CN105492241A - 用于燃料电池设备的运行方法 - Google Patents

用于燃料电池设备的运行方法 Download PDF

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CN105492241A
CN105492241A CN201480046798.1A CN201480046798A CN105492241A CN 105492241 A CN105492241 A CN 105492241A CN 201480046798 A CN201480046798 A CN 201480046798A CN 105492241 A CN105492241 A CN 105492241A
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fuel cell
cooler construction
waste gas
decompression machine
operating method
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CN105492241B (zh
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S·哈斯
M·施特岑巴赫
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于燃料电池设备的运行方法，所述燃料电池设备带有被周围空气穿流的冷却器结构和燃料电池堆，来自所述燃料电池堆的废气流至少一部分可这样引导到冷却器结构上，使得该被引导的废气流在冷却器结构上按照喷射泵原理引起通过冷却器结构的周围空气的质量流提高，并且其中。燃料电池堆的废气流的至少一部分可引导通过气体减压机，并且在废气流中所包含的且在气体减压机中和/或按照喷射泵原理在冷却器结构上可回收的能量的分配通过电子控制单元匹配于边界条件地改变。所述分配特别是借助于在冷却器结构中要冷却的介质的温度和燃料电池堆的要求的电功率通过以下方式调整和改变，即，在气体减压机中的压力降通过有针对性地调整在其中存在的流动情况，和/或引导通过气体减压机的废气流的参量借助于对于所述气体减压机的可调节的旁路来调整。

