CN105378377A

CN105378377A - Artificial illumination device comprising light-emitter/collimator pair array

Info

Publication number: CN105378377A
Application number: CN201380070311.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: P·D·特拉帕尼
Original assignee: CoeLux SRL
Current assignee: LIGHT IN LIGHT Srl; CoeLux SRL
Priority date: 2012-11-14
Filing date: 2013-11-14
Publication date: 2016-03-02
Anticipated expiration: 2033-11-14
Also published as: CN107270177A; KR101804858B1; JP2015535135A; CN105431679A; US20150316231A1; EP2920511B2; US20170350574A1; WO2014076217A1; KR101991334B1; US10317044B2; DK2920511T3; EP2920511B1; CN105431679B; US20150316232A1; CN105378377B; CN107420789A; CN107270177B; JP6129983B2; KR20150084024A; US20180259155A1

Abstract

Artificial illumination device for generating natural light similar to that from the sun and the sky, which comprises a direct-light source (12) configured to produce a direct light in a direct-light direction (32), the direct-light source comprising a plurality of pairs of a first light-emitting device (14; 60) and a collimator (16; 64) configured to collimate the light emitted by the first light-emitting device along the direct-light direction (32); and a diffused-light generator (10) configured to cause diffused light (35). The direct-light source and the diffused-light generator co-operate to form outer light which comprises a first light component which propagates within a low divergence cone along the direct light direction and a second light component which propagates along directions outside the low divergence cone. The first light component has a correlated color temperature CCT which is lower than a CCT of the second light component, so that an observer sees a bright spot (40) corresponding to the sun surrounded by a bluish background which mimics the sky.

Description

Comprise the artificial light device of optical transmitting set/collimater to group pattern

The present invention relates to and give the sun and the naturally photosensory artificial light device of sky.

Or rather, when perception for the natural daylight from sky and the sun is illuminated the ability of surrounding environment with lighting device and directly observes, the outward appearance of this device itself is all relevant, it is very similar that lighting device illuminates the effect that the effect of surrounding environment and sky and the sun irradiate same room through the hole (i.e. window) being positioned at same position, and the outward appearance of this lighting device itself then creates the infinite depth visual appearance of sky and the position, infinity of solar source.

Therefore, the object that embodiments of the invention will realize can be divided into two main classifications, relates to:

The ambient lighting that-the light that sent by artificial light device realizes;

The visual appearance of-this lighting device itself.

For the requirement obtaining sky and the naturally photosensory ambient lighting of the sun, can with reference to the artificial light device described in the WO2009/156347A1 submitted to by same applicant.One in the middle of these artificial light devices as shown in figure 25.It Rayleigh scattering panel 906 comprising a broadband point source of light 902 and be positioned at a distance of this light source 902 certain distance.The light that light source 902 sends is separated into transmitted component 907 and diffusion composition 905 by panel 906, wherein correlated colour temperature (the CorrelatedColorTemperature of transmitted component 907, CCT) lower than the CCT of light source 902, the CCT of diffusion composition 905 is then higher, and the difference of this CCT is because scattering efficiency improves along with the quadruplicate reduction of the wavelength of Rayleigh region (Rayleighregime) to be processed.

As long as light source 902 is less than compared to panel 906, then direct light 907 can project the shade of object, is partially blue under its diffusion cold light formed at panel 906.Or rather, half-shadow angle be by the size of light source 902 and light source to object distance ratio draw.It should be noted that in actual installation, can easily make this angle close to the angle (0.5 °) of the true sun.In addition, when observer observes this light source by this panel, can feel that it is the hot spot of a low CCT, around it by the Background luminescence institute of high CCT around, as he/her observe that the sun and sky see the same.

But although half-shadow angle is little, the light 907 forming direct light component is not obviously parallel, as light comes from the natural lighting of the sun, because they are dispersed from single light source.It should be noted that this situation hinders shadow of object to have parallel orientation, as occurring under natural sunlight.In fact the shade that projects in illuminated plane of each object is all towards the projection of light source 902 in this illuminated plane.Such as, when light source 902 is positioned on the normal through the illuminated plane (such as ground or wall) at diffusing globe 906 center, have the center of shade towards illuminated scene of the elongated object of the axis perpendicular to described plane, this is contrary with nature what happens.Therefore, this situation hampers the visual signature that these lighting devices reproduce natural light irradiation environment faithfully.

In addition, these devices can not meet the requirement of self visual appearance when directly observing this lighting device completely.In fact, who does not feel that it is in infinity when seeing light source by panel 906 to observer, but is positioned at the given locus that this light source 902 places.The direction that the dispersing of direct projection light 907 means the hot spot seeing artificial sun and angular aperture (penumbra) are not fixing, and they depend on the distance of the position of observer and he/her and light source.This visual cues hampers observer and naturally understands this light source as being positioned at unlimited distance, and namely this visual cues hampers sky and sun scene is regarded as having infinite depth, and light source itself defines the limit depth of scene.Produced effect not nature is made, because it is different from the effect sense of actual sky and sun generation in all these situations.The infinite depth perception of the sun that the object of the present invention in visual appearance is produced by this device when being to realize direct viewing lighting device and sky image.

In the clue of visually-perceptible clue there is torment such as at the another kind of artificial light device that WO2009/156347A1 above-mentioned proposes in conflict, as shown in figure 26.In this structure, light source 902 is made up of the array extending of white light emitting diode (LED) 910, wherein each LED910 comprises blue/UV transmitter, fluorescer and dome collimation lens, make each LED910 produce the white light cone with limited divergence, namely this divergence is less than by the divergence of the light of Rayleigh panel 906 scattering.In this case, Rayleigh panel 906 is placed as and almost contacts with expansion light source 902, makes this lighting device closely.Thus the lighting device of Figure 26 provides the direct light component and diffused light component that possess required CCT.

But, as hereafter further described, conflict in the clue between the lighting device shown in Figure 26 has by two of observer's perception Different Plane.These planes are the real image of LED910 array and the virtual image of sun spot at infinity.

Above-mentioned WO2009/156347A1 proposes another kind of artificial light device, as shown in figure 27.As optical alignment element, lens 980 are positioned at a distance of light source, and this light source comprises laser diode 982 and (long-range) fluorescer 984.The lens 980 comprising nanometer diffusing globe (nanodiffuser) are coated with ARC, to optimize the propagation that component " is warmed up " in radiation, prevent the reflection that can reduce this unit efficiency, and the propagation of the direct part optimizing this component externally region (outside of light beam), reduce contrast.In addition, the device of Figure 27 also comprises reflector 986 and (such as holds reflection cavity or the reflection casing of fluorescence source 984, it has the hole for positioning lens 980), to fetch by the backscattering of nanometer diffusing particle and " cold " diffused light component of back-propagation, thus be outwards redirected backscattering diffused light.Therefore, the lighting device of Figure 27 provides the direct light component and diffused light component that possess required CCT.

But, conflict in the clue between lighting device shown in Figure 27 exists by least two of the perception of observer institute different planes.For the device of Figure 26, these planes are the real image plane of lens 980 and the virtual image plane of fluorescence source 984, and wherein said virtual image planes are not regarded as at infinite distance.In addition, be similar to the situation of Figure 25, the shade that the device of Figure 27 is projected by the illumination of the single light source being used in limited distance, typically there is radial symmetric outwardly feature.

Another kind of artificial light device is also proposed, as shown in figure 28 at above-mentioned WO pamphlet.Here, light source 990 and color diffusing globe 992 are separated completely and are spaced apart from each other at a certain distance, and color diffusing globe 992 is formed as the window on the wall 994 in house 996.But owing to selected structure, the shade that the device in Figure 28 is projected by the illumination of the single light source being used in limited distance, typically has radial symmetric outwardly feature.Finally but important too, the surround lighting entering observer's eyes from color diffusing globe can destroy the sky/sun eye impressions of observer, and described surround lighting not produced by light source 990, but comes from the surround lighting of house external environment condition.

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a kind of artificial light device, for the synthesis of the natural daylight being similar to actual sky and the sun and illuminating like that surrounding environment, particularly by forming parallel, clear, more blue than all the other environment illuminated shade, when the above-mentioned artificial light device of observer's direct viewing, he/her can obtain the unlimited visual depth perception of sky and sun image, does not exist in the clue in the middle of visually-perceptible clue and conflicts between conflict and clue.

This object is realized by the theme of independent claims.

Preferred embodiment is realized by the theme of dependent claims.

Especially, below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described, wherein:

Fig. 1 schematically show the first light-emitting device and collimation lens to group pattern, it is as an example of the direct projection light source be combined with diffused light generator, and wherein the eyes of observer are illustrated as the thus obtained artificial light device of viewing;

Fig. 2 a schematically shows a kind of embodiment of artificial light device, which schematically illustrates the brightness distribution curve figure of direct light;

Fig. 2 b schematically shows a kind of embodiment of artificial light device, which schematically illustrates the brightness distribution curve figure of direct light;

Fig. 3 a and 3b shows according to Fig. 2 a and the direct projection light source of 2b illustrated embodiment and the layout schematic diagram of diffused light generator in the mode of three-dimensional respectively;

Fig. 4 schematically shows observer and watches the hot spot that the surface of emission of direct projection light source and observer see on the surface of emission;

Fig. 5 shows the sectional view of a kind of embodiment of LED array, and this LED array forms by suitably configuring the direct projection light source be applicable to.

Fig. 6 is the top view of array shown in Fig. 5;

Fig. 7 shows the sectional perspective schematic diagram of the direct projection light source according to a kind of embodiment, comprise by the first light-emitting device and collimation lens form right;

Fig. 8 dimensionally show as shown in Figure 7 to formed array, to form another embodiment of direct projection light source;

Fig. 9 shows the graphics of grid ceiling structure, dimmed in the change of brightness in a lateral direction along the surface of emission;

Figure 10 schematically illustrates observer and watches grid ceiling structure and produce dimmed mode;

Figure 11 a schematically shows the direct projection light source of Fig. 7, and it comprises one for realizing the erose camera lens of Uniform Illumination;

Figure 11 b schematically shows the direct projection light source of Fig. 7, and it comprises the concentrator for realizing Uniform Illumination;

Figure 12 schematically shows the free-form surface lens of Figure 11 a and 11b and concentrator to be affected for the specific aim of the curve of light distribution of the first light-emitting device, wherein left-hand side shows original distribution curve, and the right-hand side lateral dimension shown along the surface of emission realizes the target profile of Uniform Illumination;

Figure 13 diagrammatically illustrates the artificial light device with direct projection light source 12, and this direct projection light source 12 comprises the beam homogenizing layer of micro-optics;

Figure 14 a schematically shows the cross section of the first embodiment of the beam homogenizing layer of micro-optics, comprising a lens arra and an array of orifices;

Figure 14 b shows the upstream face of the beam homogenizing layer of Figure 14 a;

Figure 14 c shows the downstream face of the beam homogenizing layer of Figure 14 a;

Figure 15 schematically shows the cross section of an embodiment again of the beam homogenizing layer of micro-optics, comprising a lens arra and a pipe array;

Figure 16 schematically shows the cross section of the another embodiment of the beam homogenizing layer of micro-optics, comprising two lens arras and an array of orifices or pipe array;

Figure 17 schematically illustrates a kind of artificial light device, and it comprises the low-angle white diffuser being positioned at diffused light generator upstream side;

Figure 18 schematically illustrates the another kind of embodiment of artificial light device, and it comprises the low-angle white diffuser being positioned at diffused light generator downstream;

Figure 19 a-c schematically shows the artificial light device of the combination comprising direct projection light source and diffused light generator, wherein also respectively illustrate direct light, between transmitted light and diffused light CCT skew;

Figure 20 is the schematic diagram of the diffusing panel for realizing diffused light generator;

Figure 21 a and 21b shows the combination for the diffusing panel and diffused light source realizing diffused light generator;

Figure 22 is the schematic diagram of the diffused light source for realizing diffused light generator;

Figure 23 is the side view of a kind of embodiment of diffused light source;

Figure 24 a-f schematically shows the different embodiment of artificial light device and direct projection light source thereof, focuses on the correlation of direct light and diffused light and they are for the contribution of the exterior light on the outer surface of emission;

Figure 25 is the cross-sectional view of a kind of artificial light device of prior art;

Figure 26 is the schematic diagram of another artificial light device of prior art; With

Figure 27 and Figure 28 is the schematic diagram of another artificial light device of prior art.

As by the agency of, impression that sky and the sun irradiate naturally depends on light that lighting device launches on the one hand to be had and highly collimates and the direct light component of low CCT, to simulate sunlight, and the lighting effect of the diffused light component analog sky of higher CCT, make when the illuminated device of object irradiates, direct light component can project clear parallel shade, and diffused light component makes shade be light blue.On the other hand, when direct viewing lighting device itself, the impression that sky and the sun irradiate naturally is that sky and the sun are in the imagination of infinity.

The ability that observer estimates object spacing and the sight line degree of depth building three-dimensional landscape, be based on multiple with focus on, binocular parallax and fusion, motion parallax, brightness, size, contrast, physiology that aerial prospective etc. is associated and mental mechanism.According to the observation condition (as observer be mobile or static, with an eye observation or two eyes etc.) and these two kinds of factors of environmental characteristic, relative to other mechanism, some mechanism can be more important, the latter according to as article whether have known dimensions, existence Distance geometry brightness and determine, as object of reference, to estimate how far the element observed in environment has.It should be noted that these mechanism can continue when real image and the virtual image.More specifically, when there is conflict observed person's perception simultaneously in two or more different images planes between different depth, owing to being single vision perception clue or two or more differing heights level visual perception clues, visual uncomfortable or kopiopia can be produced.

In other words, the present inventor notices that the visually-perceptible of the degree of depth is determined by a series of visual cues really, such as:

-regulate (Accommodation), the i.e. motion of ciliary muscle, focus on scene to make eye lens; For the distance in several meters, adjustment is the most effective;

-binocular convergence (Binocularconvergence), namely the visual axes converge of observer's two eyeballs is to identical object, is namely pooled to the plane at this object place.

-motion parallax (Motionparallax), i.e. the obvious relative motion of background watched attentively relative to the observer of motion of object; By very slight body-sway motion, strong Depth cue can be obtained by motion parallax;

-aerial prospective (Aerialperspective), that is, because air is to the scattering process of light, distant object blocks has lower luminance contrast and color saturation.In addition, the color of distant objects shifts to the indigo plant end of spectrum;

-binocular parallax (Binoculardisparity), namely every eyes of this observer produce respective eye impressions respectively for same scene; By the image utilizing two of seeing from slightly different angle different, observer can with high accuracy triangulation to the distance of object.Relief painting (Autostereograms), 3D film and stereoscopic photograph adopt this visual cues to obtain the depth perception of two-dimensional scene;

-based drive the degree of depth (Depthfrommotion), the i.e. dynamic change of article size;

-perspective, namely parallel lines converge in the character of infinite point;

Relative size between-known object;

-object is blocked (Occlusion) by other object.

Have found that, the infinite depth perception of sky and sun image, which represent one of them requirement of the lighting device being rendered as actual sky and sun effect, when it is supported by the synergy of the visual depth perception clues such as binocular convergence, motion parallax and adjustment is relevant, above-mentioned infinite depth perception can be realized, namely there is not conflict between these visual cues above-mentioned.Aerial prospective also serves further effect for the infinite depth perception of sky and sun image.

The present inventor is also noted that the appearance of visually-perceptible conflict (visualperceptionconflicts) may mainly contain two reasons:

-based on single visually-perceptible clue two or more different depth planes between indefinite, this is called conflict (intra-conflict) in clue;

Conflict between the-information that obtains from different visually-perceptible clues, this is called and conflicts (inter-conflict) between clue.

Avoiding conflicts between conflict and clue in the clue between visual depth perception clue is the basic of the natural perception of the infinite depth producing the sun and sky.And by avoiding conforming disappearance between clue, eye fatigue and discomfort can be prevented, the comfort level of viewing can be increased simultaneously.

Such as, with reference to the artificial light device shown in above-mentioned Figure 26.Particularly, when directly observing light source 902, observer can perceive two conflicting images simultaneously.Due to the inherent transparency of Rayleigh panel, the first image is the real image of LED array, this limited distance by regulating, binocular convergence obtains support to the plane of LED array and motion parallax.Second image be by blue background around the virtual image of hot spot, it is felt at infinity.This second image is provided by the following fact, as long as each LED910 divergence of circular symmetry light cone of irradiating LED all with orientation and other is identical, this group LED910 seen by every eyes forms a circular light spot at the eye retina of observer.In other words, these LED910 are in sight under the light cone with fixed-direction and fixed angles unthreaded hole, and this fixed-direction is provided by the calibrating direction of LED, and for the situation of Figure 26, this direction is perpendicular to panel 906, and it is consistent that fixed angles unthreaded hole then disperses cone angle with LED.It should be noted that each eye of observer see its respective LED910 group illuminated under assigned direction and cone angle.These hot spots are at infinity perceived by binocular convergence, and this is the setting producing the identical concentric image of this round spot at retina of normal vision requirement.The size of this hot spot depends on the angle of divergence of the light that each LED element 910 sends.

Because light source 902 does not comprise any mechanism that the observer for preventing first plane of delineation (i.e. the real image plane of LED910 array) to be viewed directly light source 902 sees, between above-mentioned two images of perception in Different Plane, there will be visually-perceptible conflict.This conflict, such as, can be interpreted as the bump in the wire determined by binocular convergence rope, and it hinders the outward appearance of observer's perception nature sky and the sun.It should be noted that such perception conflict makes the device of Figure 26 be unsuitable for solving technical problem of the present invention.In other words, the appearance of this conflict is because observer not only sees warm direct light component from circular light spot but also from whole LED array.In fact, even if the major part of LED is only in its cone of divergence internal radiation, still there is the part of can not ignore (such as in this cone of divergence outside, due to the scattering produced in dome LED component 910, and because domed lens is not imaging optic element), this makes almost from any viewing angle, and the LED lighted is clearly shown as luminous object.

Only very uneven with wide-angle (namely outer in LED cone of divergence) institute's reasons for its use by LED, and follow the pitch period of LED.The present inventor thinks that this inhomogeneities is the main cause that the first image of the LED array causing being positioned at limited distance surpasses the second image of the hot spot being positioned at unlimited distance, even if the mean flow rate produced with wide-angle at LED is far below this hot spot, and, even if it is weak relative to the uniform luminance of diffused light generator.In fact, the eyes of people are very responsive for brightness space gradient, space periodicity modulation (luminancespatialperiodicmodulations) of especially brightness.

In addition, for the embodiment of Figure 25, quite harmful for the color quality of diffused light with wide-angle institute reasons for its use light by LED, in this sense, the color obtained is significantly different from the lighting color of clear sky.

Because observer can know the whole LED array seeing panel rear, this inevitably destroys uniformity and the color of background, because LED light source surpasses the contribution of Rayleigh panel itself easily to the contribution of background.

Thus, the device of Figure 26 can not reproduce the infinite depth perception that nature sky and sun scenery color can not reproduce its reality.

In addition, the minimum divergence degree that commercial dome LED can realize normally at about tens degree, namely much bigger than the divergence 0.5 ° of an actual sun light beam numeral.This restriction makes the half-shadow angle of light source 902 much larger than natural half-shadow angle.Therefore, except those have the object of huge size, object cannot form shade at all, and the definition of the shade of described large sized object is also very weak.By using larger collimater, such as commercially available TIR (totalinternalreflection, total internal reflection) lens or CPC (compoundparabolicconcentrator, compound parabolic concentrator) reflector, LED light divergence can be reduced to 6 ° ~ 7 ° such values.But this mode is helpless to support infinite depth perception, and these large-scale collimaters result in very coarse pixel texture, this is easier than the LED dome of standard is found by eyes.

In fact, what the visual appearance disadvantageous further problem of the light source 902 shown in Figure 26 to natural sky and the sun was hot spot can perception pixel texture, namely can be observed the angle of this hot spot.In fact, the LED of high collimation makes the size of lens (and spacing) usually much bigger than standard dome, namely about 1 centimetre or more, this is formed making hot spot by few pixel, due to the increase of the small-angle and lens sizes of observing this hot spot, the quantity of group being reduced with LED divergence and reduces of LED/ lens.In the case, the virtual image corresponding to infinite depth plane is divided into two substantially different pixelation images, and this makes the perception of LED array plane surpass infinite depth image.Thus such situation prevents the infinite depth of observer's spontaneously perception sun image.

In addition, should consider that surround lighting (namely comes from the light of the environment illuminated by lighting device or some other light sources, it passes through Rayleigh scattering panel 906 and again illuminates LED910 array to upstream/opposite direction) impact, and to be reflected by Rayleigh panel 906 or the impact of the light of LED array is returned in diffusion.This light usually coming from all directions (i.e. diffusive) creates the effect not wishing to occur, which in turns increases the observability of LED array.In other words, even if the also not blackening when it is switched off of the device of Figure 26, when this happens, do not play a role from the light of surrounding environment feedback.

In a word, the device of Figure 26 fails to solve basic technique problems of the present invention, when this device of observer's direct viewing itself, it can not produce the visual appearance of actual sky and the sun, this is because it can cause the visually-perceptible clue conflict between simultaneous visual plane, these visual planes are such as the virtual image plane of the real image plane of LED910 array and the hot spot corresponding to the sun.In addition, it is also failed Correct and corresponds to the image of the sun, and this is because this hot spot is observed under large cone angle, and clearly can see the pixel texture of this virtual image.

