 are all gather vertical displacement, and can judge whether structure arrives stable state after loading by whether the pointer of observation dial gage 2 is stable.
Furtherly, the gross weight of the bridge construction rotor sections on concrete above cushion cap 11 is arranged between 5000 ~ 20000 tons.
The supporting radius of described ball pivot 10 is about 1.6m ~ 2.5m.
Furtherly, the range of described vertical displacement sensor 1 at-5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm.The range of described dial gage 2 at-5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm.The range of described horizontal displacement sensors 3 at-5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm.Described data collecting instrument 6 at least has 8 data acquisition channels.The tonnage of described jack 7 between 300t ~ 500t, and arranges the supporting force snesor of corresponding tonnage on every platform jack 7.
Adopt the detection method of the equipment for bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation of turning of the present invention, carry out as follows:
Step 1: along vertical bridge to loading jack 7---the both sides loading axis when bridge of turning is weighed listed in by jack 7, and on concrete, four vertical displacement sensors 1 are arranged at cushion cap 11 4 turnings.
Step 2: dial gage 2 is arranged at cushion cap 11 two turnings simultaneously on the concrete near jack 7, records vertical displacement by dial gage 2.
Step 3: arrange horizontal displacement sensors 3 at four spikes 9 loading axis both sides, records the horizontal movement of ball pivot rotation by horizontal displacement sensors 3.
Step 4: by vertical displacement sensor conductor 4, horizontal displacement sensors wire 5, vertical displacement sensor 1, level are connected with data collecting instrument 6 respectively to displacement transducer 3, computer is connected with data collecting instrument 6.
By being arranged on the control program in computer, guarantee effective transmission of data between data collecting instrument 6 and computer and instruction.
Step 5: carry out the loading of N level by jack 7 to bridge of turning, N is not less than 2.
After often the loading of one-level being carried out to bridge of turning by jack 7, observation dial gage 2 pointer, when the pointer of dial gage 2 is stablized, record reading also issues image data instruction simultaneously, the displacement data of 8 passages can be collected in time---4 come from vertical displacement sensor 1, 4 come from horizontal displacement sensors 3, and simultaneous display is out on computers, by the registration of 2 dial gages 2, the registration of 4 vertical displacement sensors 1, whether 4 registrations coming from horizontal displacement sensors 3 jointly just judge to turn ball pivot system of bridge rotates, thus effective controlled loading process.
Step 6: data step 5 obtained are stored in computer, does data analysis for detection is complete, judges the numerical value of critical point, thus effectively ensure the success of experiment of weighing.
Furtherly, in steps of 5, jointly just judge that the concrete grammar whether the ball pivot system of turning bridge has rotated is by the registration of dial gage 2, vertical displacement sensor 1, horizontal displacement sensors 3:
There is obviously sudden change in the vertical displacement that dial gage 2 and vertical displacement sensor 1 collect, or accumulative displacement is more than 2 ~ 3mm, always very little before the horizontal movement that horizontal displacement sensors 3 collects, and close to zero, occurs sudden change, stops loading.
Furtherly, in step 6, judge that the specific standards of the numerical value of critical point is: flex point appears in load-vertical displacement curve, or curvature generation significant change, or numerical value corresponding when suddenling change appears in horizontal movement value.
Claims (9)
1. for the equipment that bridge experiment of weighing critical point of turning differentiates, described in bridge of turning to comprise on slideway (8), spike (9), ball pivot (10), concrete cushion cap (12) under cushion cap (11), concrete; Under concrete, the top of cushion cap (12) is provided with slideway (8), and under the concrete of slideway (8) inner side, the top of cushion cap (12) is provided with ball pivot (10); Slideway (8) is evenly equipped with spike (9); Cushion cap on concrete (11) is provided with at the top of spike (9) and ball pivot (10); It is characterized in that: comprise vertical displacement sensor (1), dial gage (2), horizontal displacement sensors (3), vertical displacement sensor conductor (4), horizontal displacement sensors wire (5), data collecting instrument (6), jack (7);
Spike (9) is provided with horizontal displacement sensors (3); Described horizontal displacement sensors (3) is responsible for the horizontal movement gathering ball pivot rotation;
Cushion cap (11) is provided with vertical displacement sensor (1) to concrete; On described concrete, the vertical displacement gathering ball pivot rotation is responsible for by cushion cap (11);
Cushion cap (11) is provided with dial gage (2) to the concrete adjacent with vertical displacement sensor (1); The vertical displacement gathering ball pivot rotation is responsible for by described dial gage (2);
By vertical displacement sensor conductor (4), vertical displacement sensor (1) is connected with data collecting instrument (6); By horizontal displacement sensors wire (5), horizontal displacement sensors (3) is connected with data collecting instrument (6); Described data collecting instrument (6) is responsible for the data collected to be transferred to computer;
Concrete is provided with jack (7) between cushion cap (12) under cushion cap (11) and concrete; Described jack (7) is responsible for, by the structure swing system jacking of cushion cap on concrete (11) top, producing rotation displacement.
