CN1053788C - 改进苹果皮着色的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种含花色素苷苹果皮的着色改进方法。它包括用一种苹果皮着色改进剂对结着果的苹果树或者是对收获前或收获后的苹果进行处理。所述着色改进剂含有以重量/重量计为1-1000ppm浓度的5-氨基-4-氧代戊酸、一种其盐或一种其混合物作为活性组分。本发明的着色改进剂具有对人体、环境和苹果质量无副作用的优点，在此条件下使苹果皮能实现加速着红色和改进色度。
Description
本发明涉及一种改进含花色素苷苹果的果皮着红色的方法。
苹果皮着色度是十分重要的质量问题之一，它决定苹果的市场价格。苹果皮的着色度的改进已成为果农的一个重要课题。
然而，苹果皮着色的机理还不完全清楚，已知足够的日照能引起着色的改善。为提供更多日光，人们在树下放一银色纸片或使树叶变薄。但靠这些方法增加日照不仅加重果农大量劳动，而且不能产生足够的效果。此外，树叶减薄降低了果树的活力。
另一方面，有人偿试了通过一种化学剂改进苹果皮着色。但若干化学合成农药，包括用于改进苹果着色的，已被发现毒性很大，或保持并积累在环境中。例如，最近由于怀疑为致癌物而撤消了对此目的而开发的产品“Alar”(SADH)的允许。因此，开发低毒性且不留在环境中的自然物引起人们的注意，成为农业化学的一个新方向。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种用于改进含花色素苷苹果的果皮着色的安全方法，其采用的物质不留存在环境中，并且效果出色。
为找出一种来自自然的改进苹果着色性的成份，发明人作了大量研究，结果发现，已知为一种天然氨基酸的5-氨基-4-氧代-戊酸(后面缩写5-ALA)或一种其盐或其混合物具有改进苹果皮着色作用。本发明就是以此发现为基础实现的。
本发明提供了一种用于改进含花色素苷苹果果皮着色的方法，包括用一种改进苹果果皮的物质(以下简称为着色改进剂)处理结有果的苹果树或收获前或收获后苹果，这种改进剂包含作为活性剂的5-ALA，一种其盐或一种其混合物。
用于本发明的5-ALA或其盐可通过化学合成，微生物制备或酶催化制备。JP-A-2-92293(“JP-A”一语在此意为“未审查公开日本专利申请”)中公开的技术是微生物制备法的一例。在那里采用了微生物或酶技术生产的产品，若产品不含有对苹果或环境有害的物质时，不需分离或提纯就可使用。
本发明中使用的5-ALA盐包括加成盐，例如一种盐酸盐、一种磷酸盐、一种硝酸盐、一种硫酸盐、一种乙酸盐、一种丙酸盐、一种丁酸盐、一种戊酸盐、柠檬酸盐，一种富马酸盐、马来酸盐、和一种苹果酸酯；和金属盐，例如一种钠盐、一种钾盐和一种钙盐。
使用时将这些5-ALA盐溶于水中，其效率等同于5-ALA。5-ALA和其盐可单独使用，也可将两种或多种结合使用。
5-ALA及其盐为存在于自然和人体中的毒性极低的物质。而且很容易由微生物或类似物的作用自然降解，几乎不留存于环境中。
本发明所用的着色改进剂可仅由5-ALA，一种其盐或一种混合物组成，也可(若需要)还包括其它化学药品或添加剂，例如展着剂、糖类、氨基酸、有机酸、醇类、维生素、矿物质及其它。可用的展着剂特例包括聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯(例如聚氧乙烯己糖醇酐脂肪酸酯)、聚氧乙烯树脂酸酯、聚氧乙烯烷基苯基醚(例如，聚氧乙烯壬基苯基醚)及其混合物。
本发明的着色改进剂可用使用溶剂、分散剂、增稠剂等的常规方式制成粉末、颗粒、溶液等。
本发明的改进苹果皮着色的方法包括用上述着色改进剂处理结有果的苹果树或在收获前或收获后的苹果。处理方法不限，只要能使该着色改进剂粘于苹果或果树的整体或枝上。例如，可将一种含该着色改进剂的溶液喷于苹果或果树上或用该溶液浸泡苹果。
例如一例处理，以5-ALA处理约每1000m2 20棵苹果成树(通常果园的一例)，用量为每1000m2约10至4000升，优选约100至1000升5-ALA。
着色改进剂所用的浓度以5-ALA的重量/重量计为1至1000ppm，优选为3至800ppm。5-ALA浓度低于1ppm时很难显出充分的效果。5-ALA浓度高于1000ppm时，若收获前施加容易使树叶枯萎。
通常以该着色改进剂处理一次来获得足够的效果，如需要可处理两次或多次获得更好效果。
施用本发明着色改进剂的苹果种类没有特殊限制，只要其皮为红色的，即花色素苷色素就行。特别适用但不限定的品种为元帅(Delicious)、红星(StarkingDelicious)、茜(Akane)、富士(Fuji)、津轻(Tsugau)、陆奥(Mutsu)、国光(Kokko)、红玉(Jonathan)、北斗(Hokuto)、新世界苹果(Shinsekai)、哈枯奈因(Hakkunain)、乔纳金(Jonagold)、红金(Redgold)、千秋(Sensyu)、旭(Mclntosh)、扎赞(Sansa)、瑞光(Rome Beauty)、醇露(Winesap)、加拉(Gala)等。没有一点红色素的绿苹果(这种苹果成熟后也是绿色)即使按本发明处理也不转红。