With reference to the embodiment mentioned shown in Figure 27, another example of visual cues conflict occurs, this this device that hinders produces infinite depth visual experience.It is worth mentioning that in this respect, in order to make luminous efficiency maximize, this embodiment performs collimation and Rayleigh scattering and direct light and scattered light are guided with direction of advance as far as possible by using single optical element (instead of two) simultaneously.In order to increase amount of light, provide ARC and reflection cavity, to reboot back-scattered light to direction forward.It should be noted that the device of Figure 27 is not arranged to produce the direct light of warm (such as the low CCT) with minimum divergence degree, this needs the focal position warm light source 984 being arranged on lens 980.In contrast, as shown in figure 27, light source 984 is positioned at the position closer to lens, and the light quantity of collecting to make lens maximizes, instead of the parallel rays produced.

Because light source 984 is nearer apart from lens, much weak from the warm light ratio core of the outer peripheral portion outgoing of lens, due to opticpath far away between from fluorescer to lens and larger inclination angle (every root light to brightness contribution be proportional to described path be multiplied by incident cosine of an angle square inverse).In practice, suppose the average angle of incidence at the exterior section of lens with 60 °, described difference may cause a coefficient 8 of the warm brightness change of whole lens, and it causes the strong spatial of Rayleigh scatterer luminosity to modulate.Due to the reduction of diffusing globe thickness, when brightness (from light source 984) step-down, inhomogeneities increases further.

Therefore, still there is Railway Project in the device of Figure 27, includes but not limited to visual cues conflict, which prevent observer and obtain artificially lighting natural feeling.In fact, warm short distance between light source 984 and lens makes the virtual image of light source be apparent in limited distance, and these are different from the situation of the natural image of the sun.In addition, the uneven brightness being somebody's turn to do (lens) Rayleigh scattering causes uneven sky type curve map, this makes visual cues trigger the true picture forming light emission lens in device plane, determines the clue conflict between described real image plane and virtual image plane.In addition, the shade closely causing the device of Figure 27 to be cast same between light source and lens has typical radial symmetric feature outwardly, and these are different from the situation of the actual sun.Finally, reflective box 986 launches several light towards observer, namely the direct light from light source 984, from the light of the boundary reflection of two between lens and air, from the backscattered light of nanometer diffusing globe and from light through lens of the illuminated scene upstream direction in lens downstream.Consequently, create the uneven Background luminescence outside a Rayleigh scatterer by the centre position between lenticular image plane and light source image plane, reflector case hinders the visual experience of any possible large degree of depth further.It should be noted that, due to from light source 984 with from the contribution for reflecting background of the light of environment, its color is different from the color of Rayleigh scattering light, reflective box 986 makes the color of diffused light be different from actual color from skylight, thus destroys the natural look of sky and hinder aerial prospective issuable positive impact in in-depth depth perception.In a word, the device of Figure 27 fails to solve technical problem of the present invention, and it can not meet the requirement obtaining the visual appearance of actual sky and the sun when observer's direct viewing device itself, can not meet the requirement illuminating surrounding environment as sky and the sun.

When in order to further illustrate the array for same light source, form the mechanism of the hot spot virtual image at unlimited distance, the present inventor carries out abstract to the structure shown in Figure 26, as shown in Figure 1.Namely, diffused light generator 10 is positioned at the downstream of direct projection light source 12, direct projection light source 12 is made up of the two-dimensional array of the first light-emitting device 14 and the collimation lens 16 that is associated with each first light-emitting device 14, the optical alignment that collimation lens 16 exports for making corresponding first light-emitting device 14.Diffused light generator 10 can be Rayleigh class diffusing globe, or can adopt as by more detailed overview below, alternately or in addition comprises the diffused light source that a collimated light produced for direct projection light source 12 is transparent at least partly.Fig. 1 also show the eyes 18 hoped to the observer of artificial light device _lwith 18 _r, entirety represents with label 20.Due to the reason of binocular vision (binocularvision), eyes 18 _lwith 18 _rnature can be adjusted to infinity, and observer can attempt forming two sun images in the same position of corresponding retina 22 naturally.Because diffused light generator 10 is placed on the plane near collimater 16, eyes 18 _lwith 18 _rthe sun that in blue sky environment one is circular can be seen.It should be noted that when walking in room, eyes can see that the sun crosses panel, just as the situation occurred in the middle of reality.If light source angular spectrum is not flat-top shape but bell shape, sun image can not be clear, but fuzzy.It should be noted that, Fig. 1 only relates to the formation of the hot spot virtual image of unlimited distance, and do not consider that it regulates and be focused at that LED array plane is formed and the real image of LED array by eyes, and the device of Figure 26 is hindered to guarantee the factor of sky and sun natural look.

The concept of Fig. 1 or embodiment are expanded by more detailed embodiment hereinafter described.As becoming clear from following description, according to Fig. 1 and corresponding hereinafter attached embodiment, artificial light device can produce and be derived from the sun and the akin natural daylight of sky, comprise direct projection light source 12, direct projection light source 12 comprises first surface of emission successively and is configured to from originally light generation direct light, direct light is from the first surface of emission outgoing, form the direct light direction of low dispersion, direct projection light source 12 comprise multiple by the first light-emitting device and collimater form to group, first light-emitting device is arranged on the downstream of first surface of emission and is configured to outgoing originally light, and assemble collimater, with collimate by the originally light of the first light-emitting device along the outgoing of direct light direction, diffused light generator 10 is configured to cause diffused light 242 on second surface of emission 34.Hereafter can be described to equally, one of them of first surface of emission and second surface of emission is arranged on the downstream relative to another and forms the outer surface of emission of artificial light device, or first surface of emission and second surface of emission form the outer surface of emission of artificial light device simultaneously.Direct projection light source 12 and diffused light generator 10 collaborative work, the surface of emission forms exterior light outside, outer transmitting face comprises the first light component 241 and the second light component 243, the propagation of the first light component 241 has low dispersion cone along direct light direction, second light component 243 propagates the direction of the outside along low dispersion cone, wherein, the correlated colour temperature of the first light component is lower than the correlated colour temperature of the second light component, when observing towards first surface of emission to make observer, can see by blue background around hot spot, blue background is modeled as sky, hot spot corresponds to the sun and has lower correlated colour temperature, when observer moves relative to first surface of emission, to just look like hot spot be, and to stem from the object of infinite point the same.

Fig. 2 a shows preferred feature according to an embodiment of the present, how examples can illuminate surrounding environment as the sun and sky as window if describing embodiments of the invention, and ensure that the visual appearance of lighting device simultaneously, which ensure that the almost infinite depth perception of natural sky and the sun observed by window.

In other words, Fig. 2 a shows the artificial light device 20 for generation of the similar sun and sky natural daylight, namely has the brightness distribution curve figure and outward appearance and preferred feature thereof that are similar to the sun and skylight.

The artificial light device of Fig. 2 a comprises direct projection light source.For the ease of understanding, Fig. 2 illustrate only first surface of emission 28 of direct projection light source.But can have a clear understanding of from Fig. 1 and the following drawings, direct projection light source comprises the first light-emitting device, this first light-emitting device is configured to launch originally light (primarylight) and is positioned at the upstream of first surface of emission.Direct projection light source 12 is configured to produce direct light 236 from described originally light, this direct light 236 from the first surface of emission 28 outgoing, its brightness distribution curve figure whole first surface of emission 28 is consistent (such as, about spatial dependence), and has narrow peak 30 (about dependence of angle) along direct light direction 32, wherein x and y is the lateral coordinates of x-axis along first surface of emission 28 and y-axis, the polar angle measured relative to direct light direction 32, and it is azimuth.Although more clearly mention term " narrow " hereinafter, generally speaking, can be interpreted as have a peak value faced toward with solid angle, this solid angle is more much smaller than 2 π sr, such as, be less than 0.4sr, is less than 0.3sr better, is less than 0.2sr best.

In addition, the artificial light device of Fig. 2 a also comprises the diffused light generator 10 that is positioned at the first surface of emission 28 downstream.Diffused light generator 10 comprises second surface of emission 34 and the input surface 33 towards the opposite with this second surface of emission, and to be configured to relative to the light inciding input face 33 be at least partially transparent.In addition, diffused light generator 10 is configured to send diffused light 35 from second surface of emission 34, wherein, described diffused light 35 is components of the exterior light from the second surface of emission 34 outgoing, diffused light 35 scattering in nearly all direction of advance, and be rendered as and consistent or at least weakly depend on space coordinates x, y.Such as, the solid angle that diffused light generator 10 is configured to sent diffused light is at least 4 times of the solid angle that narrow peak 30 faces toward, and is preferably 9 times, is more preferably 16 times.

In addition, the CCT that the device of Fig. 2 a is configured to the direct light 236 that direct projection light source 12 is produced lower than the CCT of diffused light 35 (such as the former is at least low to moderate the latter's 1/1.2, is low to moderate 1/1.3 better, be low to moderate 1/1.4 best).Because described diffused light generator 10 is at least part of printing opacities, the downstream being transmitted to second surface of emission 34 of direct light 236 at least partially, therefore, exterior light comprises the direction that comprises along narrow peak 30 (such as, the direction of face toward along narrow peak 30 at least 90%, that is, polar coordinates angle be less than the HWHM (HalfWidthAtHalfMaximum at narrow peak, half high half-breadth) that direction of 90% of polar angle) the first light component of propagating and along with isolated direction, narrow peak 30 (such as, this direction is crossed over at least 30% of the angular regions outside the cone that is axis of direction 32, preferably 50%, most preferably 90%, and 3 times of half bore (half-aperture) the HWHM polar angle that is narrow peak) the second light component of propagating, wherein lower than the CCT of the second light component (such as the former is at least low to moderate the latter's 1/1.2 to the CCT of the first light component, be low to moderate 1/1.3 better, be low to moderate 1/1.4 best).

Fig. 2 b shows, the position of first surface of emission 28 and second surface of emission 34 can exchange relative to the embodiment of Fig. 2 a.In other words, in the embodiment of Fig. 2 a, the outer surface 37 of the second surface of emission 34 forming apparatus 20, and in the embodiment of Fig. 2 b, the outer surface 37 of the first surface of emission 28 forming apparatus 20.

Specifically, Fig. 2 b shows, artificial light device can comprise a direct projection light source (not shown), this direct projection light source comprises the first light-emitting device 14 (not shown) being configured to launch originally light (not shown) and first surface of emission 28 being positioned at direct projection light source downstream, wherein direct projection light source 12 is configured to produce direct light 236 from described originally light, this direct light 236 from the first surface of emission 28 outgoing, its brightness distribution curve figure whole first surface of emission 28 is consistent (such as, about spatial dependence), and there is along direct light direction 32 narrow peak 30 (about dependence of angle).First surface of emission 28 upstream (being namely positioned at direct light source 12 inner) is provided with a diffused light generator 10, the originally light that this diffused light generator 10 is configured to relative to inciding input face 33 is at least partially transparent, and is configured to send diffused light 35 from second surface of emission 34.Wherein, described diffused light 35 is the light components from the second surface of emission 34 outgoing, diffused light 35 scattering in nearly all direction of advance, and is rendered as and consistent or at least weakly depends on space coordinates x, y.Therefore, in figure 2b, first surface of emission 28 is positioned at the downstream of second surface of emission 34, brightness distribution curve figure be the brightness on first surface of emission 28, wherein diffused light generator 10 is by physical removal from system.In figure 2b, lighting apparatus structure becomes to make the CCT of originally light 14 lower than the CCT of diffused light 35 (such as the former is at least low to moderate the latter's 1/1.2, is low to moderate 1/1.3 better, be low to moderate 1/1.4 best).Because diffused light generator 10 is at least part of printing opacities, the exterior light of first surface of emission 28 comprises the first light component of the direction that comprises along narrow peak 30 propagating and along the second light component propagated with isolated direction, narrow peak 30, wherein the CCT of the first light component is lower than the CCT of the second light component.

Can adopt further embodiment, relative to the embodiment of Fig. 2 b, first surface of emission 28 can overlap with second surface of emission 34.In other words, the present embodiment comprises the dichroism optical element that possesses both diffused light generator 10 and first surface of emission 28 function, the CCT of the diffused light component such as produced is higher than the CCT of originally light 14, lower than the CCT of originally light 14 (such as the former is at least low to moderate the latter's 1/1.2 with the CCT of the complementary light component of collimation, be low to moderate 1/1.3 better, be low to moderate 1/1.4 best), lens 980 as shown in figure 27.In this case, the brightness distribution curve figure that produce consistent (such as, about spatial dependence) and there is along direct light direction 32 narrow peak 30 (about dependence of angle) attribute should owing to direct projection light source 12, it comprises an optical element identical with described dichroism optical element, but does not possess the function of diffused light generator.

Originally light is converted to the process of direct light (such as, the process of collimation) can also be performed by some optical elements being positioned at the first surface of emission 28 upstream, and be wherein positioned at the diffused light generator 10 of the first surface of emission 28 upstream, namely not by originally light direct irradiation neither by direct light direct irradiation, but developed by originally light and become the intermediate light irradiation of direct light at first surface of emission 28, in the present embodiment, at diffused light generator after physical removal lighting device, must be right performance verify.

Therefore, the artificial light device made by Fig. 2 a and 2b can be described as and comprises:

Direct projection light source 12; With

Diffused light generator 10,

Wherein said direct projection light source 12 comprises the first light-emitting device 14 being configured to launch originally light, and be positioned at this first light-emitting device downstream first surface of emission 28,

Wherein said diffused light generator 10 printing opacity at least in part, and be positioned at the downstream of the first light-emitting device, this diffused light generator 10 comprises second surface of emission 34 and is configured to produce diffused light 35 on second surface of emission 34,

Wherein said direct projection light source 12 is configured to, when it is positioned at the upstream side of first surface of emission 28, diffused light generator 10 is removed, make direct projection light source 12 from originally light generation direct light 236, this direct light 236 is from the first surface of emission 28 outgoing, its brightness distribution curve figure on first surface of emission 28 is consistent, and has narrow peak 30 around direct light direction 32

One wherein in the middle of first surface of emission 28 and second surface of emission 34 downstream being positioned at another, and form the outer surface of emission of artificial light device, or described first surface of emission 28 and second surface of emission 34 overlap the outer surface of emission forming artificial light device,

Wherein, artificial light device is configured so that described direct projection light source 12 and diffused light generator 10 collaborative work are to form exterior light at its outer emitting surface, this exterior light comprises the direction that comprises along narrow peak 30 (such as, the direction of face toward along narrow peak 30 at least 90%) the first light component of propagating and along with isolated direction, narrow peak 30 (such as, this direction is crossed over at least 30% of the angular regions outside the cone that is axis of direction 32, preferably 50%, most preferably 90%, and 3 times of half bore (half-aperture) the HWHM polar angle that is narrow peak) the second light component of propagating,

Wherein, the CCT of the first light component is lower than the CCT of the second light component, and such as the former is low to moderate the latter's 1/1.2, is low to moderate 1/1.3 better, is low to moderate 1/1.4 best.

Therefore, Fig. 2 a and 2b shows with brightness distribution curve figure for direct projection light source and the diffused light generator of feature, this brightness distribution curve figure is consistent about space coordinates, and meanwhile, it has narrow peak about angular coordinate.This diffused light generator printing opacity at least in part, as mentioned above, actual characteristic be very crucial relative to visually-perceptible clue.

We notice, uniformity (relative to space coordinates) should be enough to avoid the conflict of visually-perceptible clue.In fact, the present inventor notices, it is different that consistent brightness distribution curve figure can not cause between depth perception from the infinite depth perception that any one visual cues in the middle of adjustment, binocular convergence and motion parallax produces.In addition, the narrow peak 30 of angular distribution is perceived as in main visual appearance at an infinite depth and plays key effect.

In fact, produce the existence of the brightness distribution curve figure of sharp-pointed horn along space coordinates Uniformly distributed, be similar to the set-up mode shown in Fig. 1, the virtual image supported in infinity by binocular convergence.Such uniformity overcomes the obvious limitation of the embodiment of Figure 26, because the real image of LED array determined by non-space uniform luminance (such as owing to LED element spacing).

It should be noted, spatially consistent angle distribution peak 30 enhance infinite depth perception further.In fact, the visual attention of observer is preferentially attracted by the plane that maximum brightness, most high-contrast and most high spatial frequency (supposing that it is less than the frequency corresponding to the angular resolution limit (angularresolutionlimit)) occur.In other words, binocular convergence adjustment eyes are differently positioned on two retinas relative to relevant position to avoid clear, bright image.Therefore, as long as by two eyes from same direction (by L _directspace Consistency and along direct light direction 32, there is peak value and infer) go to see, the narrow peak of angle distribution forces two eyes along parallel direction alignment, the infinite depth perception of the hot spot of support representative's sun.It should be noted that the actual direction not relying on two axis alignments of two eyeballs of this situation, that is, even if eyes are oriented make L _directpeak create away from the point at eye retina center.In other words, as long as bright narrow point is in visual field, regardless of its Shi center or side, above-mentioned effect will be produced.

In addition, due to the already mentioned fact, namely the visual attention of observer is preferentially attracted by the plane that maximum brightness, most high-contrast and most high spatial frequency (lower than resolution limit) occur, when the embodiment of Fig. 2, eyes regulate and are preferentially taken to an infinity plane, the virtual plane that this is maximum brightness, most high-contrast and most high spatial frequency occur, this is because brightness narrow horn 30.

space Consistency also ensure that the infinite depth perception of motion parallax visual cues, the observer due to movement experience owing to the virtual image (as represented the narrow peak 30 of the sun) of any angled arrangement move together with him/her, just as the object that distance in the middle of reality is far seem mobile.

In addition, the characteristic of brightness distribution curve figure described above does not rely on the quantity of observer and they are relative to the relative position of light source, and is that each observer experiences and is concerned with the identical infinite depth perception supported by visually-perceptible clue.

Therefore, from the brightness distribution curve figure of the light of the first surface of emission 28 outgoing of direct projection light source 12 ensure that not exist between inside between visual depth perception clue and clue and conflict, this is for causing the perception of the infinite depth of the sun and sky nature to be very important.

It should be noted, the ability of determination infinite depth perception usually increase along with the contrast between peak and background in brightness angular distribution and increase, namely increase dark background and set off one consumingly and account for leading infinite depth perception, when bright horn exists.

Also point out simultaneously, dark background accounts for leading infinite depth perception relative to bright strengthening further, because these heterogeneous textures are lower about the average brightness value of main narrow horn, heteropical observability possible in the middle of background luminance scatter chart is lower.In other words, for the identical relative fluctuation amplitude relative to this average background value, heterogeneity in dark background determines much weak visually-perceptible clue conflict than the heterogeneity in strong background, and wherein " secretly " and " by force " is for the brightness of narrow horn 30

Also notice simultaneously, for the situation of Figure 26, meet simultaneously consistent ((x, y) distribution and the requirement that distribution reaches peak value is conflicting, this is because, consistent ((x, y) Spreading requirements makes collimator size minimize, and reaches the standard of micro-optics, thus can not discover fluctuation, and the narrow peak of distribution then requires collimator size is maximized, to eliminate the intrinsic divergence of LED light source.

Narrow horn 30 along direct light direction 32 ensure that the parallel shade with clear penumbra.Diffused light generator 10 1 aspect, by providing the diffused light component with higher CCT to form nattier blue shade, as the natural daylight entering actual window, thus ensure that the environment shown in Fig. 2 irradiates as natural sky and the sun.On the other hand, this visual appearance in time directly observing of described diffused light generator 10 device has an impact.In fact, this diffused light generator 10 produces around the diffused light by the determined low CCT hot spot of the illumination of direct projection light source according to blue background.Due to the synergy between spatial vision clue and above-mentioned other visual cues supported by direct projection light source separately, this Background luminescence supports infinite depth perception further, instead of can destroy infinite depth perception as white or grey Background luminescence.

For described collaborative work, the i.e. degree of depth of the perception when observer watches diffused light generator 10, and also there is in the side of visibility region the hot spot representing the sun, inventor notices that three effects jointly occurred play an important role, and three joint effects are: at L _directnarrow peak in angular distribution curve map, comes from uniformity and the photoemissive dependence of angle of level and smooth diffusion in the space of second surface of emission 34, and the value of higher diffused light CCT (relative to direct light CCT).In fact, the uniformity in independent space or the dependence of angle of level and smooth diffused light, the perceived distance of the light source of diffused light can be made to become uncertain, namely observer will be very difficult when assessing the distance between he/her and second surface of emission 34, and only in framework or similar part, uniformity disappears.In this case, the notice of any attraction observer, to the existence existence of cut (such as on diffuser surface) of the little details of diffused light generator physical plane, focuses to second surface of emission 34 by making preferential depth perception.In contrast, at L _directnarrow summit in angular distribution curve map forces eye focus at infinity.Consequently, the place of the diffused light generation of perception plane, is drawn to infinite point equally.This thing happens in meeting, because when observer watches consistent background, be not defined apart from itself, assemble (convergence), regulate and the visible perception of motion parallax, mean and keep constant by the structure of single definition in scene, pass through L in this case _directin narrow horn 30 represent.Find in the figure 2 example, when the color that diffused light has and brightness (relative to environment) are similar to sky, this effect can significantly strengthen, situation about occurring when this works as diffusing globe in Rayleigh scattering system.In fact, in this case, mandatoryly the custom of observer sky is carried out perception as remote object, from psychologic angle, is unlimited depth perception.From other side, aerial prospective (aerialperspective) contributes to background to be drawn to infinite point further.Finally, it should be noted that, for device in fig. 26, be not observed and mentioned blue background be drawn to infinite distance, because in that case, appreciable pixel (pixelation) has been drawn to the plane of the transmitting of diffused light in the plane of LED array.

