CN105301014B - The spherical surface defect detection device of spherome surface expanding unit and the application device - Google Patents
The spherical surface defect detection device of spherome surface expanding unit and the application device Download PDFInfo
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- CN105301014B CN105301014B CN201510935489.6A CN201510935489A CN105301014B CN 105301014 B CN105301014 B CN 105301014B CN 201510935489 A CN201510935489 A CN 201510935489A CN 105301014 B CN105301014 B CN 105301014B
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Abstract
The present invention relates to the spherical surface defect detection devices of a kind of spherome surface expanding unit and the application device, which includes detection plate（1）, detect tank（3）, frictional disk（2）, side slip gear, detection disk-drive motor（6）, friction disk-drive motor（7）, mounting plate（8）, detection plate（1）It is that an excircle is evenly distributed with detect tank（3）Tooth-shape disc, frictional disk（2）Coaxial line is placed in detection plate（1）Lower section, the detection plate（1）It is embedded in the rubbing device of side and is freely rotated, the detection plate（1）, frictional disk（2）, liner plate（5）, detection disk-drive motor（6）, friction disk-drive motor（7）It is fixed on tilted-putted mounting plate（8）On.The defect detection equipment includes not only the spherome surface expanding unit, further includes goal mechanism, goes out ball machine structure and detection unit.By changing the frictional direction of sphere bottom and side, so that spherome surface is fully deployed, promote detection quality.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the detection devices of the mechanical device and application of a kind of expansion of spherome surface device, are mainly used for pair
The quality testing of the products such as bearing steel ball, Ceramic Balls, glass marble, baton round.
Background technology
There is a large amount of sphere in production and life, in order to ensure the quality of product, it usually needs lacked to spherome surface
Fall into detection.Different from planar target, spherome surface is distributed in three dimensions.Usually spherical surface is decomposed into the group of multiple curved surfaces
It closes, then each curved surface is individually detected.In detection process, detection unit is generally fixed, will by multiple rotating sphere
Each curved surface of spherical surface is presented to detection zone.This process is also referred to as " being unfolded ", if the area after expansion is equal to
Spherome surface accumulates, then is referred to as " being fully deployed ".In the past, the unfolded surface of sphere depended on manpower.By testing staff by sphere
Repeatedly overturning, inefficiency are unfavorable for typical products in mass production detection.By taking bearing steel ball industry as an example, steel ball yield is extremely huge, steel
Ball is during processing, transport, storage, it is difficult to avoid will produce surface wound, cut, recess, rust staining, spot the defects of.This
A little defects are fatal for bearing, greatly compromise product quality.It is required that each point of spherical surface is detected, it is necessary to protect
Spherical surface " being fully deployed " is demonstrate,proved, it is extremely unreliable to only rely on manpower.
The country has had Some Enterprises to start that self-reacting device, batch is used to be unfolded and detect steel ball quality.
Patent 1（Application number CN201520225765.5）Using left and right expanding wheel, support wheel and the active of asymmetric arrangement
Wheel realizes development of a sphere.In detection process, need by each steel ball be individually placed at expanding wheel, driving wheel and support wheel it
Between, it is then overturn by driving wheel rubbing steel ball, by steel ball surface, each defect is presented in detection zone.Left and right expanding wheel has respectively
There is the conical surface, opposite connecting shaft asymmetric arrangement so that the sphere of fitting, which is done, becomes axis rotation, can guarantee " being fully deployed ".But
It is of high cost, it is easily lost, and a ball can only be detected every time, detection speed is slow.
Patent 2（Application number CN201420650461.9）Using a circular detection plate, detection plate excircle is uniformly justified
Conical through-hole.The side of detection plate, there are one the round expansion disk of parallel installation, the part that disk is unfolded is stretched under detection plate
Side.Detection process, sphere are fallen into the cone-shaped hole of detection plate, and bottom is contacted with expansion disk.Disk is unfolded in cam link machine
Do not stop to do straight reciprocating motion while moving in a circle under structure driving.Due to the randomness of expansion disk movement, lead to sphere table
Face " not exclusively expansion ", has the point on the curved surface of part that can not be detected, it may appear that a certain proportion of " missing inspection ".