2. the equipment differentiated for bridge experiment of weighing critical point of turning according to claim 1, is characterized in that: on concrete, cushion cap (11) is hexagonal platform; Under concrete, on the upper corresponding concrete of cushion cap (12), the bottom surface place at 2 of cushion cap (11) relative turnings is provided with jack (7); The bottom surface, 4 turnings of remainder is provided with vertical displacement sensor (1), dial gage (2); The spike (9) adjacent with jack (7) is provided with horizontal displacement sensors (3).
3. the equipment differentiated for bridge experiment of weighing critical point of turning according to claim 2, is characterized in that: under concrete, on cushion cap (12), on corresponding concrete, uniform 2 or 4 jack (7) are distinguished at the bottom surface place of 2 opposite corners of cushion cap (11); Slideway (8) is evenly equipped with 6 spikes (9); The spike (9) adjacent with jack (7) is respectively equipped with 1 horizontal displacement sensors (3).
4. the equipment differentiated for bridge experiment of weighing critical point of turning according to claim 1, is characterized in that: under concrete, on the upper corresponding concrete of cushion cap (12), 1 top, turning being provided with the both sides, turning of jack (7) of cushion cap (11) is respectively equipped with 1 dial gage (2).
5. the equipment differentiated for bridge experiment of weighing critical point of turning according to claim 1, is characterized in that: be arranged on the gross weight of the bridge construction rotor sections of cushion cap on concrete (11) top between 5000 ~ 20000 tons; The supporting radius of described ball pivot (10) is about 1.6m ~ 2.5m.
6. according to claim 1 for turn bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiate equipment, it is characterized in that: the range of described vertical displacement sensor (1) at-5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm;
The range of described dial gage (2) at-5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm;
The range of described horizontal displacement sensors (3) at-5cm ~+5cm, precision 0.01mm;
Described data collecting instrument (6) at least has 8 data acquisition channels;
The tonnage of described jack (7) between 300t ~ 500t, and arranges the supporting force snesor of corresponding tonnage on every platform jack (7).
7. adopt the detection method of arbitrary equipment for bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation of turning described in claim 1 to 6, it is characterized in that: carry out as follows:
Step 1: along vertical bridge to loading jack (7);
Step 2: dial gage (2) is arranged at cushion cap (11) two turnings simultaneously on the concrete near jack (7), by the vertical displacement of dial gage (2) record;
Step 3: arrange horizontal displacement sensors (3) four spikes (9) loading axis both sides, the horizontal movement of being rotated by horizontal displacement sensors (3) record ball pivot;
Step 4: by vertical displacement sensor conductor (4), horizontal displacement sensors wire (5), vertical displacement sensor (1), level are connected with data collecting instrument (6) respectively to displacement transducer (3), computer is connected with data collecting instrument (6);
By being arranged on the control program in computer, guarantee effective transmission of data between data collecting instrument (6) and computer and instruction;
Step 5: carry out the loading of N level by jack (7) to bridge of turning, N is not less than 2, differential control is 200 ~ 300kN;
After often the loading of one-level being carried out to bridge of turning by jack (7), observation dial gage (2) pointer, when the pointer of dial gage (2) is stablized, record reading also issues image data instruction simultaneously, the displacement data of 8 passages can be collected in time, and simultaneous display is out on computers, whether rotated by the registration of the registration of 2 dial gages (2), 4 vertical displacement sensors (1), 4 registrations coming from horizontal displacement sensors (3) jointly just judge the to turn ball pivot system of bridge, thus effective controlled loading process;
Step 6: data step 5 obtained are stored in computer, does data analysis for detection is complete, judges the numerical value of critical point, thus effectively ensure the success of experiment of weighing.