In the specific embodiments summarized below, artificial light device 20 can construct to make its " compact ", and hereafter defining: the minimum volume Q supposing to comprise direct projection light source 12, T represents the length that (cylindrical) of Q on the straight line being parallel to direction 32 projects, U represents the ultimate range between any two points on first surface of emission 28, and direct projection light source (12) is configured so that L _directthe width at the narrow peak 30 of angle distribution much smaller than arctan (U/2/T), such as, is 1/2, be preferably 1/4, be more preferably 1/6.This means that narrow peak 30 is never can obtain by being orientated as by optical transmitting set simply away from surface 28.

As best shown in figures 3 a and 3b, the lighting device of the embodiment of the present invention also can be compact.Direct projection light source 12 can be accommodated by a cuboid, and the area of the ground plane 12a of this cuboid is equal to or greater than the area of first surface of emission, the height 12b of this cuboid be less than first surface of emission 28 Breadth Maximum.Ground plane 12a can comprise first surface of emission 28 or be placed as parallel with first surface of emission 28, makes first surface of emission 28 be positioned at this cuboid completely.Just illustratively, the area of first surface of emission 28 can be greater than 10 cm x 10 centimetres.The area of ground plane 12a can be less than 1.1 times of the first surface of emission 28 area.Above-mentioned Breadth Maximum can be defined as the minimum range between any two points of first surface of emission 28.

When the embodiment summarized further below, this diffused light generator 10 does not occupy too many space.Such as, as shown in Figure 3 a, diffused light generator 10 can be arranged in a cuboid, and ground plane 10a and first surface of emission 28 of this cuboid are positioned at same plane, and this cuboid is along downstream direction 36 extended height 10b.The area of ground plane 10a can be equal to or less than the area of ground plane 12a, and the height 10b of this cuboid can be less than or equal to height 12b.The end face 10c relative with ground plane 10a can comprise second surface of emission 34, or the latter can be included in the cuboid of diffused light generator 10.Preferably, the area approximation of second surface of emission 34 equals the area of first surface of emission 28, such as, and area ± 10% of first surface of emission 28.As previously mentioned, the ground plane of the cuboid of diffused light generator 10 and direct projection light source 12 can exceed the area in face 34 and face 28, height 10b can be less than 10% of the above-mentioned Breadth Maximum of first surface of emission 28, or is less than 10 centimetres and do not consider the Breadth Maximum of first surface of emission 28.Downstream direction 36 may be defined as pointing direction 32, and the direct light that wherein direct projection light source 12 produces is launched from first surface of emission 28 along direction 32.As mentioned above, this direction 32 can be parallel to the normal of first surface of emission 28.Fig. 3 b corresponds to the corresponding construction between the face 28 of Fig. 2 b and face 34.The cuboid of diffused light generator 10 can be completely contained in the cuboid of direct projection light source.

Because direct projection light source produces the ability of direct light, make, from the direct light of described first surface of emission 28 outgoing, there is brightness distribution curve figure L consistent on whole first surface of emission 28 _direct, and have narrow peak 30 around direct light direction 32, it is followed: direct light direction 32 constant 2 1) on whole first surface of emission 28) and divergence is little, and 3) divergence substantially constant on whole first surface of emission 28.Which kind of, as needing " little " and " substantially " that arrive degree, hereafter will illustrate in greater detail.With reference to figure 4, under any circumstance, the direct light produced due to direct projection light source 12 follows these constraints, when observer 38 watches direct projection light source and first surface of emission 28 thereof respectively, a hot spot 40 is seen in a narrow cone of sight 42, for binocular convergence, adjustment and motion parallax Depth cue, this hot spot can be considered at unlimited distance.In other words, when hoping to first surface of emission 28, observer 38 sees a hot spot 40, and when observer moves relative to this first surface of emission, hot spot 40 also moves relative to above-mentioned first surface of emission 28, stems from just as this hot spot 40 object being positioned at infinite point.

In order to define the uniformity of brightness distribution curve figure and the constraints of peak sharpness of the above-mentioned light for being produced at first surface of emission 28 by direct projection light source 12, people can distinguish the inner direct light component component dispersed relative to surrounding, inner direct light component contributes to the formation at narrow peak, and the component around relatively dispersed contributes to the formation remaining background.Further, based on binocular convergence and motion parallax Depth cue, people can distinguish whole first surface of emission 28 compared with zonule and compared with large regions between may the changing of brightness distribution curve figure.Above-mentioned constraints as hereafter define.

Specifically, the light that direct projection light source 12 is launched has consistent intensity, with single, given direction 32 through first surface of emission 28, relative to the normal Z of the surface of emission, direction 32 has low-down, to be preferably circular symmetry dispersion cone, and have low background outside dispersion cone, wherein, dispersiveness and background are through rear or consistent in plane.At this on the one hand, to the brightness of the direct light produced under dark surrounds by direct projection light source be expressed as, the light namely produced without any the direct projection light source of outside or reflection, x wherein, y, with defining before.When representing the function of brightness to space and angle coordinate, should calculate the actual angle resolution ratio of detector and the distance of distance light source, this just determines the spatial resolution that can detect conversely.In full text of the present invention, assuming that angular resolution is 0.07 °, this is approximately the angular resolution of typical bore hole, and the spatial resolution of 1mm, this correspondence viewing distance of 1m.Thus these constraints of the brightness distribution curve figure described in the present invention are in full scrupled, be construed as with reference to aforementioned resolution ratio, consider the change (namely can detect by greater angle resolution ratio and/or nearer distance) that finally there will be greater angle or greater room frequency, these change and the object of the invention is incoherent.These constraints can be:

Offset direction 32, i.e. polar angle wherein be the HWHM (half amplitude point half width values, halfwidthhalfmaximum) of average polar distribution, the distribution of average polar angle refers at first surface of emission and all azimuth directions in the whole brightness distribution curve figure L of all positions (x, y) _directmean value, cover the brightness distribution curve figure L of all positions and angle _directmaximum value be down to less than 10%, preferably below 1%, most preferably below 0.1%.

During direction of closing 32, i.e. polar angle brightness distribution curve figure L _directdepend on azimuthal coordinates slightly as each position (x, y), the L of the perimeter in region _directlower than 10% of maximum, it is substantially the cone with cup dolly, and this makes observer perceive round dot when watching light source along direction 32; Quantitatively, the difference between the minimum and maximum polar angle in described region, is standardized to the half of same total amount, in sample (sample) concerning optional position lower than 0.5, be preferably lower than 0.2, most preferably lower than 0.1.

Wherein preferably more preferably

In formula, this represents:

for (x, y) ∈ A, with

With

for (x, y) ∈ A and

Wherein, A represents the area of first surface of emission 28,

preferably more preferably

K=0.1, preferred k=0.01, more preferably k=0.001,

H=0.5, preferred h=0.2, more preferably h=0.1

And be suitable for following definition:

More notices are placed on the uniformity of residual (residual) direct light background of offset direction 32, to L _directrequirement be at polar angle ratio minimum space wave amplitude is shown when large; Ratio such as between described brightness space fluctuation and the standard deviation of average brightness can be no more than the value of 0.3, preferably no more than the value of 0.1, in any 10mm diameter circular area of space, the value of 0.4 can be no more than at least 90% of first surface of emission, preferably no more than the value of 0.3, no more than the value of 0.2, at least 90% of first surface of emission of entirety, for any constant bearing angle and be greater than arbitrarily fixing polar angle all like this;

When considering conforming direct light near direction 32, there will not be L in (locally) polar angle _directthe requirement of space wave, polar angle can cause (locally) to maximize brightness, and the standard deviation that maximizes brightness is than in the area of space of 5cm diameter 20% want large, preferably 10cm diameter, more preferably 20cm diameter, and in (locally) polar angle, do not show space wave, polar angle can cause (locally) to maximize brightness, and the standard deviation maximizing brightness is greater than at least 90% of whole first surface of emission entirety wherein preferably most preferably

Describe with formula, the constraints just now mentioned can be expressed as

For (x, y) ∈ A _10mm(X, Y), with

Wherein j=0.3, preferred j=0.1

For with

Wherein g=0.4, preferred g=0.3, more preferably g=0.2.

for (x, y) ∈ A _diam(X, Y),

for (x, y) ∈ A _90%

Wherein all (X, Y) ∈ A _90%, preferably most preferably and A _90%the part represented occupies 90% of the whole region of first surface of emission 28, and part here can be directly be connected or be not connected.A _10mmrepresent (X in A; Y) border circular areas of any 10mm, A _diamrepresent (X in A; The border circular areas of 5cm diameter Y), preferably 10cm diameter, more preferably 20cm diameter, represent the standard deviation relative to space coordinates independent variable, represent the mean value relative to space coordinates independent variable, be wherein as the criterion with definition below:

(that is, in the high-high brightness of given position), and

(that is, there is the polar angle of high-high brightness in given position)

Wherein

for

for x '=x, y '=y

In a word, can be ensured by above-mentioned constraints, for the isolated polar angle fully from direct light direction 32, L _directquite faint and consistent, and the polar angle to close control light direction 32, L _directbe weakly depend on azimuthal coordinate, and in identical direction, there is peak value, namely wherein any (x, y) ∈ A, thus at least substantially can guarantee the outward appearance of circular light spot 40.As represented above, can guarantee that observer 38 will only see a bright circular light spot 40 that uniform background is surrounded by dimness by these constraintss, its overall with angle size 42 equals or is similar to

In certain embodiments, direct projection light source is configured to ensure dark and consistent background, also should be like this when working in very bright environment, namely light source should be configured so that the reflection of light in environment or back scattering can not reach some strength, in view of grade and the uniformity of background luminance, this intensity may destroy the surface of first surface of emission 28.Actual when using, first surface of emission 28 can not only emergent light, can also receive the light such as come from diffused light generator 10 (if being arranged on its downstream) and/or environment.For example, artificial light device 20 ideally illuminate one between complete hololeucocratic room, the whole luminous flux produced by direct projection light source will be back to direct light and be derived from body.

When direct projection light source 12 is closed, requirement is above converted into another kind of requirement, and first surface of emission 28 has dark and consistent surface under stray external is irradiated.Especially, the direct projection light source 12 of the present embodiment is configured so that mass reflex (on average) factor η that first surface of emission 28 has _r≤ 0.4, preferably η _r≤ 0.2, more preferably η _r≤ 0.1, more more preferably η _r≤ 0.04, wherein mass reflex factor η _rbe defined as the ratio of the first luminous flux and the second luminous flux, first luminous flux refers to reflection over all angles in the plane of the sample hemisphere that is boundary, by the magnetic flux of complete (perfect) reflector reflects when second luminous flux refers to and measures under identical geometry and spectral conditions, namely, under the diffuse luminance of D65 standard illuminant, D65 can provide consistent brightness to sample.

In a further embodiment, because the upper bound of reverberation normally direct light, absolute brightness value and its fluctuation will be taken into account simultaneously, dark for first surface of emission 28 of offset direction 32 is even stricter with the requirement on consistent surface. more precisely, consider that bias light is as passive optical component equally, embodiment will ensure that first surface of emission 28 maintains identical feature, namely when it works in very bright environment for its reflection and the light of diffusion.In other words, equally when strong light environment exists, direct projection light source 12 ensure that launching any polar angle observed cone 30 outside be dark and consistent surface.

This requirement can transform (translatedin) be described as direct projection light source 12 should be configured so that when diffused light generator 10 from artificial light device remove and close direct projection light source 12 and first surface of emission 28 irradiated by outside diffused light time, its peripheral diffused light is sent to first surface of emission 28 with constant brightness, here brightness is equal with the mean value of the brightness himself being sent to first surface of emission by direct projection light source 12 when it is opened, outside diffused light, by the first surface of emission reflection or back scattering, produces reflected radiance distribution curves figure L at first surface of emission 28 _r, it is weaker than optional position at least (atlast) 90% of first surface of emission 28 and L at any angle _direct, wherein L _rrepresent that amplitude standards is poor in the border circular areas of any 10mm diameter, L _rlower than standard deviation L corresponding at least 90% of first surface of emission 28 _direct.

In formula, about L _r" weak " and " uniformity " above-mentioned constraints, be expressed as:

Wherein all x, y ∈ A _90%, all all

Wherein (x, y) ∈ A _10mm(X, Y) owns all

Wherein all (X, Y) ∈ A _90%

A _90%the part represented occupies 90% of the whole region of first surface of emission 28, and this part can directly be connected or not be connected, A _10mmrepresent (X in A; Y) border circular areas of any 10mm diameter, represent the standard deviation of independent variable relative to space coordinates,

wherein x '=x, y '=y

And in a different embodiment, the constraint of the width at the space wave of the light produced at first surface of emission 28 by direct projection light source 12 on direction and narrow peak 30 is formulated in a different manner (formulated), namely brightness distribution curve figure L _directthe scope of the distribution of the local direction of the maximum shown, covers first surface of emission 28, and it is lower than 2 °, and covers the L of the equalization of all orientation angles _directthe mean value of first surface of emission 28 of HWHM of local average polar distribution curve map lower than 5 °. represent by the form of formula, this means:

wherein all x, y ∈ A _90%

Wherein

(that is, in the high-high brightness of given position) and

(that is, in given position, there is the polar angle of high-high brightness)

Wherein

wherein x '=x, y '=y

Naturally, the distribution in the direction of the maximum of brightness distribution curve figure should be different from the vector field (radiallysymmetricvectorfield) of radial symmetric, to make to be paralleled with along the direction of assembling by the shade that object projects in direct light, this is as the situation of device in Figure 25, Figure 27 and Figure 28.More precisely, direct projection light source is configured so that by the multiple elongated object of direct projection light source irradiation, and multiple slender body is round direction 32, and multiple slender body is parallel to each other, multiple slender body multiple shades be projected onto in arbitrary plane should not be the features not pointing to outside behavior radially symmetrically, and this feature is by the characteristic feature of local light source brightness at infinity.In summary, the space wave on the direction at narrow peak 30, it may in about intrafascicular appearance above, and this may be irregular or random.

With any-mode described above, by direct projection light source 12 and diffused light generator 10 are combined, artificial light device 20 provides a kind of bright preferred background for blueness, blue background simulates sky and comes from (stemsfrom) diffused light generator 10, owing to can cause the hot spot 40 with low CCT by the light caused by direct projection light source 12.When moving in the front of first surface of emission 28, this hot spot 40 can through (across) it, this as sunshine through real glass.

Obviously, see the direct light of direct projection light source 12 with two eyes once observer 38, observer 38 will perceive hot spot 40 in unlimited distance.In fact, in order to perceive the hot spot at identical location place on two retinas as described in Fig. 1, brightness distribution curve figure L _directthe feature summarized can force eyes parallel.This condition assurance device 20 provides huge depth perception.These conditions will be ensured ideally, if L _directdo not rely on x, y and and there is no and have for steady state value, wherein such as 3 °, or more preferably 1 °, or more preferably 0.5 ° again.But some deviations from this ideal system obviously can be accepted, this possible constraint shown as example above.Acceptable departure depends primarily on the needs that (dictated) ensures aforesaid huge (unlimited in fact) depth perception, to ensure not occur visible perception conflict, or be at least not conflict, conflict can cause depth perception preferential in limited distance.This condition is guaranteed by constraint possible in example above.

In limited distance, the observability of the real image of direct projection light source is converted into given brightness distribution curve figure L _direct, therefore, in order to avoid collapse dept effect, L _directsome restrictions should be subject to.In other words, if meet more listed earlier to L _directdesirable constraints, direct projection light source 12 is sightless, and unique visible object is hot spot 40.Can received deviation in order to illustrate, should think that observer 38 easily perceives spatial variations very small on object brightness and distribution of color, and the angular frequency provided is not more than the limiting value that eyes resolution ratio produces, namely 0.07 °.For example, this means that supposition observer 38 is the changes occurring being less than about 1mm scope from the spatial variations of the minimum range acceptable direct projection light source 12 of 1 meter of distant place of device 20.The generation of the change of brightness on a large scale can be captured (spotted) by the eyes of observer, easily if at least time can like this, the visual field (vision) in this time does not reach capacity (saturated).

We notice, background luminance to be 10% of high-high brightness be a very high numeral, but this is also acceptable under certain conditions, such as, when being intended to reproduce sunrise or acronical sky and solar irradiation, namely when the brightness of the sun is so high unlike daytime relative to the brightness of sky.

Any summarize above about intrafascicular, be noted that these constraints do not meet the setting represented in fig. 25, due to direct projection light source 902 must install very remote from panel 906, ensureing L _directspace Consistency, and avoid shade to be defined as pointing to radially symmetrically outside behavior (featuredbyradiallysymmetricoutwardlypointingbehavior).In addition, expression one row that impose a condition of Figure 26 have the LEDs of dome concentrator (concentrators), it does not meet these constraints, be because a HWHM dimension larger than normal amplitude of brightness, also because the illuminometer produced reveals the space wave of strong angle, fluctuation is greater than HWHM emission cone angle, and this is the spacing (pitch) of arrangement due to LED and is greater than the scope of 1mm.It should be noted that, even if the LEDs of Figure 26 imposes a condition mated, still the specific condition expected can not may be obtained, such as, TIR optical concentrator, or more at large, the standard condenser used in any nonimaging optics field, such as compound parabolic concentrator (CPCs) device.In fact, the lateral dimension that these optical elements should have is very large, to guarantee the low-emissivity expected, that is, if consider that existing general illumination LED chip is 1mm, and these LED to optics that are coupled needs several centimeter length.This means, when at least close to first surface of emission, namely observer is when distance the first surface of emission 1m place, for example, the eyes of observer see hot spot 40 by each independent optics, and the size namely put is less than optics size, such as, for the dispersiveness of 1 °, put and be approximately 2cm at a distance at 1m.When observer watches the non-visual optics of so low dispersion from its short distance (seeing above), the real image of any circle point can not be perceived, and any unlimited depth of focus can not be experienced.Because the brightness produced by this non-visual optics is not neither truly consistent (namely not changing during translation) neither change relative to orientation angles.Consequently, even if the optics of transmitting illuminant such as LED configuration is circular and not identical, it is not circular image usually that two eyes will capture two.Relative to forcing two eyes to be positioned on parallel direction, two eye perceives are harmful to the phenomenon of different images very much.In such a case, on the contrary, if two objects are identical, two eyes can be more prone to be focused to the actual object (isreallyseenasequalbyboth) seen, i.e. direct projection light source objects is in limited distance.This not only destroys sun circular contour, also destroys infinite depth perception.

Just now the idea mentioned shows, if LED can meet following constraints, direct projection light source 12 further embodiment even can be understood as consistent with the structure shown in Figure 26:

I () each LED (comprising domed lens) must significantly reduce perpendicular to the size on the direction of transmit direction, that is, it should be reduced to 3 millimeters, be reduced to 1 millimeter better, be reduced to 0.5 millimeter best.All consistency constraint condition will be followed under opening and closing pattern.

(ii) size (the i.e. size of fluorescer or coloring agent of this LED emitter, namely its linear dimension, for general lighting LED available at present, this linear dimension is minimum is generally about 1mm) and domed lens focal length between ratio should be about 1/10 to 1/50, to ensure that 1 ° to the divergence within the scope of 5 °.Suppose the divergence of 1 ° and the focal length of 1 millimeter and dome diameter suitable with it, for guaranteeing maximum amount of light, LED emitter can be sized to less than 20 microns by people.

(iii) in addition, each LED emitter and the dome that is associated thereof should be embedded in miniature camera bellows.This camera bellows should be covered by absorber, and except turning back to the surround lighting of LED emitter, this absorber absorbs all surround lightings through domed lens substantially.In this case, when by ambient light, LED matrix can be rendered as dark.In addition, the scattered light coming from LED periphery (such as LED-baseplate) should be avoided to be coupled with lens dome.

(IV) described LED domed lens can have ARC, to be minimized by the surround lighting turning back to surrounding environment.

In sum, direct projection light source 12 can be understood as, and it comprises the two-dimensional array of the light emitting diode of special construction, is described in detail its structure below in conjunction with Fig. 5.Specifically, each light emitting diode 44 comprises an optical transmitting set 46 and a collimater, optical transmitting set 46 can be light emitting diode, it comprises fluorescer and/or coloring agent etc., collimater can be domed lens 48, and wherein the distance 49 of this dome and optical transmitting set 46 is substantially equal to the focal length of this dome.Preferably, conveniently realize the Luminance Distribution independent of azimuthal coordinate, optical transmitting set 46 has circular cross section in a plane perpendicular to direction 32.Except the window 52 (optical transmitting set 46 is by this window utilizing emitted light) that is positioned at upstream side and the downstream forming light collimating lenses surface 54, all inner surfaces of domed lens 48 are covered with light absorber, to form miniature magazine 56.As mentioned above, surface 54 can have ARC, and the lateral dimension of the light-emitting zone of optical transmitting set 46 or width 58 should be enough little, make the ratio between width 58 and length 49 be less than 1/10, are preferably less than 1/20, are most preferably less than 1/50.In addition, spacing 50 should be less than 3 millimeters, is preferably less than 1 millimeter, most preferably is and is less than 0.5 millimeter.As previously mentioned, light emitting diode 44 can close packing be such as hexagonal mode.The region area that the array of light emitting diode 44 covers is equally wide with first surface of emission 28.