本发明的改进苹果皮着色的方法主要作用就是改进苹果的着色，对其它的方面无付作用，例如硬度、甜度、酸度等，有时还能致进这些性能。
苹果皮中产生花色素苷、红色素的因素包括光、糖和温度，光是最重要的。光(紫外线光)在果子上的幅照诱导花色素苷的产生。由于光诱导花色素苷产生的机制尚未清楚，也不一定非要弄清其机制，可以假设由于5-ALA或其一种衍生物与光敏作用有关，或与光供给果子的信息传递有关，从而能够改进着色性。这一假设也得到了如下文描述的例6中演示的事实的支持，即即使在黑暗中电可获得着色的改进。
本发明人以前在美国专利申请号No.07,881,705(对应于EP-A1-0514776)中报道了5-ALA起到生长促进剂作用。但不象那种既能促进成熟又能促进着色的植物激素，例如植物生长素，乙烯和脱落酸，在后面描述的实例中说明5-ALA用于苹果不表现出催熟作用。催熟使果子发软不易保存，因此对于一种着色改良剂是不利作用。此外，如下面例6所述，5-ALA的着色促进效果甚至在收获了的苹果上也能产生，5-ALA的着色改进效果的作用机理似乎与生长促进剂的作用完全不同。
现在参考实例对本发明作更详细的说明，但不被这些实例所限定。如无另外说明，所有百分比为重量百分比，ppm按重量/重量计。
例1
将含100ppm 5-ALA和0.1％市售展着剂“Approach BI”(Kao Corp.制备的)的21水溶液喷到一颗20树龄的结有果的苹果树(种类：Starking Delicious)的一主枝上，喷时树上苹果为绿色。在该树的另一主枝上喷21仅含Approach BI浓度并与上面相同的水溶液(对照例)。15天后和46天后观察果皮的着色度，并以下列标准评估。结果示于下面表1中。可以看出，经过5-ALA处理着色明显改进，着色度明显提高。
评估估标准：
1…完全看不到着色。
3…大约果子全部表面的一半显示着色。
5…果子的全部表面显示着色。
表1组 15天后 46天后5-ALA-处理组 3 5对照例(未处理) 1 3
例2
在苹果还是绿色时，将含0ppm、100ppm或200ppm的5-ALA和0.1％ Approacb BI的水溶液喷到一棵25树龄的结有果实的苹果树(种类：Fuji)的一主枝上，每枝用量21。54天后收获苹果，考查其硬度、甜度、酸度和着色度。用一种比色计“CR-200”(由MINOLTA CAMERA CO.，LTD制造的)考查着色度。结果示于表2。在表2中L，a和b各表示光泽度、红和黄。a值越高，红色越深。从表2的结果中可看出，经过5-ALA处理，苹果皮的红色着色得以改善，而对苹果质量无付作用。
表2组 硬度 甜度 酸度 L a b ΔE(a)5-ALA 100ppm 13.5 13.4 4.70 42.36 26.00 14.61 0.885-ALA 200ppm 13.5 13.4 4.45 42.45 30.93 14.90 5.81对照例 13.0 13.4 4.55 42.01 25.12 14.72(5-ALA 0ppm)
例3
在苹果仍为绿色时，将含0ppm或300ppm 5-ALA和0.1％Approach BI的一种水溶液喷到结有果的12树龄苹果树(种类：Tsugaru)上，每棵树4l(相应于350l/1000m2)。每棵树的苹果大约100个。
37天后收获苹果，并以例2的同样方法作了评估。测示点取在着色处理程度最大的苹果赤道部分(the equatorial portion)。结果示于下面的表3中。结果中显然可见，以5-ALA处理使苹果质量得到显著改善。
表3组 L a b 甜度 硬度 酸度5-ALA 43.31 30.72 18.60 12.0 11.5 0.24(300ppm)对照例
56.28 14.31 25.89 11.2 11.7 0.26(0ppm)
例4
在苹果仍为绿色时，将一种含有0ppm或300ppm 5-ALA和0.02％市售展着剂“Aiyar”(由Agro-Kanesho K.k.制备的)的水溶液喷到25树龄的结了果的果树(种类：Starking Delicious)上，每大枝用量4l(相当于350l/1000m2)。每大枝大约有苹果约100个。
42天后收获苹果，并用例2中的相同方法作了评。结果示于下面表4中。可以看出，用5-ALA处理改进了皮的着色性。
表4组 L a b 甜度 硬度 酸度5-ALA
38.44 36.78 17.89 13.3 13.6 0.31(300pppm)对照例
40.02 32.37 18.02 13.4 13.7 0.29(0ppm)
例5
将一种含有0ppm或300ppm 5-ALA和0.1％Approach BI的水溶液喷到25树龄的结有果的苹果树上(种类：Fuji)用量为每大枝4l(相当于350l/1000m2)。每大枝大约有100个苹果。