Description

用于燃料电池设备的运行方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于燃料电池设备的运行方法，所述燃料电池设备带有被周围空气穿流的冷却器结构和燃料电池堆，来自所述燃料电池堆的废气流至少一部分可这样地引导到冷却器结构上，使得该被引导的废气流在冷却器结构上按照喷射泵原理引起通过冷却器结构的周围空气的质量流提高。燃料电池堆的相应的废气引导装置在还未公开的官方文件号为102012211421.1和102013214602.7的德国专利申请中加以描述并且这样的废气引导装置使用在燃料电池废气流中包含的能量的一部分以用于将周围空气输送通过所谓的冷却器结构，在燃料电池设备中设有所述冷却器结构特别是以用于冷却燃料电池堆的燃料电池。此外已知的是，在燃料电池或者燃料电池堆的废气流中特别是以超压形式包含的能量的一部分可以在涡轮机中或者在其它所谓的膨胀机中回收，为此仅为了举例说明而参阅DE102011122306A1。这样的膨胀器或者类似物当前被称为气体减压机，因为其中以一定的压力从燃料电池堆排出的废气流特别是经历压力下降或者所述一定的压力用于驱动涡轮机或者类似物(气体减压机)。
发明内容
现在应该阐明，如何还更好地以尽可能有利的方式使用在废气流中所包含的能量(＝本发明的任务)。
该任务的解决方案在于一种用于燃料电池设备的运行方法，所述燃料电池设备带有被周围空气穿流的冷却器结构和燃料电池堆，来自所述燃料电池堆的废气流至少一部分可这样地引导到冷却器结构上，使得该被引导的废气流在冷却器结构上按照喷射泵原理引起通过冷却器结构的周围空气的质量流提高，并且其中，燃料电池堆的废气流的至少一部分可引导通过气体减压机，并且在废气流中所包含的且在气体减压机中和/或按照喷射泵原理在冷却器结构上可回收的能量的分配通过电子控制单元匹配于边界条件地改变。有利的进一步扩展方案是从属权利要求的技术方案。
按照本发明，设有用于回收在燃料电池的废气流中所包含的能量的不同可能性，并且将能量回收有针对性地分配到这些不同可能性上，即(如普遍已知地)一方面分配到气体减压机上并且另一方面分配到(至少形成现有技术的)如下可能性上，以借助于喷射泵原理增强地将周围空气输送通过所提到的冷却器结构。进一步阐述，在何种边界条件或者方面下有针对性地进行能量回收的所述分配，首先要阐述所述分配本身到底可以如何实施。
因此，燃料电池堆的废气流首先可以完全引导通过气体减压机并且紧接于此如在开头所述的专利申请中所描述地被引导到冷却器结构上(或者冷却器结构中)，以便在其上按照喷射泵原理通过该冷却器结构引起周围空气的质量流提高。到冷却器结构上的引导因此位于气体减压机下游。现在首先在气体减压机中降低(并且因此不再供喷射泵原理使用)多少能量可以通过有针对性地调整在气体减压机中存在的流动情况来确定，即，例如借助于在涡轮机(或者类似物)中的可调整的导向叶片而有针对性地调整在气体减压机中的压力降。备选地，可以仅向气体减压机输送燃料电池废气流的一(第一)部分，而将燃料电池废气流的另一(第二)部分直接引导至冷却器结构，以便在那里(优选地与从气体减压机排出的空气流首先重新汇合)按照喷射泵原理产生所述的和将周围空气输送通过冷却器结构的压力差。不言而喻地，这两种给出的备选方案的组合也是可能的。
现在涉及边界条件，电子控制单元借助于所述边界条件将从燃料电池废气流的能量回收按照本发明地一方面分配到气体减压机上并且另一方面分配到冷却器结构上(在此和以下为简单起见仅使用概念“冷却器结构”用于将燃料电池废气流这样地引导到冷却器结构上，使得所述被引导的燃料电池废气流按照喷射泵原理引起通过冷却器结构的周围空气的质量流提高)，因此该电子控制单元直接或者间接测量地考虑特别是在冷却器结构中要冷却的介质(＝“冷却剂”)的温度并且因此实际地考虑燃料电池设备的冷却功率需求。在此，除了或者代替当前测量的(要冷却的介质的或者冷却器结构本身的)温度，也可以考虑借助于适合的数据通过计算而估算的并且在可预见的时间内期望的温度。在此，直接地或者间接地也可以一起考虑燃料电池堆的当前的和/或在可预见的时间内要求的电功率，因为所述电功率不仅允许得出对当前的温度情况的结论，而且允许得出在可预见的时间内期望的温度情况的结论。
在机动车中构建按照本发明的燃料电池的情况下，通常已知电子系统控制单元的至今所提到的边界条件，其中，建议为了所述的分配还考虑装备有燃料电池的车辆的环境温度和/或行驶速度。不言而喻地，燃料电池废气流中在气体减压机上的当前的压力差可以或者应该直接或间接地(优选地以适合的备用参量的形式)考虑到在电子控制单元中实施的计算。
如上所述，在实施按照本发明的运行方法的范围内，所述电子控制单元优先地借助于如下参数控制或者调节燃料电池废气流在带有液体冷却的燃料电池堆的机动车中的气体减压机上的压力降，即(此外)，燃料电池设备的冷却循环的温度、机动车的行驶速度、车辆或燃料电池设备的要求的功率以及在气体减压机上的当前的压力降。在此，特别是在机动车的要求的功率方面例如借助于GPS数据(例如对于即将来临的上坡)可以实施预见性的计算。若存在冷却剂温度或者期望的冷却剂温度上升超过预定的界限值，则减少到此时有意义地实施的在气体减压机中的能量回收，其虽然导致系统效率下降，但是同时引起更高的冷却功率。因此，此外在高环境温度中、在高功率要求中以及在车辆的低的行驶速度中(例如在上坡行驶中)可以达到燃料电池堆的更高的功率输出。而如果燃料电池设备的冷却功率需求小并且因此不需要值得一提的近似附加的冷却功率，从燃料电池废气流的最大的能量回收优选地在气体减压机中进行，其中，后者普遍适用，并且因此不仅适用于在机动车中构建的燃料电池设备。
考虑到在机动车中的使用，因此可以从当前的车辆速度以及在常见的导航系统中存在的路段数据中的功率要求或者对其他行驶运行的假设来预先计算：冷却需求或者在液体冷却的燃料电池设备的情况下冷却剂温度一般将如何进一步发展。如果要期望在预定的最高温度之上的温度，则已经事先地减少在气体减压机上的压力降并且从燃料电池废气流的能量回收的较大的部分如先前描述地引导给冷却器结构，即，废气流这样被引导到冷却器结构上，使得所述废气流在冷却器结构上按照喷射泵原理引起通过冷却器结构的周围空气的质量流提高。
而如果车辆制动，则应预期较低的冷却功率需求并且在燃料电池废气流中所包含的能量的较大部分、优选地以燃料电池废气流本身的较大部分的形式引导给气体减压机，以便因此使燃料电池设备的总效率上升。然而燃料电池设备的冷却系统的或者(液体冷却的)燃料电池堆的冷却剂的预调节例如应对于车辆的即将来临的加速过程有优先权。
此外可以规定，按照优化系统效率的意义，也在电子控制单元的计算中也考虑如完全常见地将周围空气输送通过冷却器结构的通风装置的功率需求，并且适合地相应调整边界条件以及实时地按照本发明地引导到冷却器结构上的废气量。
附图说明
附图1、2分别以机械线路图的形式示出用于在实施按照本发明的方法中所使用的元件的布置结构的例子，而在附图3中示出功能线路图，所述功能线路图示出由电子控制单元处理的信号和信号传感器或者信号接收器。
具体实施方式
在图1、2中以附图标记1标记燃料电池堆(＝燃料电池的堆叠)，按照箭头2除周围空气2外如常见地向所述燃料电池堆输送氢气3(箭头3)以用于燃烧。被输送的周围空气2中在氢气3燃烧后剩余的燃料电池堆的废气流带有附图标记4。所述废气流4基于通过压缩机或者类似物将周围空气2输送到燃料电池堆1中而具有比周围空气压力更高的压力，所述废气流为了部分回收在废气流4中所包含的能量而被输送给气体减压机5或者可以与旁路阀6a的开度有关地在旁路6中绕开所述气体减压机。在气体减压机5下游，从所述气体减压机排出的废气部分流与流过旁路6的废气部分流汇合并且之后作为废气流7到达分配器管8中，该废气流从所述分配器管中这样地在冷却器结构9前或者在其上排出，使得该废气流7按照喷射泵原理通过该冷却器结构9引起周围空气的质量流的提高。该冷却器结构9涉及空气-冷却剂热交换器，在所述空气-冷却剂热交换器中液体冷却的燃料电池堆1的循环的冷却剂得到再冷却。电子控制单元10在图1中仅控制旁路阀6a的开度并且因此控制从废气流4的能量回收在一方面气体减压机5和另一方面冷却器结构9之间的分配，在所述冷却器结构上废气流7引起流过冷却器结构9的周围空气流提高。按照图2，电子控制单元附加地控制气体减压机中的压力降，例如通过涡轮机的导向叶片的调整。
图3示例性地示出，电子控制单元10处理、即获得(相应的箭头仅指向控制单元10)或者可以发出(相应的箭头也从控制单元10指向相应的元件、即沿两个方向)何种控制参量或者信号。
在此，附图标记20代表用于调整输送给燃料电池堆1的周围空气流2的参量的元件。附图标记21代表燃料电池堆1的在冷却器结构9中要冷却的冷却剂的温度的测量。附图标记22代表对燃料电池堆1或者通过带有燃料电池设备的车辆的功率要求。附图标记23代表车辆的行驶速度，从所述行驶速度得出无需借助燃料电池废气流7地流过冷却器结构9的周围空气流的参量，其中，所述冷却器结构9基本上如常见地设置在车辆的前部区域中。以附图标记24标明必要时设置的调整单元，借助于所述调整单元可改变从分配器管8排出的废气流7的流动速度和/或相对于冷却器结构9的流动方向，如在所述两个开头提到的未公开的德国专利申请中以闸板或者类似物形式而进行简短地描述的那样。以附图标记25标明适合的调整机构，电子控制单元10借助于所述调整机构可以进行从废气流4的能量回收在一方面气体减压机5和另一方面冷却器结构9之间的分配，在所述冷却器结构上废气流7引起流过冷却器结构9的周围空气流的提高。所述调整机构25例如可以涉及在图1、2中示出的旁路阀6a；备选地(或附加地)涉及在气体减压机5上的调整机件，压力降可借助于所述调整机件在所述气体减压机中改变，所述调整机件例如以实施为涡轮机的气体减压机上的可调整的导向叶片为形式。此外，可选地可以设有用于测量在冷却器结构9上对周围空气作用的并且按照喷射泵原理将所述周围空气输送通过冷却器结构9的压力的测量装置26，所述压力通过适合地输送到冷却器结构9上的燃料电池废气流7引起。
总的来说，利用所介绍的运行方法能够更好地冷却一个或所述燃料电池堆1，这在多个方面是有利的。