It should be noted that, the feature of the brightness distribution curve figure of direct projection light source is above mated with direct projection light source 12 in essence, and diffused light generator 10 is configured so that observer is when watching towards first surface of emission (and outer surface of emission), when observer 38 (composition graphs 4) moves relative to first surface of emission, hot spot can move relative to first surface of emission 28, and to just look like hot spot 40 be, and to stem from the object of infinite point the same.The correlated colour temperature (CCT) that first light component 241 has is lower than the CCT of the second light component 243.When observer moves relative to first surface of emission, notice that a little/sun moves relative to first surface of emission, just look like that to stem from the object of infinite point the same for hot spot, also mean that (" width " w) is defined as " window " for " width " w of first surface of emission, observer 38 is watched by " window ", " width " is greater than a little/the sun 40, the target range d of such as observer's eyes from first surface of emission to 0.5m (namely in the scope of 0-0.5m), preferably to 1m, more preferably to 3m.

The distance of the latter is the typical applicable cases of artificial light device of (stemfor) embodiment of the present invention.In fact, if install on the ceiling, consider: (i) typical heights of ceilings is in the scope of 2.4-3.5 rice, (ii) height of typical people 1.2 (considering children) to 1.9m, and (iii) direct light direction 32 relative to the acceptable angle of horizontal direction in the scope of 45 °-90 ° (in order to avoid occurring dazzle when light source lower than time horizontal line (horizon)), when observer watches the light beam formed by the first light component 241 (" sun light beam "), there will be the typical range of eyes apart from first surface of emission at 0.5m (low ceiling, vertical light, high observer) to 3m (high ceiling, the light of 45 °, children observer) scope in.In the example of similar window, wall type, nearer distance (until contacting) may be applied to, and larger scene is in fact non-existent (whilstlargerfiguresarevirtuallyprevented), first surface of emission relative to floor height for wall in fact lower than ceiling.

In other words, do not rely on concrete application, there is typical ultimate range, in ultimate range, observer stands in " sun light beam " (light beam namely formed by first emitting element 241) and can observe this device.The condition of first surface of emission is greater than the width of the point/sun perceived, and width is that the distance of finger device-observer increases to described typical ultimate range and realizes perception.It should be noted that, because observer is the point/sun perceived under given field-of-view angle, the relative size of the point/sun perceived increases from the increase of the distance of the surface of emission along with observer naturally relative to the size of first surface of emission, sees that the situation of the genuine sun also this phenomenon can occur through window.But due to aforementioned reason, described distance is not typically increase arbitrarily.

In addition, when observer moves relative to first surface of emission, point/sun moves relative to first surface of emission, the object of to just look like that to be hot spot be stem from infinite point is the same, also mean when observer is from certain direction viewing artificial light device, make invocation point/sun " leave " first surface of emission, only see " sky ", namely diffused light is visible.Again in other words, as more each angle direction (θ, time φ), the afterbody of the background of direct light 236 and the brightness distribution curve figure of direct light is in the outside of the cone of direct light, the diffused light 242 (such as along the exterior light 239 in the direction of departing from completely from direct light direction 32) produced by diffused light generator 10, at this moment may propose critical angle θ _cross, θ _crossmeasure, more than θ relative to direct light direction 32 _crossthe brightness of Shi Qianzhe can drop in the brightness of the latter.θ _crosscan be such as 3 °, or more preferably 1 °, or more preferably 0.5 ° again.This critical angle should be less than " field-of-view angle " θ of artificial light device _view(see Fig. 4), namely device is more accurate under half-breadth angle hole (aperture), and under the light beam that the first light component 241 (" sun light beam ") is formed, observer typically sees first surface of emission with eyes.The distance d of application example above, field-of-view angle θ _viewobserver can be defined as at the angle hole (aperture) seeing the sun and sky from the distance of 0.5,1 or 3 meter of first surface of emission simultaneously.Such as, critical angle can be X times of the dispersion angle of direct light 236, and X is such as between 2-3, and dispersion angle is such as defined as HWHM.Dispersion angle can be less than 2.5 °, 1.5 ° or 0.5 °.This just means that first surface of emission of artificial light device is 2-3 times of hot spot, this will guarantee that observer sees that the sun (first or low CCT light component) and sky (the second or high CCT light component) occur simultaneously, when the eyes of observer are in that artificial light device is in the projection of first surface of emission on direct light direction 32, or, if when the eyes of observer depart from this projection, only see sky, projection refers to along the projection of direct light direction artificial light device at first surface of emission.Alternatively, when selecting the field-of-view angle (namely observer sees first surface of emission in " sun light beam " under this angle) of this device to be greater than critical angle, visible while sky/sun can be caused, be such as the twice of critical angle.Such as, the overall width of first surface of emission can be set as yes the twice of product (product), product is: the tangent line of (i) 2 times of critical angle, and (ii) selected 0.5m, 1m or 3m, 0.5m, 1m or 3m be typical ultimate range between observer and artificial light device.Such as, assuming that the critical angle that device has is 3 °, the minimum widith of first surface of emission should be 10cm, 20cm or 60cm (selected ultimate range is respectively 0.5m, 1m or 3m).This means observer in some distance as can be seen the sun and sky in 0.5m, 1m or 3m place simultaneously, wherein, sky (or " window ") is significantly greater than the sun.

Should briefly, idea is above the schematic reference to first surface of emission, assuming that the width of first surface of emission is substantially the same with the width of the outer surface of emission with second, but be construed as equally can the Transformation Application surface of emission outside equally for these ideas.In addition, depend on the observation of horizontal direction in difference " width " situation of first surface of emission, such as can also represent minimum widith, namely when first surface of emission is rectangle, side length is shorter.

Certainly, neither be necessary by the single led device 44 be embodied as illustrated in Figures 5 and 6 group of the first light-emitting device shown in Fig. 1/collimater.This will be described by following examples.

Such as, direct projection light source 12 shown in Fig. 7 comprise the first light-emitting device 60 of being configured to send originally light 62 and be positioned at the first light-emitting device 60 downstream with the collimater of collimation lens 64 form, this collimation lens 64 is arranged at focal length 66 place along optical axis 68, and described optical axis 68 is consistent with direct light direction 32.Different from standard lighting device (the LED domed lens such as shown in Figure 25), in the present embodiment, lens 64 can be imaging optic elements, in this sense, for given optical layout's parameter (i.e. system value aperture, the distance between lens and light-emitting device, the ratio between focal length and the lateral dimension of light-emitting device, etc.), the feature of these lens can be guarantee that lens at infinity form the image of the first light-emitting device 60.

In order to realize the reduction of manufacturing cost and the compact of structure, collimation lens 64 can be Fresnel lens (Fresnellens).First light-emitting device 60 can adopt LED.

For the description of Fig. 7, it should be noted that, optical axis 68 with the optical axis coincidence of collimation lens 64 or can tilt with it, now optical axis 68 is defined as the line between the center of gravity of the light-emitting zone of intersection point 61 and the first light-emitting device 60, wherein this intersection point 61 is the intersection point between the principal plane (if there are two principal planes, being then closer to first that principal plane of light-emitting device 60) of collimation lens 64 and the optical axis of collimation lens 64.For the situation adopting Fresnel lens 64, Fresnel lens 64 can be orientated and be parallel to first surface of emission 28, or is positioned at first surface of emission 28, as described further below.If other collimation lens 64, its principal plane is equally applicable to above-mentioned situation.No matter be which kind of situation, the unthreaded hole of lens 64 is all equally large with first surface of emission 28.

First light-emitting device 60 can have circular unthreaded hole, to produce circular hot spot 40, its eyes inner focusing observer at infinity.

Equally as shown in Figure 7, the direct projection light source 12 of Fig. 7 also can comprise the absorber that forms magazine 70, this magazine 70 holds the first light-emitting device 60 and has the hole for locating collimation lens 64, wherein, the inner surface 72 of described magazine 70 is formed by light absorbent, described light absorbent is greater than 70% for the absorption coefficient of visible ray, is greater than 90% better, is greater than 95% best.Here the inner surface said does not refer to the inner surface of 100%, and relate to be greater than 90% or be greater than 80% or be even only greater than 50% inner surface.This will follow the constraints of reflecting brightness angle distribution.

It should be pointed out that the many features in the middle of Fig. 7 can correspondingly change.Such as, the unthreaded hole of collimation lens 64 might not need for the circle shown in Fig. 7, also can be rectangle, hexagon or other polygonal shape.For the shape of magazine 70 and inner surface 72 thereof, it should be noted, magazine 70 also not necessarily needs to be as shown in the figure cylindrical, the unthreaded hole that this columniform end face has collimation lens 64 overlaps, in the hole that first light-emitting device 60 is integrated in columniform bottom surface or be positioned at this cylindrical interior, other shape any can be applicable, as long as any direct projection light path between the first light-emitting device 60 and the unthreaded hole of collimation lens 64 is straightway.Such as, extend between the cylindrical and non-recessed truncated cone that inner surface 72 can be shown in the figure, there is minimum volume and extend between the luminous zone and the unthreaded hole of collimation lens 64 of the first light-emitting device 60.

Above-described about brightness distribution curve figure L in order to meet _directpossible constraints, the ratio between the width 74 in the focal length 66 of collimation lens 64 and the aperture of the first light-emitting device 60 can be greater than 10, is preferably greater than 50.Such as, focal length 66 can be greater than 10 centimetres, is preferably greater than 20 centimetres.The area in the aperture of collimation lens 64 can be greater than 80 square centimeters, is preferably greater than 300 square centimeters.The downstream face of collimation lens 64 can be formed as described first surface of emission.

For the numerical value of the embodiment of Fig. 5 to 7, it should be pointed out that the ratio such as between focal length and luminous aperture, do not need to follow the foregoing constraints about brightness distribution curve figure completely.On the contrary, the embodiment of Fig. 5 to 7 beam homogenizing layer (micro-opticsbeam-homogenizerlayer) embodiment can combine, to meet above-mentioned constraints with the micro-optics described subsequently.The embodiment of Fig. 5 to 7 only can form a part of direct projection light source 12, namely for generation of the collimated light source of pre-collimated light, described pre-collimated light is such as light beam has the limited HWHM angle of divergence (such as the HWHM angle of divergence is less than 2.5 °), but in larger angular range, there is veiling glare, the submaximum (secondarypeaks) such as causing beam angle to distribute or the veiling glare of spike (spikes).

Under any circumstance, the typical sizes of Fresnel lens 64 is 20 cm, and the typical range between lens 64 and observer is about 1.5 meters.For the observer of collimation lens 64, the structure of Fig. 7 makes the angle of divergence of the virtual image of the first light-emitting device 60 less than angular aperture, thus guarantees that the image (i.e. the image of the first light-emitting device 60) of hot spot 40 is shown as the unthreaded hole rear bright spot at a distance of collimation lens 64.That is, the image of the sun seems less than the aperture of lens 64, and lens 64 itself can be regarded as the transparent window between eyes and object 40 very at a distance.Fresnel lens is used to be as an advantage of lens 64 technical feasibility realizing the less output angle of divergence.As an example, the typical divergence angle of the combination of light emitting diode and TIR (total internal reflection) lens is such as about 8 ° ~ 10 ° or be greater than 8 ° ~ 10 °.One of them main restriction is owing to the focal length of optical element (i.e. TIR lens), and it is 1 to 5 cm or is less than 1 to 5 centimetre.For the situation adopting Fresnel lens, the focal length of this lens can be 20 to 30 cm.Export the angle of divergence such as, to be provided by the ratio between the spatial aperture 74 of the first light-emitting device 60 (comprise or do not comprise main optical element, the domed lens of LED) and above-mentioned focal length 66.In the first light-emitting device 60, as adopted the focal length of LED and 20 to 30 centimetre of 1 to 2 millimeter, divergence is about 1 ° or be less than 1 °.

The further advantage of structure shown in Fig. 7 is the pixel texture that there is not sun image.In the example of Figure 26, for the final observer being in final viewing distance (be such as about 1 meter or be greater than 1 meter), export divergence likely than LED light device angular aperture greatly, the primary optics (i.e. domed lens) being about 1 centimetre causes the output divergence of the angular aperture of 0.6 ° and 8 ° ~ 10 ° to compare.This just determines the pixelation of image at different lens element.The limit cycle that the angle period ratio eyes of such pixelation characteristic cannot distinguish each element is much bigger.This fact, together with the extra sensitivity of eyes for contrast, by making the actual each lens element seen in the structure of Figure 26 of observer, destroys the image effect of unlimited distance light source.And this situation can not occur in the middle of the embodiment of Fig. 7.

As Fig. 8, can combining group and placing side by side of the first light-emitting device 60 and lens 64, makes multiple adjacent to each other to form a continuous composition surface to the collimation lens 64 in group.If collimation lens 64 is formed as Fresnel lens (representing with many annular lines in lens 64 in Fig. 8), then the array of this Fresnel Lenses can be easily made up of a continuous overall object (as plastics or glass).As in the case of fig. 6, the first light-emitting device 60 and collimation lens 64 can by hexagonal manner along packaging together to the two-dimensional array of group to group.Therefore, the unthreaded hole in each collimation lens 64 can be formed as hexagon.The single optical axis 68 to group of the first light-emitting device 60 and collimation lens 64 can extend with being arranged parallel to each other, and is parallel to direct light direction 32 respectively.The downstream face of lens 64 can form first surface of emission 28, or at least has a region equally large with first surface of emission 28.

That is, in the embodiment in fig. 8, direct projection light source 12 comprises the two-dimensional array of the first light-emitting device 60 and the two-dimensional array of collimation lens 64, as described in conjunction with Figure 7 above, first light-emitting device 60 can comprise circular unthreaded hole, to provide the hot spot 40 of circular appearance, collimation lens 64 is preferably Fresnel lens, wherein above-mentioned two arrays registration each other, makes optical axis 68 parallel to each other and is parallel to direct light direction 32.Described by with reference to Fig. 7, lens arra and the first array of light emitting devices can dislocations relative to one another, the optical axis of lens 64 is offset, the plane making produced direct light direction 32 favour the unthreaded hole in lens 64 to locate and distribute from the position of the first light-emitting device.

As described above, by making the distance of each collimation lens 64 and the first light-emitting device 60 correspond to the focal length of collimation lens 64 or be approximately this focal length, then the constraints of the low divergence previously formulated can be realized.Because each collimation lens 64 is coupled to single first light-emitting device be associated, the spacing of the first light-emitting device obviously increases relative to structure shown in Figure 26, this means that each first light-emitting device 60 needs to possess higher luminous flux, to obtain identical lumen in per unit area.It should be noted that collimation lens 64 makes the eye lens of observer become telescope, it forms the first light-emitting device with its unthreaded hole respectively on retina.Here it is, and why each first light-emitting device should have a circular unthreaded hole, to form a circular image in the middle of the eyes of observer, namely forms the reason of the circularity of circular light spot 40.

Up to the present, the embodiment of direct projection light source 12 demonstrates actual light-emitting zone is arranged on some collimation lenses downstream along the optical axis consistent with direct light direction.But it should be mentioned that, direct projection light source 12 can comprise an edge-lit guide emission plate, it comprises a waveguide panel, via total internal reflection, one or more light source couples is to the edge of described waveguide panel, and multiple micro optical element (as lenticule) contributes to light to be extracted into direct light direction from the micro-reflector in waveguide panel.Therefore, the embodiment of " edge-lit guide emission plate " form can also although the embodiment of Fig. 5 to Fig. 8 can be called " back-illuminated type transmitter ", in addition, be used.

Specifically, this edge-lit guide emission plate can have photoconductive layer, this photoconductive layer comprises multiple miniature reflector at interface between light absorbing zone and photoconductive layer, wherein light absorbing zone is positioned at the upstream/side backward of photoconductive layer, to change the channeling direction of light and make light directive be positioned at the light exit layer of side, the downstream of photoconductive layer/forward in photoconductive layer, the light of directive light exit layer and between photoconductive layer and light exit layer the angle at interface be less than the limiting angle that light realizes total internal reflection in photoconductive layer.Each miniature reflector lays respectively at the focal position of respective lens, lens forming in light exit layer back to photoconductive layer and towards on the outer surface in downstream.Thus the combination of miniature reflector array and lens arra forms a collimater, to reduce the divergence exporting light.

Strong spatial brightness modulation may be there is in the embodiment of some the direct projection light sources more than summarized at first surface of emission 28.Such as, embodiment shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, function is there is by such as spatial modulation in the brightness of light at each collimation lens 64, such as, there is such spatial modulation in the illumination brightness on each collimation lens 64, such as each collimation lens 64 is stronger than marginal position several times in the center of lens unthreaded hole.In the embodiment in fig. 8, this can cause brightness periodic modulation, this can have problems in use Rayleigh shape diffusing globe is as the example of diffused light generator 10, a part of direct light that this diffused light generator 10 is produced by direct projection light source by diffusion on first surface of emission and produce diffused light, diffusion efficiency and the wavelength of Rayleigh shape diffusing globe have interdependence, that is, in visible region, the diffusion efficiency that the diffusion efficiency for short wavelength is compared to long wavelength is stronger.In this case, owing to the very high visual sensitivity concerning foreign affairs to periodicity intensification modulation, the periodicity intensification modulation being automatically transformed into the high CCT background of the diffused light produced by diffused light generator 10 of the brightness periodic modulation of the collimation lens 64 just now mentioned.Such effect is harmful relative to the quality of natural illumination.

First solution for this problem is, the downstream of the surface of emission 37 increases grid ceiling structure outside, this structure has the spacing identical with central collimation lens 64 embodiment illustrated in fig. 8, or the spacing of this structure is integral multiple or the unit mark of collimation lens 64 spacing.

Such as, grid ceiling structure comprises and forms network by cell, it is formed by the voidage separated by wall, wherein said wall has insignificant total transmittance, described cell has input face F_IN and output face F_OUT, the plane at input face F_IN place is parallel to the plane at the outer surface of emission 37 place, and input face F_IN and output face F_OUT can or can not be of similar shape, the center of gravity of output face F_OUT can be displaced to output face F_OUT relative to the projection of input face F_IN center of gravity along direction 32, each cell is in the face of lens 64, say in this sense, input face F_IN project containing input face F_IN plane along direction 32 inscribe (inscribed) to the unthreaded hole of lens 64 or lens 64 on projection.

Such as, see Fig. 9, it illustrates the grid ceiling structure 170 being positioned at diffused light generator 10 downstream, this grid ceiling structure 170 can be presented as Rayleigh diffusing panel aspect, and its further details is described by the direct projection light source 12 of Fig. 8.As shown in Figure 9, grid ceiling structure 170 has period 1 interval 172, this period 1 interval 172 is identical with the period distances 174 that collimation lens 64 and the first corresponding light-emitting device (not shown in Fig. 9) thereof distribute along the surface of emission 28, in the embodiment in fig. 9, this surface of emission 28 extends between diffused light generator 10 and collimation lens 64 place plane.For the sake of clarity, in the embodiment in fig. 9, diffused light generator 10 is positioned at the downstream of first surface of emission 28 to form the outer surface of emission 37.Generally speaking, here the grid ceiling structure 170 mentioned is not meant is limited to said circumstances, but be also applicable to first surface of emission 28 and be positioned at the downstream of diffused light generator 10 and form the situation of the outer surface of emission 37, or first surface of emission 28 overlaps with second surface of emission 34 of diffused light generator 10 situation forming the outer surface of emission 37.

In addition, the effect strengthening scattered observation person's notice with direct light direction 32 can be considered, avoid recognizing the brightness of the brightness regulation being derived from collimation lens 64 periodically.Such as, the side of wall or grid ceiling structure 170 can around the direction perpendicular to the outer surface of emission 37, because direct light direction 32 is tilt (tiltedoroblique) relative to the parallel direction of the normal of the outer surface of emission 37.More commonly, direct light direction 32 is tilt relative to the outer surface more than 90% of grid ceiling structure.In this fashion, observer observes luminescence (low CCT) side of alternative grid ceiling structure 170 (being illustrated as white in fig .9), and observes the side shadows (high CCT) of grid ceiling (being illustrated as shade in fig .9).The brightness space that this system setting causes strong density and color regulates, and this meets the natural law completely, and the illumination can arranged caused by the inconsistent illumination of collimation lens 64 regulates.But, by the outer surface of the wall of inclination grid ceiling structure 170, also identical effect may be obtained.Such as, can around the outer surface of grid ceiling structure, with make its project along direct light direction 32 in the face of the outer surface of grid ceiling structure 170 of at least 30% and the outer surface of the grid ceiling structure 170 of at least 30% be not faced by.In the case of the latter, the direct light direction 32 being parallel to the normal direction of first surface of emission is even likely set.

Although the grid ceiling structure shown in Fig. 9 is relevant to direct projection light source 12 embodiment of Fig. 8, need it is to be noted that this grid ceiling structure can with comprise below any embodiment of direct projection light source 12 that will describe combine.In addition, the period distances that such as period distances 174 is so also can appear in other embodiments of direct projection light source, and therefore, cyclin dependent also can optionally be applicable to other embodiment.In addition, can also select cyclin dependent, make period distances 172 be integer multiple or unit fractions of period distances 174.