53天后收获苹果并以例2中的方法作了估价。结果示于下面表5中。从表5中的结果显而易见，用5-ALA处理改善了苹果皮的红色着色性，减少了酸度、增加了甜度。换句话说，本发明的着色改进剂明显改进了苹果质量。
表5组 L a b 甜度 硬度 酸度5-ALA
44.45 38.77 12.85 15.1 15.8 0.35(300ppm)对照例
45.82 31.50 15.33 14.8 15.8 0.37(0ppm)
例6
购得市售的各种着色不足的苹果。用毡尖油墨笔对各苹果的均匀上色部分作标记，将作了标记的部分分成4个考查区域。将由二考查区构成的标记部分的一半剧涂以一种含有250ppm 5-ALA和0.1％市售展着剂“Neosuterin”(由Kumiai Chemical IndustryCo.，Ltd.制备的)的水溶液，另一半(另二考查区)涂以同样组合物的水溶液只是不含5-ALA。该溶液在空气中干燥后，将考查区域暴露在一卤灯(10000 Lux)的光线下48h，各涂敷区域(半标记部分)的一半盖上铝箔以遮光，用-CR-200测量各测试区域的着色度。表6的结果显示，甚至在收获后用本发明的苹果皮改进着色方法仍能改进着色度，其至在黑暗条件下也可获得着色改进效果。
本发明适用的苹果品种及其中文名称如下：
| Delicious | 元帅苹果 |
| Starking Delicious | 红星苹果 |
| Akane(Prime Red or Tokyo Rose) | 酱苹果(或称东京玫瑰由红玉与其它品种杂交) |
| Fuji | 富士苹果 |
| Tsugaru | 津轻苹果 |
| Mutsu | 陆奥苹果 |
| Kokko | 国光苹果 |
| Jonathan | 红玉(或称乔纳森苹果)苹果 |
| Hokuto | 北斗苹果 |
| Shin-sekai | 新世界苹果 |
| Hakkunain | 哈枯奈因苹果 |
| Jonagold | 乔纳金苹果(由黄元帅与红玉杂交) |
| Redgold | 红金苹果 |
| Sensyu | 千秋苹果 |
| Mclntosh | 旭苹果 |
| Sansa | 扎赞苹果(茜苹果与加拉苹果杂交) |
| Rome Beauty | 瑞光苹果 |
| Winesap | 醇露苹果 |
| Gala | 加拉苹果(新西兰品种) |
表6
幅照区 非幅照区苹果种类 Lab值 对比例 5-ALA250ppm 对比例 5-ALA250ppmTsugaru-1 L 98.79 54.75 72.42 69.57
a 34.55 43.97 23.75 36.33
b 48.71 67.41 74.85 62.26Tsugaru-2 L 79.88 76.23 81.65 78.00
a 3.30 9.26 5.60 11.01
b 98.97 82.99 88.46 80.33Jonagold L 57.72 47.85 56.64 55.62
a 54.87 60.17 49.81 51.37
b 92.79 75.03 87.06 81.45Starking L 45.53 54.13 74.32 74.58
a 55.57 57.46 41.86 43.67
b 71.45 42.07 53.80 55.87Santsugaru L 67.47 65.20 94.01 83.04
a 30.11 31.42 5.69 7.73
b 77.39 76.51 77.56 70.92Sensyu L 60.06 53.55 65.85 54.56
a 47.68 55.14 35.62 54.06
b 82.92 66.40 80.20 70.56Jonathan L 54.49 59.05 85.85 88.89
a 53.66 55.56 7.19 24.40
b 74.11 64.39 90.05 89.77
本发明使得在对人体、环境和苹果质量无付作用的条件下加速苹果皮着红色和改进着色度成为可能。
虽然已详细描述了本发明，并参考其特例，显然本领域的熟练人员不超出其精神和范围可作各种变化和修改。
Claims (3)
1.一种含花色素苷苹果皮的着色改进方法，所述方法包括用一种苹果皮着色改进剂对结着果的苹果树或者是对收获前或收获后的苹果进行处理，所述苹果皮着色改进剂含有以重量/重量表示的浓度为1-1000ppm的5-氨基-4-氧代-戊酸，一种其盐或一种其混合物作为活性组分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述苹果为元帅苹果、红星苹果、茜苹果、富士苹果、津轻苹果、陆奥苹果、国光苹果、红玉苹果、北斗苹果、新世界苹果、乔纳金苹果、千秋苹果、旭苹果、扎赞苹果、瑞光苹果、醇露苹果。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述5-氨基-4-氧代-戊酸、一种其盐或一种其混合物的浓度以重量/重量表示为3-800ppm。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP302590/92 | 1992-11-12 | ||