Claims (6)

1.用于燃料电池设备的运行方法，所述燃料电池设备带有被周围空气穿流的冷却器结构(9)和燃料电池堆(1)，来自所述燃料电池堆的废气流(4)至少一部分可引导到冷却器结构(9)上，使得该被引导的废气流(7)在冷却器结构(9)上按照喷射泵原理引起通过冷却器结构(9)的周围空气的质量流提高，并且其中，燃料电池堆(1)的废气流(4)的至少一部分可引导通过气体减压机(5)并且通过电子控制单元(10)匹配于边界条件地改变在废气流中(4)所包含的且在气体减压机(5)中和/或按照喷射泵原理在冷却器结构(9)上可回收的能量的分配。
2.按照权利要求1所述的运行方法，其特征在于，从废气流(4)可回收的的能量的所述分配由电子控制单元(10)借助于在冷却器结构(9)中要冷却的介质的当前温度和/或在可预见的时间内期望的温度以及燃料电池堆(1)的当前电功率和/或在可预见的时间内要求的电功率来调整。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的运行方法，其特征在于，在所述分配中还考虑装备有燃料电池设备的车辆的环境温度和/或行驶速度。
4.按照上述权利要求之一所述的运行方法，其特征在于，在优化系统效率的意义下，也考虑并且适合地调整将周围空气输送通过冷却器结构(9)的通风装置的功率需要。
5.按照上述权利要求之一所述的运行方法，其中，通过气体减压机(5)引导的废气流(4)的参量借助于对于所述气体减压机的可调节的旁路(6)来调整。
6.按照上述权利要求之一所述的运行方法，其特征在于，在废气流(4)中所包含的且在气体减压机(5)中以及在所述气体减压机下游按照喷射泵原理在冷却器结构(9)上可回收的能量的分配通过以下方式改变，即，在气体减压机(5)中的压力降通过有针对性地调整在其中存在的流动情况来调整。
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US11688869B2 (en) 2017-01-11 2023-06-27 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Method and control unit for conditioning a fuel cell stack

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EP3049274B1 (de) 2017-07-12
US9698436B2 (en) 2017-07-04
CN105492241B (zh) 2017-10-13
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JP2017500683A (ja) 2017-01-05
WO2015043868A1 (de) 2015-04-02

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