In order to illustrate in greater detail the effect of grid ceiling structure, see Figure 10, Figure 10 with reference to the embodiment of drawing in fig .9, wherein, second surface of emission 34 of diffused light generator constitutes the outer surface of emission 37.Diffused light generator 10 is assumed to the diffusing globe of similar Rayleigh scattering again, and this will hereafter discuss in further detail.Specifically, due to the incomparable inconsistent brightness of collimation lens 64, grid ceiling 170 overcomes the problem of the intensity adjustment of artificial sky.In fact, incomparable inconsistent brightness decision is along the incomparable inconsistent output light intensity of the bulk of lens 64.Therefore, incomparable inconsistent illumination is mapped to diffusion panel 10 and creates a series of region brighter and darker in blue diffused light, namely brighter and darker in " sky " region.In addition, after the arrangement (example in fig. 8) of collimation lens adds diffusion panel, determines is determined) periodicity of this intensity adjustment, these eyes being easy to observed person capture.Grid ceiling structure 170 is made up of a series of projection, protruding to extend to form in the single region (comprising second surface of emission 34 of the outer surface of emission 37 under this is deeply in love condition) of the diffusion panel 10 superposed with single lens 64 and extending between the outer surface of emission 37 outside, namely form projection thus.Because the direction of the direct light component being derived from the collimation of artificial sun has lower CCT, i.e. direction 32, can tilt relative to the direction perpendicular to the outer surface of emission 37, this direct light component is only to be irradiated to the half of the side of bulge-structure 170.When seeing to ceiling, observer will see sky and each part of protruding 170.Specifically, observer will between the high CCT region of each sky brightness and lower CCT region, see a part for the projection 170 illuminated by direct light, it is protruding that it can be called as " white ", see that a protruding part drops into shadow region (be thus subject to the irradiation of the high CCT element of diffusion partly, this also can be called that " secretly " is protruding).In both cases, protruding brightness will be different from the mean flow rate of sky, higher than " white " situation and lower than the situation of " dark ".The change of this different brightness had between region and projection on high contributes to covering the adjustment of artificial sky, because sky is more strong compared to the internal regulation of sky self to " white " or sky to the adjustment of " dark ", the unexpected property brightness regulation that this comes from (stemfrom) sets forth above.This sky regulates and shows very faint.Grid ceiling structure 170 will show as the grid (grid) of " white " and " dark " between observer and obviously consistent sky.

For Fig. 9 and 10, it should be noted that, up to the present, term " grid ceiling structure " herein should not be understood to be limited to the situation first surface of emission being horizontally disposed with the artificial light device formed in indoor ceiling.But this term should be understood to just to the structural description of structure 170.In addition, the outer surface of grid ceiling structure 170 can be selected, with the visible absorption coefficient made it have lower than 50%.That is, ceiling structure is not absorber.Grid ceiling structure 170 first surface of emission projection in the plane, can cover lower than by 50% of the first surface of emission institute area coverage along direct light direction, i.e. the general area of first surface of emission, or lower than 35%, or 15%.In this, please note that the unthreaded hole (apertures) of collimater 64 can be spaced from each other by grid ceiling structure, paired transmitter/the collimater periodically occurred and grid ceiling structure are separated from each other (beingequaltoeachother), instead of partly superpose placement.Grid ceiling structure 170 can be given prominence to along the direction perpendicular to first surface of emission, outstanding length is less than the Cycle Length of grid ceiling structure 170 from first surface of emission, this means that the ratio of width to height is relatively large, such as large 1/4 or large 1/2, (as the molecule) width in " glittering " region refers to the region not being projected covering along direct light direction by grid ceiling structure 170 at first surface of emission, and " degree of depth " of (as denominator) grid ceiling structure 170, namely it is along the height perpendicular to the first surface of emission direction.

Some important features of preceding embodiment do following summary:

When observer watches light fixture, sky and the sun are simultaneously visible, namely when observer watches the window with light fixture or first surface of emission (same be suitable for the outer surface of emission) same size, can see the image of identical sky-sun.Summary is got up, and the dispersiveness of selected direct light 236 is less than field-of-view angle, and under this field-of-view angle, observer can see light fixture from some suitable selected maximum distance apart, and ultimate range refers to the distance between light fixture and the eyes of observer.As noted, so typical ultimate range can be 0.5m, 1m or 3m.Under respective ultimate range, whole width disperses little 1/2 times to whole width field-of-view angle.According to some embodiments, the decentralization of overall width can be arranged on 3 times in the scope of overall width field-of-view angle, under this field-of-view angle (underwhich), the eyes of observer, under the irradiation of the first light component, from the distance of 0.5m-3m, preferably 1m-2m, more preferably see the first emitting surface from 1.5m.

For the relative brightness (direct light and diffused light) of two light sources under special angle, description above discloses " afterbody " of the brightness distribution curve figure of direct light obviously below the brightness of diffused light.In fact, if can light fixture be seen when observer is under the angular aperture in the overall with visual field of 30 °, such as, direct light only has the overall with decentralization of 10 ° but departing from afterbody that direct projection light direction 32 reaches the direct light of 15 ° still provides to first surface of emission and have comparative brightness, or provide the brightness that the brightness that causes at the second emitting surface than diffused light is higher, in this case for observer under the sun light beam sky be sightless.Therefore, in order to obtain the dispersed effect not relying on direct light 32 of sky/sun, an angle should be found out, critical angle is called as in this description above, should be arranged by the character of sky (contribution) (high CCT character) at the overall brightness exceeding this adjacent angle timer, this angle is less than field-of-view angle, under field-of-view angle, observer can see whole system in suitable selected maximum distance apart, gives the example of ultimate range above.According to some embodiments, critical angle can be set in double half-breadth field-of-view angle scope in, under field-of-view angle, the eyes of observer are under the irradiation of the first light component, within the scope of 0.5m-3m, preferably 1m-2m, more preferably see first surface of emission from 1.5m.Observer can see sky and the sun simultaneously in this way.

As for the Space Consistency of high CCT light (diffused light), it should be noted, impression (impression) some change when not destroyed of infinite depth described above is can be received.Such as, if the unthreaded hole (aperture) of the collimater of paired transmitter/collimater is enough large, can be accepted 3 times of brightness changes within the scope of minimum brightness.Be well known that, when sky elements small, because the spatial gradient of brightness becomes deciding factor, so on high in brightness the uniformity of difference just become decisive factor, worse, after a series of assembly is employed (implemented), and then periodic impact can be caused.In this case, in fact, the eyes of observer can inevitably focus on and converge to light fixture, thus destroy our unlimited depth effect.But in this case, some modulation can utilize permission, such as, grid ceiling structure as above.

As for the angular distribution of direct light, (under this angle, only (competeto) sky is there is during the existing of namely spuious in large angle white light, but there is no the formation of solar image), the intensity of sunshine should not exceed blue light.In addition, consider that most of eyes are responsive to brightness change, due to the impact of veiling glare, veiling glare is distributed by direct light and produced under wide-angle, relevant brightness step very large (atlarge), the effect of this natural representation for perception (concerns) sky and generation infinite depth mechanism of perception is all very important.Obviously, even if when veiling glare Luminance Distribution is below the brightness produced by diffused light generator, this restriction also may occur.This problem may be upgraded, for example, when the collimate direct light of use Fresnel Lenses, and the veiling glare that defect or intrinsic nonideal character due to Fresnel Lenses cause scattering, secondary inner reflection etc. caused.Such veiling glare may cause lens to be taken as to be physical object and to be seen and perception, and then makes observer on light fixture, adjust (accommodate) its visual angle, instead of at infinity.The countermeasure feasible for veiling glare disclosed, such as the use of filter 260 or homogenizer.

Specifically, the effects of spurious light in order to avoid just having summarized appears in the embodiment disclosed above: the ARC of (i) Fresnel lens; (ii) use beam homogenizer as series connection lens arrays (array), which eliminate the luminance peaks of the wide-angle covering wide-angle district, therefore make below described veiling glare brightness brightness on high, and conspicuousness reduces the spatial brightness fluctuations of veiling glare; (iii) the alternative filter of angle, it absorbs the undesired veiling glare when angle exceedes certain threshold value; (iv) low angle white light diffusing globe, its (on average) creates the convolution (convolution) of angle spectrum and filter impulse receptance function; The combination of the mode arbitrarily.It should be noted that the periodicity along with these homogenizer apparatus any, due to the periodic vibration of Fresnel Lenses, aliasing effect may occur, its (which) is radial symmetric.These aliasing effects just mentioned can reduce by selecting the periodic ratio of suitable Fresnel and the micro-milli of homogenizer (micro-milli) structure.

In order to improve the Space Consistency of direct light and diffused light, all-in optical element (such as all-in lens and mirror) is arranged between direct projection light source and lens, similarly, the combination of the design of free style optical element and Fresnel Lenses curve can be selected suitably.

The further problem of Fresnel lens and any refracting element is used to relate to (concerns) to aberration.For this problem, can with the Fresnel lens of particular design (such as it comprises refraction and the type of diffraction, and they have the aberration of contrary sign) simultaneously, this lens can reduce this effect.Further in other words in another embodiment, can consider to swim under a lens and arrange low angle diffusing globe and water down aberration, by the method for convolution above, its situation about usually occurring can more than 1 degree (deg),

In addition, before, the concept of trellis makes this device work rightly, even when the sky of described expectation and the uniformity of the sun do not exist.

Also as saying description above, for obtaining the natural representation of artificial light, sunshine should be stronger than skylight, for example, when making the angle when integrated (integrated) is all, low CCT light should be 8 to 2 times of high CCT light, and peak brightness should be stronger, such as, be 50-100 times.

Be to realize natural effect, foregoing Fresnel Lenses should not be circular but square, or is more preferably hexagon and adjacent to each other and cover whole ceiling region yet.

Finally it should be noted that, grid ceiling structure 170 not only for direct projection light source 12 be used as diffused light generator 10 Rayleigh scatterer combination for be favourable, and be also favourable for the embodiment that diffused light generator 10 is made up of diffused light source, the latter will be described below in greater detail in the middle of hereafter.Reiterate, if this structure 170 is positioned at the downstream of outer light-emitting area 37, this structure 170 also can combine with other light source 12 any, and combines with the situation that diffused light generator 10 is positioned at the first surface of emission 28 upstream side.

For the embodiment of Fig. 7 and 8, what it might also be mentioned is, for just described problem, namely about the inconstant problem of brightness on the whole unthreaded hole of collimation lens, can solve by using main lens or principal reflection mirror (as free-form surface lens or free-form surface mirror), this main lens be placed in the first light-emitting device 60 downstream and between this first light-emitting device 60 and collimation lens 64, this main lens is preferably closer to the first light-emitting device 60, to provide uniform illumination on the whole unthreaded hole of collimation lens 64.In other words, this free-form surface lens is configured to the brightness that leveling is distributed to the originally light on collimation lens.

Exemplarily, free-form surface lens 180 shown in Figure 11 a is arranged between the first light-emitting device 60 and its collimation lens 64 along optical axis 68, certainly, such free-form surface lens 180 also can be applied in the middle of embodiment illustrated in fig. 8 every a pair of being made up of the first light-emitting device 60 and collimation lens 64.

Please refer to Figure 12, to understand the problem of free-form surface lens better.Hereinbefore described by composition graphs 9 and 10, the requirement of Uniform Illumination improves the final perception of artificial light device by the mode of even sky outward appearance.But, due in the propagation of light between the first light-emitting device 60 and collimation lens 64, be typically heterogeneous in the Luminance Distribution on input surface (aperture) of lens 64.In addition, in order to reduce the loss of light as far as possible, for the Light distribation on the input surface of lens 64, also require that the brightness outside the aperture area of these lens 64 reduces rapidly.

Second emphasis is the visual appearance of light source 60 in the middle of the eyes of observer.Due to the circular image of artificial " sun " that will obtain, therefore need a kind of first light-emitting device 60 of circular appearance.

Free-form surface lens can realize one or even most aforementioned claim.Especially, as shown in the left side of Figure 12, can by utilizing optical element to axially redirecting, to meet the requirement of Uniform Illumination with the low propagation angle light that emitting area is propagated around outwardly

After certain propagation distance, this intensity distribution can realize uniformity enough on object.

In a specific embodiment, free-form surface lens 180 be provided with one round-shaped, when free-form surface lens 180 scioptics 64 image in the middle of the eyes of observer, this is round-shaped is conducive to the visual appearance forming sphere shape light.

Finally, it should be noted that, the optical element different from free-form surface lens also goes for above-mentioned requirement.Such as, reflective compound parabolic concentrator CPC also may be used on lens 64, realize uniform illumination.Similar with the situation of free-form surface lens, the output aperture of such CPC can be circular, so that when the output aperture scioptics 64 of CPC image in the middle of the eyes of observer, is conducive to the visual appearance forming sphere shape light.

For the purpose of complete, Figure 11 b shows before the first light-emitting device 60 (i.e. downstream) and uses the replacement scheme of such reflection CPC182.

For the embodiment shown in Figure 11 a, 11b and 12, due to the existence of free-form surface lens 180 or CPC182, need to correct the width 74 of the first light-emitting device 60 and the distance 66 between the first light-emitting device 60 and lens 64, to overcome the error in manufacture.

It should be noted that Figure 11 a, 11b and 12 embodiment also can combine with the embodiment of Fig. 8.In addition, the embodiment of Figure 11 a, 11b and 12 also can combine with the embodiment of Fig. 9 and 10.

The embodiment of direct projection light source 12 provided so far, in some cases, in the process realizing sky/Solar radiation window outward appearance or the above-mentioned angular brightness distribution constraints determined, there will be the minor issue because scattering problems or Similar Problems cause.In embodiment according to hereafter general introduction further, these problems solve with the next described beam homogenizing layer of micro-optics by using any one direct projection light source 12 in Fig. 5 to 8,11a, 11b and 12, the direct projection light source 9 of any previous embodiment is used as the collimated light source 190 that produces pre-collimated light, the beam homogenizing layer 192 of micro-optics is positioned at the downstream of collimated light source 190 and the upstream side of diffused light generator 10, first surface of emission 28 between beam homogenizing layer 192 and diffused light generator 10, or is positioned at the downstream of diffused light generator 10.The beam homogenizing layer 192 of micro-optics like this location can be transformed to the second collimated light beam by the first collimated light beam, the feature of the first collimated light beam is there is the veiling glare inciding the beam homogenizing layer 192 of micro-optics from collimated light source 190, the divergence of the second collimated light beam is equal to or greater than the divergence of the first collimated light beam, but there is not veiling glare.The second collimated light beam like this from first surface of emission 28 towards diffused light generator 10 outgoing, as shown in figure 13.In a different embodiment, first surface of emission 28 is positioned in the downstream of second surface of emission 34 of diffused light generator 10 or overlaps with it, thus this second collimated light beam incides diffused light generator 10 from the outgoing of beam homogenizing layer 192 towards the first exit facet 28.

When using Fresnel Lenses to realize collimation lens 64, the veiling glare just described may stem from the nonideal manifestation mode of some Fresnel Lenses, due to the factor such as scattering and MIR of the flute tips from Fresnel lens 64, brightness distribution curve figure not vanishing outside narrow peak 30 of the Fresnel Lenses 64 irradiated by the first light-emitting device 60.On the contrary, it has residue distribution, and be all regular in angle or position, this finally makes the Fresnel Lenses 64 of Fig. 7 and 8 become clearly visible luminous object, on the contrary, needs to provide complete darkness and uniform background.Such a problem, also may occur in other embodiment of direct projection light source and the collimated light source 190 described.

Even if such luminance background is lower, such as, lower than 1% of peak brightness value, due to its inhomogeneities and the transparency due to diffused light generator 10, such luminance background may be observable, thus destroys the quality of nature sky.In order to solve such problem, also can use the beam homogenizing layer 192 of micro-optics, this specific embodiment will be further described below.

Composition graphs 14a-c, is described the first embodiment of the beam homogenizing layer 192 of micro-optics.Figure 14 a-c schematically illustrates the combination of an optical transmitting set and collimater, and such as the first light-emitting device 60 and Fresnel Lenses 64 combine as collimated light source 190.But mention as earlier paragraphs, beam homogenizing layer 192 illustrated in Figure 14 a-c can combine with any one embodiment of above-mentioned direct projection light source 12, to form the further embodiment of the direct projection light source 12 comprising collimated light source 190 and beam homogenizing layer 192 combination.

The beam homogenizing layer 192 of micro-optics of Figure 14 a-c comprises the two-dimensional array of lenticule 194 and is configured as the absorber of absorbed layer 202, absorbed layer 202 is equipped with the two-dimensional array of aperture 196, aperture 196 is positioned at and downstream along the two-dimensional array of lenticule 194 extends, to make each lenticule 194 have an aperture 196 associated with it.In the embodiment of Figure 14 a, direct light direction 32 is perpendicular to the plane containing lenticule 194 two-dimensional array, distance between each aperture 196 and corresponding lenticule 194 corresponds to the focal length 198 of this lenticule 194, and aperture 196 is positioned on the direction consistent with direct light direction 32.Owing to will more describe in detail below, lenticule 194 will preferably have diameter D _mcircular unthreaded hole.Preferably, diameter D _mbe less than 5 millimeters, be less than 3 millimeters better, be less than 1.5 millimeters best.Preferably, lenticule 194 is packaged together formation two-dimensional array as close as possible, such as obtain density high as far as possible, and in collimated light source 190 according to any one embodiment Fig. 7 and 8 Suo Shi, towards the quantity of the lenticule 194 of a collimation lens 64, by probably higher than the quantity shown in Figure 14 a-c.Such as, lenticule 194 and the spacing of aperture 196 in respective two-dimensional array, can equal diameter D _mor be at least less than 1.5 × D _m.

In addition, the focal distance f of lenticule 194 _m198 may be selected to be and meet D _m/ f _m<2tan (7.5 °), D _m/ f _m<2tan (5 °) is better, D _m/ f _m<2tan (2.5 °) is best.Exemplarily, the diameter of circular aperture 196, according to the HWHM divergence of collimated light inciding beam homogenizing layer 192 from collimated light source 190 select, such as, d _mcan meet

Use these constraints, be more than applicable to brightness distribution curve figure L _directconstraints can realize in the downstream of beam homogenizing layer 192 (forming first surface of emission 28 according to the embodiment of Figure 14 a-c).In a different embodiment, as described below, first surface of emission 28 can be positioned at the downstream of beam homogenizing layer 192, makes brightness distribution curve figure L _directconstraints will only realize on this surface.When aperture 196 is non-circular shape, d _mcan represent, with aperture 196, there is diameter of a circle of the same area.

As shown in Figure 14 a-c, the beam homogenizing layer 192 of micro-optics may further include the absorber being configured as channel spacing structure 200, and it is configured to reduce the crosstalk between lenticule 194 and the phase adjacency pair of aperture 196.Concrete ground, channel spacing structure 200 can be formed by pipe, and each pipe extends along direction 32, and one of them lenticule 194 is positioned at the upstream side of corresponding pipe, and one of them aperture 196 is positioned at the downstream of corresponding pipe.Preferably, channel spacing structure 200 absorbs the light of visible region, and has the absorptivity higher than 70% for the visible ray inciding channel spacing structure 200, better higher than 90%, best higher than 95%.Channel spacing structure 200 can fill the space 204 between lenticule 194, as shown in fig. 14b.

Therefore, this embodiment of beam homogenizing layer 192 have employed the lens 194 of the collimated light front end that one deck is launched towards collimated light source 190, and is arranged on the absorption mask 202 of focal plane of these lens 194, absorbs on mask 202 and has a series of aperture 196.Along direction 32, the middle part of each aperture 196 or center correspond to middle part or the center of lens 194 of lens arra, and namely lens 194 and aperture 196 are in alignment with each other.By this make, output angle distribution L _directbe rendered as flat-top distribution, it is identical with lens 194 unthreaded hole shape, if namely use square lens light hole, it is a foursquare flat-top; If adopt hexagonal lens 194 unthreaded hole, then it is a hexagonal flat-top.In order to present circular image in the eyes of a viewer, be necessary the lens 194 adopting circular unthreaded hole.Space (i.e. space 204) between aperture should be light absorbing, such as blacking and form absorbed layer.Pass through the divergence of the output beam measured, with focal distance f _mand the full diameter D of lens 194 _mrelevant, namely

By introducing the fuzzy of flat-top distribution, the luminous exitance impact inciding lens 194 array from collimated light source 190 exports divergence thus the acutance smoothing of circular image.The diameter of aperture 196 also affects output angle distribution L _directdefinition: aperture 196 is less, then image is more clear; But less aperture 196 and relatively large the dispersing in camera lens 194 array front, also mean that this absorption facial mask 202 produces more loss.

The advantage of the beam homogenizing layer 192 shown in Figure 14 a-c is, last one deck (being namely arranged in that layer of the downstream of beam homogenizer) is black (absorption) layer with two-dimentional array of orifices, and it forms mask between lens 194 array and the eyes of observer.Therefore, minimize with regard to this target with regard to realizing reflecting brightness, the embodiment of Figure 14 a-c has best performance, namely when this device is in closed condition, ensure that direct projection light source 12 has the outward appearance of black.

But, in order to avoid the alternately pixel texture of little aperture layer 202 correspondence image caused due to propagation zone and uptake zone, low-angle white diffuser 230 can be set in the downstream of little aperture layer 202, as described below, in order to make aperture 196 image blurringization, and guarantee the uniform luminance in low-angle white diffuser 230 plane, this plane can overlap with first surface of emission 28.In order to prevent the excessively fuzzy of narrow peak 30 place of brightness distribution curve figure, white diffuser 230 takes HWHM receptance function≤10 °, is preferably≤5 °, be more preferably≤2 °.In order to ensure brightness uniformity, white diffuser 230 separates enough distances, such as spaced apart f with little aperture layer 202 place plane _mthe distance of to three times.But not necessarily always necessity uses white diffuser 230, such as, when observer needs to observe lighting device from remote (such as the distance of 3-5 rice), or work as the diameter D of lens 194 _mprediction for observer (was such as less than 1mm apart from enough hour, and was preferably less than 0.5mm), and white diffuser 230 is not required.