| JP4302590A JP2660646B2 (ja) | 1992-11-12 | 1992-11-12 | リンゴ果皮の着色向上剤及びリンゴ果皮の着色向上方法 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1093516A CN1093516A (zh) | 1994-10-19 |
| CN1053788C true CN1053788C (zh) | 2000-06-28 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN93112906A Expired - Lifetime CN1053788C (zh) | 1992-11-12 | 1993-11-12 | 改进苹果皮着色的方法 |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5318788A (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP0598304B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP2660646B2 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1053788C (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE69313407T2 (zh) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1302697C (zh) * | 2004-11-26 | 2007-03-07 | 南京农业大学 | 一种促进果实着色的方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6492420B2 (en) | 1995-03-10 | 2002-12-10 | Photocure As | Esters of 5-aminolevulinic acid as photosensitizing agents in photochemotherapy |
| US6992107B1 (en) | 1995-03-10 | 2006-01-31 | Photocure Asa | Esters of 5-aminolevulinic acid and their use as photosensitizing compounds in photochemotherapy |
| US7530461B2 (en) | 1995-03-10 | 2009-05-12 | Photocure Asa | Esters of 5-aminolevulinic acid as photosensitizing agents in photochemotherapy |
| US5908650A (en) * | 1995-10-20 | 1999-06-01 | Hauser, Inc. | Pigment composition containing anthocyanins stabilized by plant extracts |
| US6379729B1 (en) * | 1996-04-03 | 2002-04-30 | San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc. | Food containing water-soluble colorant |
| US5797745A (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 1998-08-25 | Ruddle; Clifford J. | Radiopaque solution for visualizing dental anatomy, pathological conditions, and iatrogenic events, and method of use |
| NL1005748C2 (nl) * | 1997-04-07 | 1998-10-09 | Wilhelmus Johannes Hofstede | Werkwijze voor het kleuren van bloemen alsmede de aldus gekleurde bloemen. |