8. adopt the detection method of the equipment differentiated for bridge experiment of weighing critical point of turning according to claim 7, it is characterized in that: in steps of 5, jointly just judge that the concrete grammar whether the ball pivot system of turning bridge has rotated is by the registration of dial gage (2), vertical displacement sensor (1), horizontal displacement sensors (3):
There is obviously sudden change in the vertical displacement that dial gage (2) and vertical displacement sensor (1) collect, or accumulative displacement is more than 2 ~ 3mm; Always very little before the horizontal movement that horizontal displacement sensors (3) collects, close to zero, there is sudden change, stop loading.
9. adopt the detection method of the equipment differentiated for bridge experiment of weighing critical point of turning according to claim 7, it is characterized in that: in step 6, judge that the standard of the numerical value of critical point is: flex point appears in load-vertical displacement curve, or curvature generation significant change, or numerical value corresponding when suddenling change appears in horizontal movement value.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201510845873.7A CN105507163B (en) | 2015-11-26 | 2015-11-26 | Equipment and detection method for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation |
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| CN201510845873.7A CN105507163B (en) | 2015-11-26 | 2015-11-26 | Equipment and detection method for turning bridge experiment of weighing critical point differentiation |
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| CN105507163A true CN105507163A (en) | 2016-04-20 |
| CN105507163B CN105507163B (en) | 2017-06-16 |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105970835A (en) * | 2016-05-31 | 2016-09-28 | 中铁第五勘察设计院集团有限公司 | Cable-stayed bridge swivel construction weighing structure and weighing method |
| CN106758865A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-05-31 | 武汉海润工程设备有限公司 | A kind of steel sand barrel for being applied to real-time display bearing capacity in bridge rotating |
| CN108487082A (en) * | 2018-04-28 | 2018-09-04 | 中交三航局第三工程有限公司 | Bridge horizontal construction dynamic equilibrium Weighting system based on feedback control |
| CN108489668A (en) * | 2018-04-23 | 2018-09-04 | 中铁七局集团第四工程有限公司 | High-speed railway Curved Beam Bridge rotator construction out-of-balance force test method |
| CN108824219A (en) * | 2018-06-07 | 2018-11-16 | 中铁十二局集团有限公司 | Swivel continuous beam automatic weighing method and system for flat turn method construction |
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| KR20030052742A (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-06-27 | (주)대우건설 | Method for Installing Bridge Superstructure by Rotating Method |
| JP2007205014A (en) * | 2006-02-01 | 2007-08-16 | Yokogawa Bridge Corp | Bridge construction method and apparatus |
| CN101725116A (en) * | 2010-01-07 | 2010-06-09 | 中交第二公路工程局有限公司 | Construction method for unbalanced swivel of pier top of continuous beam |
| CN104594207A (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2015-05-06 | 中铁四局集团建筑工程有限公司 | Supporting device used for bridge horizontal rotation construction, rotation supporting system and construction method |
| CN205152813U (en) * | 2015-11-26 | 2016-04-13 | 中铁四局集团建筑工程有限公司 | A equipment for turning bridge weighing test faces boundary point and differentiates |
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| KR20030052742A (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-06-27 | (주)대우건설 | Method for Installing Bridge Superstructure by Rotating Method |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105970835A (en) * | 2016-05-31 | 2016-09-28 | 中铁第五勘察设计院集团有限公司 | Cable-stayed bridge swivel construction weighing structure and weighing method |
| CN106758865A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-05-31 | 武汉海润工程设备有限公司 | A kind of steel sand barrel for being applied to real-time display bearing capacity in bridge rotating |
| CN108489668A (en) * | 2018-04-23 | 2018-09-04 | 中铁七局集团第四工程有限公司 | High-speed railway Curved Beam Bridge rotator construction out-of-balance force test method |
| CN108487082A (en) * | 2018-04-28 | 2018-09-04 | 中交三航局第三工程有限公司 | Bridge horizontal construction dynamic equilibrium Weighting system based on feedback control |
| CN108824219A (en) * | 2018-06-07 | 2018-11-16 | 中铁十二局集团有限公司 | Swivel continuous beam automatic weighing method and system for flat turn method construction |
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| CN105507163B (en) | 2017-06-16 |
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