It is worth mentioning that, the mode problem of lens 194 array and aperture 196 array registration directly being manufactured aperture 196 array by depending on lens 194 array itself solves.Such as, the high intensity laser beam focused on by lens 194 can be utilized to be etched with on absorbed layer 202 and form aperture 196, this absorbed layer 202 is the pantostrat without any hole/aperture 196 in the incipient stage of manufacture process.By controlling power and the divergence of this laser beam, suitable orifice size (i.e. hole diameter d can be obtained _m).

As an example, adopt the lens 194 of 1.5 millimeters of apertures and 1.7 centimetres of focal lengths, the half-angle that can realize 2.5 ° exports divergence, close to above-mentioned required direct light divergence.

Described channel spacing structure 200 (although being optionally use) is used to be crosstalk effect between phase adjacency pair group in order to prevent lens 194 and aperture 196.This crosstalk effect can show as, around the high strength sun image at center, produce a series of sun image ghost image.When (being such as greater than (D with enough large angle of propagation _m/ f _m)-(d _m/ (2f _m)) radian, as shown in the ray 206 of Figure 14 a) be incident to when there is strong veiling glare in the light beam of beam homogenizing layer 192, these situations may will occur.In this case, this strong veiling glare 206 propagated with wide-angle can be focused in the aperture 106 be associated with adjacent lens 194 by lens 194.

As shown in 14a-c, the array of the pipe that channel spacing structure discussed above is formed by absorbing material is formed, namely each lens 194 and aperture 196 form to having a pipe, the third element array of these pipes formation between lens 194 array and aperture 196 array.If there is no channel spacing structure 200, can focus on adjacent aperture (namely belonging to the aperture of adjacent lens 194) with large angle incidence to the light of lens 194 array, and when being provided with channel spacing structure 200, these light can be absorbed by channel spacing structure 200, thus eliminate crosstalk.In the case of the latter, export little aperture layer 200 and also can remove, this is because they can be replaced by the aperture of the pipe of channel spacing structure 200 itself, and its cost is stuck with paste by angle mould to join in output brightness distribution.

Therefore, in another embodiment shown in Figure 15, the beam homogenizing layer 192 of micro-optics comprises the two-dimensional array of a lenticule 194 and is configured as the absorber of channel spacing structure, this channel spacing structure is the two-dimensional array of the microtubule 200 extended in lenticule 194 two-dimensional array downstream, make each lenticule 194 have an associated with it and microtubule that is that extend from corresponding lenticule 194 along direct light direction 32, the situation of the embodiment of this and Figure 14 a-c is similar.For the diameter D of lenticule 194 _mwith the focal distance f of lenticule 194 _m, can reference pin to the description of the embodiment of Figure 14 a-c.For the length l of microtubule 200 being labeled as 211 in Figure 15, this length l not necessarily will equal f _m, but can at 0.5f _m<l<1.2f _mscope in change.

Figure 16 shows another embodiment of the beam homogenizing layer 192 of micro-optics.For being the situation with corresponding figure as it.As the situation shown in Figure 14 a-c and Figure 18, the beam homogenizing layer 192 of shown micro-optics combines with collimated light source 190, to form the further embodiment of direct projection light source 12, although this collimated light source 190 (comprising transmitter and collimater) is exemplarily illustrated as the combination comprising Fresnel lens 64 and the first light-emitting device 60, the situation of embodiment as shown in Figure 7, but any one embodiment before described by composition graphs 5-8,11 and 12 all can be used for realizing collimated light source 190.

It is f that the beam homogenizing layer 192 of micro-optics of Figure 16 comprises focal length _m1first two-dimensional array of lenticule 210, focal length be f _m2lenticule 212 second two-dimensional array and be configured as the absorber of absorbed layer 220, this absorbed layer 220 is equipped with the array of aperture 214 and is arranged between the first microlens array 210 and the second microlens array 212, to be formed with the array of the telescope 216 of array-like mode (such as hexagonal structure or similar fashion) cross direction profiles, the telescope axis of telescope 216 is parallel to each other and be parallel to direct light direction 32.In each telescope 216, lenticule 212 corresponding in lenticule 210 corresponding in corresponding aperture 214, first two-dimensional array and second two-dimensional array is along telescope axis arranged, and the distance between the lenticule 210 that aperture 214 is corresponding with first two-dimensional array is f _m1, the distance between the lenticule 212 that aperture 214 is corresponding with second two-dimensional array is f _m2, wherein f _m2< γ f _m1, and γ <1, be preferably γ≤0.9, be more preferably γ≤0.85.The downstream outer surface 218 of the array of telescope 216 can comprise ARC.

In the embodiment of figure 16, beam homogenizing layer 192 is made up of two arrays of lens 210,212 and the center array of aperture 214, and aperture 214 is placed in the focal plane of two lens 210 and 212, can be formed by the cutting of the thin layer of light absorbent.Therefore, the similar of Figure 16, in the beam homogenizing system of micro-optics shown in Figure 14 a-c and 18, only increases the array of lens 212.The aperture of each lens 210 corresponds to the aperture of the lens 212 of downstream array, centered by the axis 217 of aperture 214 between two lens 210 and 212.Thus, the optical telescope filter that beam homogenizing layer 192 is formed.The absorbed layer 220 being formed with aperture 214 is formed as eliminating all spatial components, i.e. angle of propagation, and it is positioned on the focal plane beyond aperture 214.The output angle of divergence of beam homogenizing layer is measured with overall with, and its minimum is at f _m1/ f _m2be multiplied by the light inciding beam homogenizer 192 the input half-breadth angle of divergence and between, wherein d _mit is the hole diameter of aperture 214.The image formed in the eyes of observer is the image of the focal plane of the single lens 212 of downstream array.Correspondingly, the round-shaped of aperture 214 gives circular image.When having collimation lens 64, collimation lens 64 and lens 210 are by originally light source 60 imaging in central small hole 214.Therefore, be similar to the situation of the exposed collimation lens shown in Fig. 7 and 8, the direct projection light source 12 of Figure 16 forms the image of originally light source 60 in the eyes of observer, and this may be cut down by small aperture 214.The light incided lens 210 array from collimated light source 190 presents initial divergence degree, such as, when from collimation lens 64 outgoing, and focal distance f _m1and f _m2should be not identical.For the telescope 216 of 1:1, suppose that the light be mapped on the lens of the first array 210 has the input angle of divergence, make to generate hot spot in the plane of the second array 212, it is greater than the maximum diameter of hole of the respective lens of the second array 212.This situation causes the adjacent lens around respective lens to be subject to unwanted illumination.Consider from geometric aspects, for the given input angle of divergence, the comparatively short focus f of downstream array _m2the adequate illumination of the output aperture of the single lens of pair array 212 can be realized under the prerequisite avoiding above-mentioned impact.

In order to reduce the loss at absorbed layer 220 place, the diameter of aperture d _mcan be in optimized selection according to the divergence of the light beam from collimated light source 190 incidence.Such as, if originally light source 60 does not show as round-shaped, then loss can be there is at aperture 214 place of correspondence.Contrary with the situation of the beam homogenizing layer 192 of Figure 14 and 15, the embodiment of Figure 16 does not require that the unthreaded hole of lens 210 is circular, does not require its input surface part blacking yet.That is, the unthreaded hole of lens 210 can be adjacent to each other to form continuous phase, thus overlapping with from the lateral dimension of collimated light source 190 incident light forward, the lateral dimension of such as, collimation lens 64 shown in Fig. 8 or this lens 64 array.

Aperture 214 in absorbent central layer 220 can write by using the high-intensity laser beam focused on by the lens 210 of the first array, is similar to the manufacture process above described in composition graphs 14a-c.

That is, laser printing can be used and form aperture at the beam homogenizing layer of above-mentioned micro-optics, first the element substantially identical with the homogenizer disclosed is formed, this element is distinguished as with the homogenizer disclosed, needing the dim layer of surface deposition continuous print (obscurantlayer) forming aperture, then by irradiating said elements with the collimated laser beam be applicable to, to carry out the laser micromachining process of aperture, described collimated laser beam is through the microlens layer of upstream, make lenticule by laser beam focus at the accurate location needing to be formed aperture, regulate time for exposure and luminous exitance simultaneously, thus the hole diameter needed for obtaining.

Consideration for the pixel veining of the output layer of the beam homogenizing layer of Figure 14 a-c and Figure 15 is also applicable to the situation shown in Figure 16.Therefore, the clear aperature of lens 212 can be less than 5 millimeters, is preferably less than 3 millimeters, most preferably is and is less than 1.5 millimeters.But, because final divergence is with the lens aperture of lens 210 and 212 and focal distance f _m1and f _m2between ratio uncorrelated, the focal distance f of lens 210 and 212 _m1and f _m2can approximate the aperture of lens 210 and 212 respectively, the situation namely compared with Figure 14 and 15 illustrated embodiments wants much shorter.

It should be noted, the strong veiling glare existed in light beam, impacts beam homogenizer layer 192 with enough large propagation angle, such as, is greater than (D _m/ f _m1)-(d _m/ (2f _m1)) radian, wherein D _mand d _mbe the diameter of lens 210 and aperture 214, correspondingly, also may occur crosstalk (crosstalk) in the embodiment of figure 16, as Figure 14 embodiment described by.The light 222 that described crosstalk stems from scioptics 210 gathering enters into the aperture belonging to adjacent lens 210, this may cause the faint copy-point (replicas) of the point occurring desired output under large propagation angle, and this depends on unthreaded hole (aperture), the focal distance f of lens 210 _m2with hole diameter d _m.The copy-point of faint expection output point described under this angle may be visible, this angle for Figure 16 embodiment be greater than Figure 14, such as about 45 °, its reason is that the value of ratio between spacing (pitch) and focal length is when becoming large, thus larger scope is obtained, under the angle that this is larger, observe contiguous aperture relative to lens 194 by lens 210.For the situation of the embodiment of Figure 16, such as, when first order crosstalk, crosstalk described in being realized by secondary telescope (namely form this telescope by input lens 210 and output lens, output lens is be arranged on the adjacent object of second of lens 210 and be arranged on before input lens 210) can not propagate collimate light.In fact, described secondary telescopical axis relative to direction 32 carried out obvious inclination (such as, about 45 °, typically D _m≌ f _m1), the distance between described secondary telescopical aperture 214 and output lens 2112 is greater than f _m2(being approximately such as √ 2 times), and on the direction of secondary telescope axle, the real focal length of lens 212 is significantly than normal value f _m2short, this is the astigmatism caused by large operating angle.In this case, in view of described aperture deviate from the actual focal spot of lens 212 on the direction of secondary telescope axle, finally can be intercepted by aperture 214 along parallel direction from the light of lens 212 outgoing.Secondary telescope can not propagate parallel light, and this fact avoids the formation of crosstalk, and crosstalk can result in the secondary narrow peak in brightness distribution curve figure, and namely peak 30 can compare the peak of (comparable) width.In other words, because crosstalk is more blurred and may form secondary point, so lower than the observability of initial point, even be also like this when non-aligned light impacts on beam homogenizer layer 192.Due to the angle of the more large telescope axle relative to direction 32, the crosstalk of higher level can cause stronger blurred effect.Therefore, as long as the embodiment of Figure 14 is when not having channel separation structure 200 to work, compared to the embodiment of Figure 14, embodiment in Figure 16 has the advantage of the fainter crosstalk of generation, and the change (played) of price is relevant to the needs of the array of the lens 212 needing (registering) to install relative to lens 210.

In further embodiment, the array (namely absorbing channel spacing structure 224) of absorption tube is positioned at the downstream of lens 210 array, and wherein each telescope 216 has an absorption tube.As the channel spacing structure 200 in the middle of Figure 14 a-c and 15 illustrated embodiments, described absorption channel spacing structure 224 has eliminates the function of crosstalk 222, although as just described, the adverse effect of crosstalk 222 is so large unlike embodiment before.This interval absorbing channel spacing structure 224 can form the grid directly contacted with lens 210.Because the ratio between the diameter of lens in the middle of Figure 16 and focal length can be more much bigger than the corresponding ratio of the lens 194 of Figure 14 a and 15, it is such as 3-30 times, the length-width ratio (namely absorbing the aperture 228 of length of tube 226 divided by lens 210 of the single pipe of channel spacing structure 224) absorbing channel spacing structure 224 is more much lower than situation shown in Figure 14 and 15, such as in the scope of 0.5-3, the requirement therefore for Technology effort can be much lower.

It should be noted that the length 226 of pipe compares f _m1short, such as, than f _m1short by 25%, be enough to eliminate crosstalk, this considers it is apparent (with reference to Figure 16) from geometric aspects.

In the embodiment of Figure 16, the characteristic of the light that the outer surface 218 formed for the array of lens 212 is launched, and particularly relate to the potential problems that the intensification modulation that equals lens 212 spacing to space periodicity is relevant, the present inventor recognizes, irradiate equably if input lens 210 is collimated light source 190, and ratio f _m1/ f _m2be chosen as the luminous exitance of Proper Match collimated light source 190, namely the hot spot formed on lens 212 mates the size of these lens, then high uniformity can be ensured, in this case, in fact, the brightness distribution curve figure that telescope 216 is rendered to surface 218 (axially reversion) has the inner surface of lens 210, but removing wide-angle component, namely can not increase main intensification modulation with lenticular spacing.In other words, although proposed pitch value is less than 5mm, but higher distance values is also possible, as long as carry out suitably design with the characteristic of mating collimated light source 190 to this telescope 216.

For the outward appearance on the surface 218 formed by lens 212 array when collimated light source 190 closes (namely when exterior lighting), inventor notices, due to the existence of absorbed layer 220 and possible absorption channel spacing structure 224, absorbed toward (except being connected to the first light-emitting device 60) light through lens 212 of updrift side.This situation ensure that past updrift side does not produce reflecting brightness through the light of lens 212, and except may appearing at a small amount of reflection of light source 60 generation, but it drops in narrow peak 30, therefore can not produce any interference.May be produced by the direct reflection of lens 212 contribution of reflecting brightness.For this reason, if select the lens 212 of large unthreaded hole (being namely greater than 1-3mm), ARC can be applied on lens 212, to avoid the risk that the reflecting brightness periodic modulation that eyes can find occurs.

In general, beam homogenizer also can form two dimension series connection lens arra, and namely two identical microlens arrays are positioned in the distance of focal length each other.For the embodiment of this situation, the lenticular spacing (pitch) of array is by little for the spacing (pitch) be set to than paired transmitter/collimater, and this is identical with the situation that other has the embodiment of beam homogenizer.First (downstream) microlens array is divided into single sub-bundle this light (incidentlight).This little bundle is redirected by the second microlens array thereupon.In the plane (in far field) of superposition, obtain the consistent brightness being commonly called " flat-top ".

The embodiment of all above-mentioned direct projection light sources 12 can by providing low-angle white diffuser 230 to the direct projection light source 12 of artificial light device 20 and expanding in addition.As shown in FIG. 17 and 18, low-angle white diffuser 230 can be positioned at upstream or the downstream of diffused light generator 10, to with situation low-angle white diffuser 230 being placed on diffused light generator 10 upstream side, the latter is positioned at outside and the downstream of direct projection light source 12, as shown in figure 20.In other cases, such as, low-angle white diffuser 230 is positioned at the downstream of diffused light generator 10, then low-angle white diffuser 230 represents the device belonging to and be positioned at the inner light path of direct projection light source 12.In both cases, first surface of emission 28 of direct projection light source 12 is all formed in low-angle white diffuser 230, namely on its outer surface.For the situation of Figure 18, be intended to represent when diffused light generator 10 is from lighting device 20 during physical removal, the measurable brightness on the outer surface (namely back to the surface 28 of diffused light generator 10) of low-angle white diffuser 230.In figure 18, Reference numeral 12 ' is used for identifying the part being positioned at unrestrained optical generator 10 upstream of direct projection light source 12.Braces in Figure 18 illustrates part 12 ' and part 230 all belongs to direct projection light source 12.As for reflected radiance distribution curves figure L _r, the situation that can be retained in direct projection light source 12 according to the diffused light generator 10 shown in Figure 18 equally limits.Such as, low-angle white diffuser 230 is configured so that at L _directnarrow peak 30 goes out to produce fuzzy.Like this when white diffuser 230 is positioned at upstream or the downstream of diffused light generator 10, all can occur so fuzzy.

Low-angle white diffuser 230 such as can comprise micro-refracting telescope of the random distribution being formed in transparent layer material outer surface, as lenticule, microvoid, microprism, Micro scratching, or the combination of these situations, or the dispersion of transparent microparticle in transparent cake material, the suitably mispairing of the refractive index wherein between transparent microparticle and transparent cake material.That is, for the situation that transparent microparticle disperses in transparent cake material, the refractive index between transparent microparticle and transparent cake material is inconsistent can be suitable for.But some other embodiment of white diffuser is also possible.

It should be noted that, because the light inciding low-angle white diffuser only can experience small angle deflection (being such as less than 2.5 °), according to " transparent " definition in the context of the present invention, low-angle white diffuser is generally almost transparent element, and (if do not experience through the light of a certain element the angular deflection being greater than 2.5 °, then this element can be thought transparent; See below).Correspondingly, the light experiencing small angle deflection through this diffusing globe is considered as radioparent (referring to hereafter) here.But, according to required function, low-angle white diffuser considered here should guarantee most radioparent (such as, at least 50% usually, preferably 70%, most preferably more than 95%) at least experience some angular deflections (deviation of such as at least 0.5 °).In other words, this diffusing globe should ensure low regular transmission factor (such as, regular transmission factor lower than 50%, preferably lower than 30%, most preferably lower than 5%).

Low-angle white diffuser 230 can to direct light brightness distribution curve figure L _directthere is following good effect.Particularly, the scattering section of this white diffuser 230 can be set to 2 °-10 °.First scope is obfuscation L _directany sharp-pointed horn in the middle of distribution, i.e. the HWHM peak value that is less than 1.5 °-10 °, this likely occurs in outside narrow peak 30.Therefore here, for reducing L _directsecondary horn sharp-pointed in the middle of distribution.For this purpose, diffusing globe can be positioned at the plane in any downstream of the plane of described brightness angle peak origin.Second scope be obfuscation to reduce the brightness value and space derivation (spatialderivative) thereof that are produced by lightness, space orientation and position, and improve the Space Consistency of brightness distribution curve figure.For this purpose, low-angle white diffuser should be positioned at the certain distance of the plane (plane of the aperture 196 in the embodiment of Figure 14) that occurs from described speck.Produce on this plane enough greatly to allow the speck of each local and enough light fuzzy speck.When doing like this, low-angle white diffuser causes the obfuscation at spatial brightness scatter chart, wherein (when regular transmission factor is insignificant) point is by fuzzy one-tenth blur spot, and its radius approximates the product of the tangent of scattering angle response and the spacing of original brightness plane and diffusing globe.Certainly, new fuzzy brightness distribution curve figure occurs in diffusing globe plane.Such as, observer is deducting a coefficient ≌ α ²brightness under see that original size is the local hot spot of ds, if 2.5 ° of HWHM white diffuser 230 are arranged on the downstream of this hot spot with distance ≌ 10 α ds, wherein for the white light diffuser with narrow angular response, the distance that ratio is larger is necessary.

Till now, for the different implementations of direct projection light source 12, the various embodiments of artificial light device 20 are described.Next, the different implementations for diffused light generator 10 are described.Following description can be combined with any one in above-mentioned embodiment.

Figure 19 a shows a kind of possible positioned opposite of direct projection light source 12 and diffused light generator 10.In the figure, diffused light generator 10 is configured at the downstream of direct projection light source 12.Described before possible positioned opposite of other in these elements, and will be discussed further below.In Figure 19 a, the back side of diffused light generator 10 is illuminated by the direct light 236 produced by direct projection light source 12 and first surface of emission 28.As mentioned above, because diffused light generator 10 is for direct light 236 or to develop from originally light and formed for any intermediate light of direct light 236 be at least partially transparent, thus produce transmitted light part 238 at the front surface/outer surface of emission 37 of diffused light generator 10.

In addition, diffused light generator 10 produces diffused light 242, as will be described in more detail below, this diffused light generator 10 can be configured to produce diffused light 242 by the mode of a part of incident light of diffusion (such as direct light 236 or develop from originally light and form the intermediate light of direct light 236), and/or produces diffused light 242 by additionally launching diffused light.As described above, the layer stack that diffused light generator 10 can be rendered as a panel, a layer or be deposited on first surface of emission 28 or some other transparency carrier, but other structures are also feasible.

Preferably, the direct light 236 sent by direct projection light source 12 covers the visual field of spectrum, the wavelength namely between 400 nanometer to 700 nanometers.Preferably, the spectral width Δ λ of the spectrum of direct light 236 is greater than 100 nanometers, and be greater than 200nm better, wherein said spectral width Δ λ can be defined as the standard deviation of the spectrum of direct light 236.Thus the spectrum of direct light 236 has the CCT value be associated, hereinafter referred to as CCT _direct.

Preferably, if diffused light generator 10 is configured to the CCT not increasing transmitted light 238, i.e. CCT _trans≤ CCT _direct, but deviation is also possible.As for diffused light 242, it has the spectrum shifting to shorter wavelength, thus has higher CCT relative to direct light 236, and under any circumstance, has the CCT higher than the CCT of transmitted light 238, i.e. CCT _diffuse>CCT _directand CCT _diffuse>CCT _trans.Preferably, light 236 and 238 is collimated light, namely have the distribution of narrow angle, and the spectrum of light 236,242 and 238 is substantially independent of angular direction (when spectrum standardization is to their peak value).In this case, CCT _diffuse, CCT _diffuseand CCT _transdefinition very simple and clear.But, in order to more accurate, and in the ordinary course of things, CCT _directthe CCT relative to the averaging spectrum of the light produced by lighting device 20 in narrow peak 30 can be defined as, namely exist in, carry out work when diffused light generator 10 is not physically installed in device 20; CCT _transthe CCT relative to the averaging spectrum of the light produced by lighting device 20 in narrow peak 30 can be defined as, namely exist in, carry out work when diffused light generator 10 is physically installed in device 20; CCT _diffusecan be defined as the CCT relative to the averaging spectrum of the light produced by lighting device 20 on the direction away from direction 32, such as, be angle when direct projection light source 12 and diffused light generator 10 all work in lighting device 20; All devices all have living space and azimuthal coordinates in prefabricated.