| ES2137893B1 (es) * | 1998-04-07 | 2000-08-16 | Inabonos Sa | Composicion capaz de estimular el desarrollo del color de la piel y pulpa en frutas y hortalizas. |
| DE19900616A1 (de) | 1999-01-11 | 2000-07-20 | Guenther Scherer | Verfahren zur Förderung der Anthocyanbildung in Pflanzen und/oder Früchten |
| CA2457581C (en) * | 2001-08-30 | 2010-07-20 | The Horticulture And Food Research Institute Of New Zealand Limited | Preservation of produce |
| JP5404995B2 (ja) * | 2006-08-10 | 2014-02-05 | コスモ石油株式会社 | 植物のポリフェノール増量剤 |
| JP5223132B2 (ja) * | 2008-08-29 | 2013-06-26 | コスモ石油株式会社 | 植物の病原菌感染抑制剤及び病原菌感染抑制方法 |
| PT3513656T (pt) * | 2014-02-28 | 2023-08-17 | Ajinomoto Kk | Método para aumentar o teor de aminoácidos em plantas |
| CN104287075A (zh) * | 2014-09-19 | 2015-01-21 | 福建省农业科学院果树研究所 | 一种使油柰果实着红色的方法 |
| CN111802390B (zh) * | 2020-07-31 | 2022-03-11 | 四川国光农化股份有限公司 | 一种农药组合物、制剂及其应用 |
| CN112544325B (zh) * | 2020-12-08 | 2022-04-29 | 西北农林科技大学 | 一种外施脱落酸推迟苹果花期的方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2511220A1 (fr) * | 1981-08-14 | 1983-02-18 | Samma | Solution aqueuse pour ameliorer la coloration rouge des fruits et fleurs et application |
| JP2613136B2 (ja) * | 1991-05-14 | 1997-05-21 | 株式会社コスモ総合研究所 | 植物成長促進剤 |
-
1992
- 1992-11-12 JP JP4302590A patent/JP2660646B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-11-08 DE DE69313407T patent/DE69313407T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-11-08 EP EP93118083A patent/EP0598304B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-11-12 US US08/151,264 patent/US5318788A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-11-12 CN CN93112906A patent/CN1053788C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1302697C (zh) * | 2004-11-26 | 2007-03-07 | 南京农业大学 | 一种促进果实着色的方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0598304A1 (en) | 1994-05-25 |
| DE69313407D1 (de) | 1997-10-02 |
| DE69313407T2 (de) | 1998-02-05 |
| US5318788A (en) | 1994-06-07 |
| CN1093516A (zh) | 1994-10-19 |
| JP2660646B2 (ja) | 1997-10-08 |
| JPH06141681A (ja) | 1994-05-24 |
| EP0598304B1 (en) | 1997-08-27 |
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