As described above, diffused light generator 10 can be presented as or at least can comprise diffusing panel, this diffusing panel is configured in visible region can the incident light of long wavelength more effectively diffusion shorter wavelength (i.e. 400 to 700 nanometers), thus shows as the Rayleigh scattering being similar to the aerial sunshine in actual sky.Such as, this diffusing globe is configured to, when adopting D65 standard sources, make this diffusing globe for wavelength in 400 nanometer to 550 nanosection in the luminous flux of diffusion/scattered portion be for wavelength in 550 nanometer to 700 nanosection at least 1.1 times of luminous flux of incident light part, be preferably at least 1.2 times, be more preferably at least 1.3 times.

Such as, CCT _diffusefor CCT _transat least 1.2 times, be preferably greater than 1.3 times, be more preferably and be greater than 1.4 times.CCT _diffusewith CCT _{direct phase}relatively, CCT _diffusecan be CCT _direct1.2 times, or be preferably greater than 1.3 times, or be more preferably and be greater than 1.4 times.

For the situation of the Rayleigh shape diffusing globe just mentioned, this diffusing globe also can relative to CCT _directreduce CCT _trans, transmitted light 238 represents the part residual components not being scattered/diffusion, not belonging to diffused light 242 of incident light.

Preferably, described diffused light generator 10 (no matter it is diffusing globe and/or diffused light source) does not absorb the signal portion of incident light.Preferably, described diffused light generator 10 absorbs the luminous flux of incident light lower than 20%, more preferably lower than 10%.But it should be noted that, some incident lights are scattered or are reflected back updrift side and away from input surface 33.When the forescatering part (namely away from second surface of emission 34 towards downstream direction) of the back scattered parts and incident light that compare incident light, then the diffused light part 242 of transmission should be preferably greater than back scattered parts, such as press lumen meter, be at least 1.1 times of back scattered parts, be preferably 1.3 times, more preferably 1.5 times or even 2 times.

With regard to reflection and back scattered parts summation with regard to, namely incident light is diffused the part that optical generator 10 reflects or scattering is returned, and is preferably 40% of the luminous flux lower than incident light, more preferably lower than 25%, or lower than 10%, even lower than incident light luminous flux 5%.

In embodiment shown in Figure 20, diffused light generator 10 is configured to the diffusing globe 250 comprising the solid matrix that the first material is formed, and the nano particle 254 that wherein the second material is formed is scattered in solid matrix 252.The refractive index of nano-particle material is different from the refractive index of the material of solid matrix 252.This bi-material should not be absorbed in the electromagnetic radiation in visible wavelength range substantially.Such as, the first material can be transparent resin.Such as, the second material can be inorganic oxide, such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconia, silica, aluminium oxide.

Nano particle 254 can be monodispersed.Nano particle 254 can be circular or other shape.Effective diameter D (seeing below for the definition of non-circular embodiment) can be in the scope of [5 nanometer-350 nanometer], be preferably [10 nanometer-250 nanometer], be more preferably [40 nanometer-180 nanometer], also be more preferably [60 nanometer-150 nanometer], wherein D is that the refractive index being multiplied by the first material by the diameter of nano particle 254 drawn.

In addition, nano particle 254 can be distributed in diffusing globe 250, makes the quantity of every square metre, the quantity in the plate bulk unit namely limited by the part of the face S being orthogonal to optical propagation direction, and in 1 square metre of region, satisfy condition N _min≤ N, wherein:

N_{m i n} = \frac{10^{- 29}}{D^{6}} \cdot | \frac{m^{2} + 2}{m^{2} - 1} |^{2}

[quantity/square metre, D represents with rice]

Wherein effective diameter D must represent with rice (size term is included in constant), and wherein m equals the ratio of the refractive index of the second material and the refractive index of the first material.

Preferably, described nano particle 254 is at least equally distributed with regard to surface density.This surface density is changing lower than in 5% scope of averaged areal density.Alternatively, surface density can specially change, to afford redress to the brightness change of plate 250 after incident light illuminates plate 250.Such as, the surface density N (x, y) at point (x, y) place in second surface of emission 34 and the light source 2 at point (x, y) place the pass produced between brightness I (x, y) be N (x, y)=N _avi _av/ I (x, y) ± 5%, wherein N _axand I _avfor mean flow rate and the surface density of panel zone.

At the surface density N ≈ N that little D and little volume fraction (i.e. slab) are the limit _minestimate the scattering efficiency that will produce about 5%.When the number of the nano particle of per unit area becomes large, as long as Multiple Scattering or interference (being assumed to be high-volume fractional) occur, scattering efficiency is estimated to grow proportionately with N, and this may damage quality of colour.As described in detail in patent application EP2304478, the selection of nano particle number is partial to research compromise between scattering efficiency and required color.In addition, the size along with nano particle becomes large, and the luminous flux of forward scattering light 242 also becomes large divided by the ratio η of the luminous flux gained of back-scattered light, and this ratio equals one in Rayleigh limit.In addition, along with ratio η becomes large, the aperture of forward scattering cone diminishes.Therefore, the selection of ratio η is partial to producing research compromise between the scattered light of wide-angle and the luminous flux reducing back-scattered light as far as possible.But by known methods, anti-reflecting layer can be deposited on input face 33 and second surface of emission 34 respectively, to reach the object reducing reflection; By doing like this, the luminous efficiency of device can be improve, and reduce the diffusing panel 250 that caused by the Ambient of the panel surface observability for observer.

But, the embodiment that nano particle 254 does not have spherical form is also possible, in this case, effective diameter D can be defined as the effective diameter (effective diameter of namely identical with above-mentioned nano particle volume spheric granules) equaling its equivalent spheric granules.

In addition, nano particle 254 is polydisperse embodiment is also possible, and namely their effective diameter has distribution N (D).Such distribution describes the quantity of nano particle of the effective diameter unit interval near per unit surface and effective diameter D, and (that is, the diameter on per unit surface is at D ₁and D ₂between the quantity of particle equal ).Described effective diameter can in the scope of [5 nanometer-350 nanometer], and namely in this interval, distribution can be different from zero.In this case, consider that scattering efficiency increases, namely in the short grained limit, with six powers of nano-particle diameter, polydispersion distributes, and to evaluate the object of minimal amount of nano particle of every square metre, the form of expression is roughly monodispersed representational diameter D ' _effbe defined as:

D_{e f f}^{'} = {\frac{1}{N} &Integral; N (D) D^{6} d D}^{1 / 6}

Wherein

N＝∫N(D)dD

D ' _effcan be selected as being positioned at any above-mentioned interval, namely in the interval of [5 nanometer-350 nanometer], preferably [10 nanometer-250 nanometer], more preferably [40 nanometer-180 nanometer], also more preferably [60 nanometer-150 nanometer].

But alternately, except the diffusing panel 250 of Figure 20, diffused light generator 10 can also be made up of diffused light source 260 or comprise this diffused light source 260, as shown in Figure 21 a and 21b, or separately as shown in figure 23.Different from diffusing panel 250, diffused light source 260 can send diffused light from direct projection light source 12 separately, this is because it comprises second light-emitting device 266, it is different from the first light-emitting device of direct projection light source.

Diffused light source 260 as shown in Figure 21 a and 21b can be positioned at downstream or the upstream phase of diffusing panel 250.As mentioned below, described diffused light source 260 can be tabular, stratiform or be presented as layer stack.When the embodiment of Figure 21 a and 21b combines with the embodiment of Figure 17 and 18, it should be noted, low-angle white diffuser 230 can in the downstream of both diffusing globe 250 and diffused light source 260 or upstream or between them.In addition, diffusing globe 250 and/or diffused light source 260 can include the function of white diffuser 230.Diffused light source 260 can launch diffused light.In addition, described diffused light source is transparent for direct light 236 or the intermediate light that develops from originally light and be formed as direct light 236 substantially.As shown in Figure 21 a and 21b, described diffused light source 260 can be oriented to be parallel to panel 250 and almost contact with it.

Diffused light source 260 can use diffusing panel 264 to realize, this diffusing panel 264 is configured as can by the optical plate of the second light-emitting device 266 from edge light, second light-emitting device 266 can be formed as LED strip band or fluorescent tube, make the light sent by the second light-emitting device 266 can with directed mode propagation in diffusing panel 264, this diffusing panel 264 be to light diffusion equably.Such panel 264 such as can for being suitable for the commercial diffusing globe of edge light, e.g., such as " light emitting diode " or " lED (EndLighten) ".In addition, as shown in Figure 23, relative to the thickness along the direction K vertical with panel normal direction H, the thickness along the axle H of diffusing panel 264 is negligible.

In a customized configuration, diffusing panel 264 is formed by a kind of material (such as polymethyl methacrylate), and the microparticulate of another kind of material (as zinc oxide) wherein; Such material does not preferably absorb the light of visible wavelength range.Particularly, the diameter range of particulate is from 2 microns to 20 microns.

In use, when propagating along diffusing panel 264, diffusing panel 264 is left in a part of radiation guided by diffusing panel 264, such as, by the particulate institute diffusion be embedded in diffusing panel 264.Be insignificant along the thickness of direction H being orthogonal to panel first type surface relative to edge light direction K due to diffusing panel 264, panel 264 is transparent for the radiation of propagating along direction H substantially, but can as the diffusing globe of the radiation of propagating along direction K.

In addition, diffusing panel 264 is supposed respectively by surperficial S ₁, S ₂limit the upper side and lower side, can effects on surface S ₁, S ₂central at least one carries out surface treatment to produce matsurface.Such matsurface contributes to the diffusion of light in diffusing panel 264 produced by the second light-emitting device 266, and this diffusion process is being almost uniform on any direction being parallel to direction K.In known manner, this matsurface can be designed to a big chunk of the light produced by the second light-emitting device 266 mainly through surperficial S ₁, S ₂in a face carry out scattering, particularly towards downstream direction 32.At surperficial S ₁, S ₂in at least one mask when having a roughness, distributed particles in diffusing panel 264 can not be needed.Under any circumstance, two surperficial S of diffusing panel 264 ₁, S ₂on can have roughness.

In different configurations, diffused light source 260 is not edge-lit, but comprises the second light-emitting device, and this device comprises the luminescent layer of the substantial transparent made in the mode of OLED film.Be similar to edge-lit panel light source, this OLED film can also have controlled color and the diffused light of intensity to produce, and penetrates the only transparent of this OLED film for the direction along its plane vertical simultaneously.

Diffused light source 260 can change color and the intensity of diffused light component 242, does not substantially change color and the intensity of transmitted component.For achieving this end, color and the intensity of the light launched by the second light-emitting device 266 also can be acted on.

Such as, in order to reproduce the characteristic of light at dusk, the incident light of low CCT (as 2500K) can be adopted; By this way, when have employed diffusing panel 250, the color of before the sunset sunlight of being similar in color of transmitted component 238.When not using diffused light source 260, by the color of the component of described diffusing panel 250 scattering by obviously different for the color of the natural component in correspondence.In fact, situation about occurring at occurring in nature is that the sky above observer illuminated by the daylight of white, and namely not yet penetrate atmospheric daylight, its CCT approximates 6000K, and this value is more much higher than the CCT of lamp.Therefore, incident light is had to the situation of low CCT, above time-division observer, the CCT of the scattered light of sky is more much higher than the CCT of the scattered light of diffusing panel 250 between the lights.But, if employ diffused light source 260, particularly diffusing panel 250 uses together with the second light-emitting device 266, wherein the second light-emitting device 266 is assemblys (" RGB ") that are red, green, BLUE LED emissions device, the luminous flux of each such assembly can be adjusted: this makes panel 264 have the scattering component of color and intensity to produce, make from diffused light source 260 outgoing important there is required color.In other words, described diffused light source 260 allows the color of transmitted component to separate with the color of scattering component.In addition, if adopt the lamp of adjustable CCT as light source 260, the natural lighting change in the different time of a day can be reproduced in.

Plate 250 and 260 does not need to be separated physically, is separated just for the ease of understanding in figure.This is also applicable for the assembly being plotted as separation in other accompanying drawing.

When using light source 260 when lacking diffusing panel 250, as long as suitably design light source 260, the CCT of the diffused light that diffused light generator 10 is launched is higher than the CCT of direct light 236.This diffused light generator is at least partial light permeability.In this article, term " transparent " about optical element is used in reference to so-called " perspective " attribute, the i.e. characteristic of the transmission imaging light of optical element, the transmitted ray namely penetrating this optical element does not experience angular deflection or only deflects a low-angle (such as 2.5 °).Therefore in this article, " transmitted light " one word refer to incident light and penetrate optical element and the part not experiencing angular deflection (namely not experiencing the angular deflection being greater than 2.5 °).It should be noted that above-mentioned definition does not rely on the concept of " regular transmission factor ", by contrast, " regular transmission factor " is only for those transmitted lights without any angular deflection.

Or rather, a given standard sources (such as D65 light source), it is from annular emission face S _sutilizing emitted light equably, and a given standard observer O _s, it is from the taper HWHM solid angle viewing surface of emission S of 2.5 ° (are preferably 1.5 °, are more preferably 0.5 °) _s, described diffused light generator 10 is defined as partially transparent here, if D65 surface of emission S _sbrightness by standard observer O _sperceive, when diffused light generator 10 is positioned at observer O _swith surperficial S _sbetween, its first type surface is orthogonal to the eyes of observer and surperficial S _scenter of gravity between line, be observer O _sat least 50% of the brightness perceived, is preferably at least 70%, is more preferably at least 85%, when diffused light generator 10 is not placed in observer O _swith surperficial S _sbetween.

In a word, diffused light generator 10 is presented as diffusing panel 250 and/or diffused light source 260, namely launches the light source of diffused light from thin panel.When only using diffused light source 260, diffused light source 260 is not used in the color correcting the diffused light produced by diffusing panel 250, but carries out for generation of whole diffuse component 242 controllability operating-be with or without diffused light CCT.Its advantage is to have a diffuse component, instead of two, because this reducing loss.Due to the restriction of the edge light shown in Figure 23, first shortcoming may be more difficultly to obtain enough large brightness from light source 260.In addition, the diffusing mechanism in diffusing panel is that the diffusing mechanism occurring in true sky aerial is identical, makes the spatial distribution of the brightness of diffusing globe 250 and angular distribution more be similar to nature compared to light source 260.

For above-mentioned numerous embodiment, artificial light device also comprises the absorber be made up of light absorbent, with the total reflectance η making first surface of emission 28 have _r<0.4.

With label 58,72,200 and 224, this absorber (absorbers) is represented in example.Absorber can be made up of light absorbent.Although all mention in the description not above at every turn, the absorption coefficient that light absorbent has visible ray higher than 95%, although 80% can meet equally.The first light-emitting device that light absorbent can be arranged on direct projection light source 12 that is 14,46,60 downstream, word " downstream " is wherein defined as the direction of following light and propagating, and direction includes the Qu Guang (light-bending) on reflector.On the other hand, light absorbent is arranged on the upstream of first surface of emission 28, similarly, is arranged on the upstream of diffused light generator 10 and low angle white light diffusing globe 230 (if existence), if they are arranged on the upstream of first surface of emission 28.More precisely, after installation, light absorbent is configured to substantially absorb the light of updrift side through first surface of emission 28 of direct projection light source, and light can not directly towards the first light-emitting device of direct projection light source when not having absorber.In multiple previously described embodiment, such as artificial light device includes optical collimator, optical collimator be a kind of be arranged on the first light-emitting device downstream of direct projection light source optical element and be configured to reduce the dispersiveness of the originally light produced by the first light-emitting device.Optical collimator is added in embodiment above, such as 14,48,64,13 (such as domed lens, Fresnel lens or lenticules) of lens, but normal light collimater can be any type of refraction, reflection (comprising whole internal refraction), diffraction optical element, or any system comprising multiple such optical element.In this case, the installation of the light absorbent that absorber has makes absorber substantially absorb the light in the direction of the upstream of first surface of emission 28 through direct light source/reversible, light is adjusted by optical collimator travel direction on other direction of the first emitter towards non-sensing direct projection light source, word " substantially " wherein can refer to and such can be at least 70% by absorbed light, preferably 90% or more preferably 95%.In this case, the main function of absorber is the amount being reduced in veiling glare in direct light 236, the amount of the light of the outside, narrow peak 30 namely produced by direct projection light source 12.In fact, when can notice that such embodiment ensure that the angle departed from from direction 32 when direction of observation is greater than the angular width at narrow peak 30, direct projection light source 12 has the surface of black.In other words, when closing direct projection light source 12, under exterior lighting, embodiment ensure that, when opening direct projection light source 12, first surface of emission 28 can only emergent light again from the direction that those can see hot spot.In addition, such embodiment will ensure the light produced by transmitter, be arranged on after the element scatters of the device 20 in transmitter downstream or reflection through collimater or other and absorbed, and when absorber does not exist, light can not become collimation light beam and from the first surface of emission 28 outgoing.

In sum, specific embodiment and thinking is wherein described above.Specifically, Fig. 5 to 8 and 11a to 18 is absorbed in the different exemplary embodiments of direct projection light source 12.The common ground of these embodiments is, direct projection light source 12 comprises the first light-emitting device as Figure 24 a schematically shows, and it is presented as element 14,46,60 respectively.This first light-emitting device is configured to send (namely initiatively producing) originally light 62, and it can be LED, incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp, metal halide lamp or some other light source.In addition, direct projection light source 12 comprises first surface of emission 28 being positioned at this light-emitting device downstream.Produce the ability of direct light 236 at first surface of emission 28 as direct projection light source 12, carry out temporarily not consider the impact of 10 of diffused light generator from the state (in this condition, diffused light generator 10 is removed) of the direct light 236 of the first surface of emission 28 outgoing by specifying.At least when 10 of diffused light generator is positioned at the upstream side of first surface of emission 28, above-mentioned removing can have an impact.In other cases, diffused light generator 10 can not have an impact to the process producing direct light from originally light 62.Particularly, as mentioned above, direct projection light source 12 produces direct light 236 from originally light 62, makes direct light 236 be consistent from brightness distribution curve figure during the first surface of emission 28 outgoing at first surface of emission 28, and has the narrowly distributing peak, angle 30 around direct light direction 32.

Although in the above-described embodiments, diffused light generator 10 is printing opacity at least partly and is arranged on the downstream of the first light-emitting device, available different principle dreams up alternate embodiment, such as, diffused light generator is arranged on the upstream of the array of light-emitting device, or is arranged side by side.Therefore, in this case, the downstream in collimater or the focal length in collimater are produced the diffused light of plane form by diffused light generator.But collimater does not tell on to scattering, or do not change scattering.In fact, scattered light does not have preferential direction, or does not have the spatial distribution in preferential direction, and collimater can be revised as the refraction of reflection is next by certain way.Therefore, concerning content of the present invention, the light source of diffused light is inessential relative to the position of collimater in the direction in upstream and/or downstream.In addition, although do not mention before this, in each paired light emitting devices/concentrator, the unthreaded hole of collimater 64 can be greater than 300cm ².The array size of pair array is become to be greater than 4 × 4.Again further, although the two-dimensional array arrangement of paired transmitter/collimater shows in the above-described embodiments, other arrangement such as one-dimensional array arrangement can be susceptible to too.In addition, in order to suppress the reflection of environment, the outer surface in the downstream of paired collimater can comprise anti-reflection coating.Again further, as shown above, first surface of emission can in the upstream of relative second (secondfirst) surface of emission, and artificial light device may further include angle Selection filter, be configured to absorb relative to direct light direction exceed the threshold value of setting time diverging light, such as, absorb and depart from the light of 2 ° that exceed direct light direction 32, preferably more than 1 °) and be arranged on the upstream of the first surface of emission downstream and second surface of emission.As for the collimater of paired transmitter/collimater, should note it being need not realize respectively by single element equally.On the contrary, each of them can be formed by two lens combinations, the combination of be one another in series connection, such as concave mirror and lens.The combination of such formation, can be described to " effective collimater ", and such as, it has effective focal length.The optical axial of paired transmitter/collimater does not need consistent with direct light direction, or in other words, this optical axial can be bending to other direction.For example, bending of light element is such as mirror, phase-plate, prism wedge or analog, and the collimater inside of often pair or in the downstream of collimater, it may cause the bending of optical path between the first light-emitting device of every centering and collimater.When using all-in lens as described previously or reflection CPC, in each paired transmitter/collimater, the distance between collimater and light emitting devices can be not identical with focal length.In addition, bending due to optical path as above, the geometry of light emitting devices and collimater is arranged the series arrangement that can be different from along direct light direction.

Above Figure 17 to 23 concentrate on diffused light generator 10 possible implementation and relative to the relative position between direct projection light source 12 and all parts thereof.Have also contemplated that the CCT of the different light components that artificial light device produces simultaneously.In general, the diffused light generator 10 as shown in Figure 24 b and 24c, is positioned at the downstream of the first light-emitting device of direct projection light source 12 and at least part of printing opacity.Such as, diffused light generator 10 makes originally light 62, direct light 236 or develop from originally light and finally form more than 50% of any intermediate light of direct light 236 and be mapped to diffused light generator 10 and significantly do not pass through to angular deflection, wherein " significantly " refer to and low-angle deflection may only occur, be such as less than the HWHM angle of 2.5 °.Dash box 302 in Figure 24 b and 24c represents that diffused light generator 10 can have the second light-emitting device of himself, and a kind of possible example is shown in the mark 266 in Figure 23.Another kind may be by using OLED to be formed as diffused light source 260.Alternatively, or in addition, light diffusion generator 10 can be passivity, the first light-emitting device of it and direct projection light source with the use of.In other words, it can have a diffusing globe.Referring to figures 20 through 22 to understand the details of possible replacement scheme.When use diffusing globe, diffusing globe is oriented to by following illumination bright, these light can for direct light, originally light or correspond to originally light change into the light of the intermediate form of direct light.No matter diffused light generator 10 is passive types and/or active, and diffused light generator 10 can be positioned at upstream or the downstream of first surface of emission 28 of direct projection light source 12, and is configured to produce diffused light 242 at second surface of emission 34 of diffused light generator 10.Again illustrate, diffused light generator 10 can have the light source 302 also can not with himself.If diffused light generator 10 is positioned at the downstream of first surface of emission 28 of direct projection light source 12, so direct light 236 is available, and the requirement be applied on direct projection light source 12 can be surveyed, without the need to removing diffused light generator 10.

Can know from above-described embodiment, one in the surface of emission 28 and 34 downstream being positioned at another.Such as, in the example of Figure 24 b, 28 of first surface of emission of direct projection light source 12 is positioned at the downstream of second surface of emission 34 of diffused light generator 10, thus forms the outer surface of emission 37 of artificial light device; And in the example of Figure 24 c, second surface of emission 34 of diffused light generator 10 is positioned at further downstream position to form outer light-emitting area 37.For the purpose of complete, Figure 24 d shows further replacement scheme, and second surface of emission 34 of 28 and diffused light generator 10 of first surface of emission of direct projection light source 12 overlaps the outer surface of emission 37 jointly forming artificial light device.Can imagine, such as, can be dispersed according to the particle of the diffused light generator 10 of the embodiment of Figure 20 in the material of the Fresnel lens 64 of any embodiment with Fresnel lens.In this case, the lens 64 of direct projection light source 12 will serve as diffused light generator 10 simultaneously.More precisely, the particle 254 scattered in the material of Fresnel lens forms diffused light generator 10 and must remove with the light characteristic determining the direct light produced by direct projection light source 12 (hypothetically).In practice, this Fresnel lens being scattered with particle 254 can replace with not having the identical Fresnel lens of these particles 254.Therefore, as can be seen from Figure 24 b and 24d, no matter where this diffused light generator 10 is positioned at the first surface of emission 28 upstream side of direct projection light source 12, and when artificial light device is built upon together, the direct light 236 following above-mentioned brightness constraints can not be directly visible.Specifically, as just now explained, described diffused light generator 10 must be removed.

Figure 24 e and 24f concentrates on the exterior light 239 of the surface of emission 37 formation outside by the direct projection light source 12 shown in Figure 24 b and 24c and the collaborative work of diffused light generator 10.In Figure 24 e, wherein this diffused light generator 10 is positioned at the upstream side of first surface of emission 28 of direct projection light source 12, make first surface of emission 28 form the outer surface of emission 37, the direct light 236 following the direct projection light source 12 of the constraints just mentioned directly can not produce on first surface of emission 28.On the contrary, first surface of emission 28 creates through the transmission variant of diffused light generator 10, wherein this transmission variant is different from direct light, and its reason is, diffused light generator 10 is only the transparent of part for incident light (such as originally light 62).Such as, when diffused light generator 10 is presented as based on side-irradiation type diffusing panel 264 (having high regular transmission factor along H direction) diffused light source 260 (with reference to Figure 23), its transmission variant is almost identical with direct light, just weaken a little (such as weakening 10%), mainly because there is reflection loss in this on the air-board interface of diffusing globe.When diffused light generator 10 is embodied as be embodied as OLED film diffused light source 260, its transmission variant significantly weakens (such as weakening 40%) relative to direct light, when diffused light generator 10 is embodied as passive type diffusing panel 250 (in Rayleigh region scatter incident light), the difference of its transmission variant and direct light is only lower CCT, as illustrating below for Figure 19 a.Finally, if diffused light generator 10 makes the incident ray slightly angular deflection (namely deflection is less than 2.5 °) by this generator, if namely it combines the function of low-angle white diffuser 230, its transmission variant can be different from direct light in angular spectrum, and it can be the convolution of direct light angular spectrum and low-angle white diffuser angle impulse response function.

In the embodiment of Figure 24 e, the exterior light 239 on the outer surface of emission 37 is the transmission variant of the direct light just mentioned and the diffused light 242 launched by diffused light generator 10.From angle aspect, exterior light 239 comprises the first light component 241 and the second light component 243, wherein the first light component 241 along being included in narrow peak 30 (as aforementioned in) direction propagate, the second light component 243 (is such as greater than along based on the direction outside narrow peak 30 direction) propagate, the CCT of the first light component 241 is lower than the CCT of the second light component 243.

Be can clearly be seen that with comparing of Figure 24 b by Figure 24 d, the difference of these two kinds of embodiments is only, in embodiment by Figure 24 d, the diffused light that diffused light generator 10 produces can not directly obtain from the direct light sent by direct projection light source 12 or be separated, and this is because the transmission variant of direct light and diffused light irreversibly merges and is formed in the exterior light 239 on the outer surface of emission 37 of gained.

Figure 24 f shows the exterior light obtained from Figure 24 c.Due to diffused light generator 10 be positioned at surface 28 downstream, direct light 236 is enterable, and its as shown in figure 19a there is CCT _transtransmission variant, contribute to by diffused light generator 10 second light-emitting area 34 formed light-emitting area 37 on form exterior light 239.Fig.24e shows the composition of exterior light 239 in angle.

Two alternatives of the first surface of emission 28 upstream diffused light generator being arranged on direct projection light source 12 are shown about Figure 24 e, Figure 19 b and 19c.The diffused light generator 10 of active form has been shown in Figure 19 b, it is almost completely transparent for the light incided on input face 33 (such as originally light 62), thus makes direct light substantially direct participation in light-emitting area 28 and 37 will form exterior light 239.However, but it should be pointed out that the first angular light component 241 is with the difference of direct light, the first angular light component 241 also comprises the diffused light composition of diffused light generator 10.But the angular range covered due to narrow peak 30 is very little, because the proportion shared by this latter is very little, correspondingly, all CCT relations between the CCT of the CCT of direct light 236 or the CCT of transmitted light and above-mentioned diffused light 242 are also applicable to the first light component.

In addition, the first angular light component 241 has a narrow angle support, is formed in (direction namely supporting peak value in brightness distribution curve figure) by means of only the light propagated along the direction in narrow peak 30.In contrast, can there is bias light in any angle in direct light 236.

Figure 19 c shows a kind of embodiment of diffused light generator 10, and it comprises the above-mentioned diffusing globe with wavelength selectivity diffusion rate, such as, is placed in generator 10 and blur filter between the outer surface of emission formed by the surface of emission 28.The transmission variant of direct light is created on surface 28 and 37, and participates in forming exterior light.Again illustrate, the angular light component 241 of exterior light 239 in narrow peak 30 is with being different from of transmission variant of the direct light just now mentioned, and angular light component 241 also comprises the respective angles component of the diffused light produced by diffused light generator 10.

Claims

1. artificial light device, for generation of being similar to the natural daylight irradiated from the sun and sky, comprising:

Direct projection light source (12), comprise first surface of emission and be configured to produce direct light (236) from originally light (62), described direct light (236) along direct light direction (32) with low divergence from first surface of emission (28) outgoing, described direct projection light source (12) comprises by the first light-emitting device (14; 60) and collimater (16; 64) what form is multiple to group, described first light-emitting device (14; 60) be positioned at the upstream of first surface of emission and be configured to send originally light (62), described collimater (16; 64) the originally light being configured to described first light-emitting device is launched collimates along direct light direction (32);

Diffused light generator (10), is configured to produce diffused light (35 at second surface of emission (34); 242),

Wherein, one in described first surface of emission (28) and second surface of emission (34) downstream being positioned at another and form the outer surface of emission (37) of described artificial light device, or described first surface of emission (28) overlaps with second surface of emission (34) the outer surface of emission (37) forming described artificial light device

Wherein said artificial light device is configured so that described direct projection light source (12) and (10) collaborative work of diffused light generator to form exterior light (239) on the described outer surface of emission (37), described exterior light (239) comprises the first light component (241) propagated in low divergence cone along direct light direction and the second light component (243) propagated along the direction of described low divergence cone outside, the correlated colour temperature of wherein said first light component (241) is lower than the correlated colour temperature of described second light component (243), make when observer (38) hopes to the first light-emitting area (28), described observer (38) sees the hot spot (40) surrounded by the blue background of simulation sky, described hot spot (40) is corresponding to the sun and have lower correlated colour temperature, and when observer (38) is mobile relative to described first surface of emission (28), described hot spot also moves, make to seem that described hot spot (40) derives from the object being positioned at infinite point.

2. artificial light device according to claim 1, wherein said diffused light (35; 242) correlated colour temperature is higher than the correlated colour temperature of described direct light (236).

3. artificial light device according to claim 1 and 2, the correlated colour temperature of wherein said direct light (236) is more than or equal to the correlated colour temperature of described first light component (241).

4. the artificial light device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said diffused light generator (10) comprises diffused light source (260), described diffused light source (260) comprises the second light-emitting device (266), and wherein said diffused light source is configured to independent of described direct projection light source (12) and launches described diffused light (35; 242).

5. artificial light device according to claim 4, wherein said diffused light source (260) comprises edge-lit scattering diffusing globe (264) or Organic Light Emitting Diode.

6. the artificial light device according to claim 4 or 5, the correlated colour temperature of at least one light source in wherein said direct projection light source (12) or diffused light source (260) is controlled.

7. the artificial light device according to above-mentioned any one claim, wherein said diffused light generator (10) comprises the diffusing globe (250) being positioned to be illuminated by described direct light (236) or described originally light or the intermediate light that develops from described originally light and form direct light (236), and be configured to make to illuminate the described direct light of described diffusing globe or described originally light or described intermediate light scattering, in visible wavelength region, the scattering efficiency that the scattering efficiency for shorter wavelength is compared to longer wavelength wants high.

8. artificial light device according to claim 7, wherein said diffusing globe (250) comprises the solid matrix (252) be made up of the first material, it comprises nano particle (254) dispersion of the second material, and the light scattering efficiency being configured to be compared to longer wavelength for the light scattering efficiency of shorter wavelength in visible wavelength region wants high.

9. artificial light device according to claim 8, wherein said nano particle (254) dispersion has nano particle area concentration gradient on whole second surface of emission (34), relative to the brightness uniformity of the direct light or originally light or intermediate light that illuminate diffused light generator (10), described gradient is suitable for improving the brightness uniformity of described diffused light on second surface of emission.

10. the artificial light device according to above-mentioned any one claim, wherein said direct projection light source (12) is configured so that the narrow peak that described angle distributes forces the eyes of the observer (38) of direct projection light source (12) along parallel direction alignment, so that described observer sees described hot spot (40) in narrow cone of sight, assemble clue and motion parallax Depth cue based on eyes, described hot spot is all perceived as at infinity.

11. artificial light devices according to above-mentioned any one claim, wherein said artificial light device comprises and is positioned at described first surface of emission (28) upstream and the absorber (58 be made up of light absorbent; 72; 82; 122; 158; 200; 224), described absorber is arranged so that the total reflectance η of described first surface of emission (28) _r≤ 0.4.

12. artificial light devices according to any one of claim 1 to 11, wherein said artificial light device comprises the absorber (58 be made up of light absorbent; 72; 82; 122; 158; 200; 224), described absorber is arranged on the first light-emitting device (14; 46; 60; 114; 138; 150) upstream side of downstream and first surface of emission (28), and being configured to basic absorption passes first surface of emission (28) light towards updrift side, described light incites somebody to action not the first light-emitting device described in directive when lacking described absorber.

13. artificial light devices according to claim 11 or 12, wherein, described diffused light generator (10) is positioned at the downstream of described first surface of emission.

14. artificial light devices according to any one of claim 1 to 13, wherein, direct light source (12) is configured to produce direct light (236), make described direct light from first surface of emission (28) outgoing, its brightness distribution curve figure has the narrow peak (30) of angle distribution around described direct light direction (32), and the solid angle that described narrow peak faces toward is less than 0.2sr.

15. the artificial light device according to above-mentioned any one claim, wherein multiple to group placement side by side, the described collimation lens to group is adjacent to each other, makes described collimation lens form composition surface.

16. artificial light devices according to claim 15, wherein, for each to group, the unthreaded hole of described collimater (64) is greater than 300cm ².

17. artificial light devices according to above-mentioned any one claim, also comprise: the grid ceiling structure (170) being positioned at the described outer surface of emission (37) downstream, wherein said grid ceiling structure (170) has period 1 interval (172), describedly multiple group to be arranged along the described outer surface of emission (37) with interval second round (174), the integral multiple that described period 1 interval (172) is interval described second round (174) or unit mark.

18. artificial light devices according to claim 17, wherein said direct light direction (32) favours the normal direction of the described outer surface of emission (37).

19. artificial light devices according to claim 17 or 18, wherein said direct light direction (32) relative to described grid ceiling structure (170) more than 90% outer surface be tilt.

20. according to claim 17 to 19 when according to any one of artificial light device, the outer surface of wherein said grid ceiling structure (170) for the absorption coefficient of visible ray lower than 50%.

21. according to claim 17 to 20 when according to any one of artificial light device, the projection of wherein said grid ceiling structure (170) along described direct light direction on described first surface of emission covers by less than 50% of described first surface of emission area occupied.

22. according to claim 17 to 21 when according to any one of artificial light device, wherein said grid ceiling structure (170) is less than the Cycle Length of described grid ceiling structure (170) from described first surface of emission along the length that the direction perpendicular to this first surface of emission is outstanding.

23. according to claim 1 to 22 when according to any one of artificial light device, it comprises magazine, described magazine has end face and bottom surface, and described end face overlaps with the unthreaded hole of described collimater, and described first light-emitting device (60) is integrated in the hole of described bottom surface.

24. according to claim 1 to 23 when according to any one of artificial light device, the inner surface of wherein said magazine is formed by light absorbent, and described light absorbent is greater than 90% for the absorption coefficient of visible ray.

25. according to claim 1 to 24 when according to any one of artificial light device, wherein said collimater is Fresnel lens.

26. according to claim 1 to 25 when according to any one of artificial light device, wherein said first light-emitting device (60) comprises LED.

27. according to claim 1 to 26 when according to any one of artificial light device, also comprise free form surface concentrator or free-form surface lens that described in being configured to make, originally the Luminance Distribution of light in described collimater is planarized.

28. according to claim 1 to 26 when according to any one of artificial light device, wherein, be provided with free-form surface lens (180) between described first light-emitting component (60) and described collimater (64), described in described free-form surface lens (180) is configured to make, originally the Luminance Distribution of light in described collimater is planarized.

29. according to claim 1 to 28 when according to any one of artificial light device, wherein the first light-emitting device has circular unthreaded hole.

30. artificial light devices according to above-mentioned any one claim, wherein said direct projection light source (12) also comprises the beam homogenizing layer of micro-optics (192) being positioned at the described collimater downstream to group, and the beam homogenizing layer of wherein said micro-optics is configured to reduce the veiling glare component by the light of the described collimater institute pre-collimated to group.

31. artificial light devices according to claim 30, the beam homogenizing layer of wherein said micro-optics comprises the two-dimensional array of lenticule (194) and light absorbing zone (202), described light absorbing zone (202) is equipped with the two-dimensional array of the aperture (196) extended in the downstream of the two-dimensional array of lenticule (194), each lenticule is associated with a described aperture, described aperture is arranged along the direction consistent with described direct light direction (32) relative to lenticule, and the distance between described aperture and corresponding lenticule corresponds to corresponding lenticular focal length.

32. artificial light devices according to claim 31, wherein lenticular diameter D _mwith focal distance f _mbetween ratio be D _m/ f _m<2tan (7.5 °), described diameter D _m<5mm.

33. artificial light devices according to claim 31 or 32, wherein said lenticule (194) has circular unthreaded hole.

34. artificial light devices according to any one of claim 31 to 33, the beam homogenizing layer of wherein said micro-optics also comprises channel spacing structure, and described channel spacing vibrational power flow is reduce the crosstalk between phase adjacency pair group that lenticule and the aperture be associated form.

35. according to claim 31 to 34 when according to any one of artificial light device, the space between wherein said lenticule comprises the material of the light being absorbed into the space be mapped between lens.

36. according to claim 31 to 35 when according to any one of artificial light device, the array pitch of wherein said lenticule and aperture is less than 5mm.

37. artificial light devices according to claim 30, the beam homogenizing layer of wherein said micro-optics comprises two-dimensional array and the channel spacing structure of lenticule (194), this channel spacing structure is the two-dimensional array of the microchannel extended in lenticular two-dimensional array downstream, each lenticule is made to have associated with it and microchannel that is that extend from corresponding lenticule along direct light direction (32), wherein a lenticular diameter D _mwith lenticular focal distance f _mbetween ratio be D _m/ f _m<2tan (7.5 °), described diameter D _m<5mm, wherein for each lenticule, the output light hole of microchannel associated with it with distance l and corresponding lenticule spaced apart, wherein 0.5f _m<l<1.2f _m.

38. artificial light devices according to claim 30, it is f that the beam homogenizing layer of wherein said micro-optics comprises focal length _m1lenticular first two-dimensional array (210), focal length be f _m2lenticular second two-dimensional array (212) and absorbed layer (220), this absorbed layer 220 is equipped with the array of aperture (214) and is arranged between the first microlens array and the second microlens array, to form the array being distributed in telescope (216) in the plane being parallel to first surface of emission (28), the telescope axis of described telescope (216) is parallel to each other and be parallel to direct light direction (32); In each telescope, lenticule corresponding in lenticule corresponding in corresponding aperture, first two-dimensional array and second two-dimensional array is along described telescope axis arranged, and the distance between the lenticule that corresponding aperture is corresponding with first two-dimensional array is f _m1, the distance between the lenticule that corresponding aperture is corresponding with second two-dimensional array is f _m2, wherein f _m2< γ f _m1, and γ <1.

39. according to artificial light device according to claim 38, and the downstream outer surface of wherein said telescope array comprises ARC.

40. artificial light devices according to claim 30, the beam homogenizing layer of wherein said micro-optics comprises the two-dimensional array of series connection lens.

41. artificial light devices according to above-mentioned arbitrary claim, also comprise low-angle white diffuser (230), be configured to carry out blur filter from the angular characteristics of the brightness distribution curve figure of described first surface of emission outgoing with the filter impulse response HWHM lower than 10 ° to described direct light.

42. artificial light devices according to claim 41, wherein said low-angle is coated with the miniature refractile body that white diffuser comprises the random distribution being formed in transparent layer material outer surface, or the dispersion of transparent microparticle in transparent cake material, the refractive index between described transparent microparticle and transparent cake material is inconsistent.

43. artificial light devices according to above-mentioned arbitrary claim, the downstream outer surface of the wherein said collimater to group comprises ARC.

44. the artificial light device according to above-mentioned arbitrary claim, wherein said direct projection light source comprises the selectable filter of angle, and this filter configuration is absorb the light exceeding predetermined threshold relative to described direct light direction to disperse.

45. systems be made up of juxtaposed multiple artificial light device, described artificial light device is the artificial light device described in above-mentioned arbitrary claim, and the direct light direction of wherein said multiple artificial light device is equal.

46. for generation of the method being similar to the natural daylight irradiated from the sun and sky, and the method uses direct projection light source (12) and diffused light generator (10),

Described direct projection light source (12) comprises first surface of emission and is configured to produce direct light (236) from originally light (62), described direct light (236) along direct light direction (32) with low divergence from first surface of emission (28) outgoing, described direct projection light source (12) comprises by the first light-emitting device (14; 60) and collimater (16; 64) what form is multiple to group, described first light-emitting device (14; 60) be positioned at the upstream of first surface of emission and be configured to send originally light, described collimater (16; 64) the originally light being configured to described first light-emitting device is launched collimates along direct light direction (32);

Wherein said diffused light generator (10) is configured to produce diffused light (35 at second surface of emission (34); 242),

Wherein, one in described first surface of emission (28) and second surface of emission (34) is positioned at another downstream and forms the outer surface of emission (37), or described first surface of emission (28) overlaps with second surface of emission (34) to form the described outer surface of emission (37)

Described direct projection light source (12) and (10) collaborative work of diffused light generator to form exterior light (239) on the described outer surface of emission (37), described exterior light (239) comprises the first light component (241) propagated in low divergence cone along direct light direction and the second light component (243) propagated along the direction of described low divergence cone outside, the correlated colour temperature of wherein said first light component (241) is lower than the correlated colour temperature of described second light component (243), make when observer (38) hopes to the first light-emitting area (28), described observer (38) sees the hot spot (40) surrounded by the blue background of simulation sky, described hot spot (40) is corresponding to the sun and have lower correlated colour temperature, and when observer (38) is mobile relative to described first surface of emission (28), described hot spot also moves, make to seem that described hot spot (40) derives from the object being positioned at infinite point.