Invention content
In order to solve to be unfolded present in spherical surface defect detection device in the prior art not exclusively, missing inspection, structure it is multiple
Miscellaneous, the problems such as efficiency is low, speed is slow, precision is low, the present invention provide a kind of efficient, accurate, simple in structure spherome surface expansion
The spherical surface defect detection device of device and the application device.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions.
A kind of spherome surface expanding unit, including detection plate, detect tank, frictional disk, side slip gear, detection plate
Driving motor, friction disk-drive motor, mounting plate, the detection plate are the disks of a tooth form, and the detect tank is uniformly distributed
In in the outside cylinder of detection plate, the frictional disk is a disk, is located at below the detection plate, and the two coaxial line；
The side slip gear is parallel to detection plate installation, and the detection plate is embedded in energy in the slip gear of side
Enough it is freely rotated；The detection plate, frictional disk, side slip gear, detection disk-drive motor, friction disk-drive motor
It installs on a mounting board, the mounting plate slant setting.
The detect tank is through the square groove of detection plate, and length and width, depth are bigger 0.5mm-2mm than sphere diameter to be detected,
Sphere to be detected is placed in detect tank can be freely rotated just；In detection process, sphere bottom is contacted with frictional disk, side with
Side slip gear contact.
The detection plate is processed using the self-lubricating material of abrasion-resistant, the detect tank inner wall smooth, opposite 45# steel
Friction coefficient is less than 0.25.
The detection disk-drive motor uses stepper motor or servo motor, the transmission shaft for detecting disk-drive motor vertical
In detection disk center.
The friction disk-drive motor uses stepper motor or servo motor, friction disk-drive motor to pass through transmission mechanism
Connect with frictional disk.The transmission mechanism is synchronous belt and synchronizing wheel.
The detection plate is identical with friction disk diameter, there is gap between the two, and gap width is less than sphere to be detected
Diameter, detection plate is parallel with frictional disk, can be freely rotated independently of each other each other.
The side slip gear includes liner plate and fricting strip, and there are one more straight than detection plate at the liner plate center
The big through-hole of diameter, the fricting strip are installed on the inner wall of liner plate central through hole along detection plate excircle, and the detection plate can
It is embedded just below in through-hole and is freely rotated, it is straight that the gap width between fricting strip and detection plate outermost is less than sphere to be detected
Diameter.
The fricting strip height is identical as liner plate thickness, and liner plate thickness is more than or equal to detection disc thickness.
The frictional disk upper surface is made of the anti-slip material of low abrasion, and opposite 45# steel friction coefficient is more than 0.4；
Fricting strip in the side slip gear is made of the anti-slip material of low abrasion, and opposite 45# steel friction coefficient is big
In 0.4.
The mounting plate relative level tilts 15-50 degree and places.
The expanding unit changes balls tumble direction by adjusting the speed discrepancy between detection plate and frictional disk, real
Existing spherome surface is fully deployed.
In order to apply the expanding unit in spherome surface detection field, the following technical solution is used.
A kind of spherical surface defect detection device, including expanding unit as described above, goal mechanism, detection unit, go out
Ball machine structure, the goal mechanism include ball cabinet, goal channel, lifting platform, lifting motor, enter bulb；The goal is logical
Road uses v-shaped track, and connects with the spherical cavity of ball cabinet；The lifting platform is vertical with goal channel；Described enters bulb
Positioned at lifting platform side, it is close to lifting platform；The lower end for entering bulb is aligned with the detect tank of peak in expanding unit；Described goes out
Ball machine structure includes ball channel, shunting disk, shunting motor, diplopore funnel；The ball channel that goes out is located at side frictional drive machine
The side coil of structure, the sphere to be detected in detection plate can turn to out the entrance in ball channel；The shunting disk is located at ball
Below channel；The diplopore funnel is located at below shunting disk.
The ball cabinet relative level slant setting.
The goal channel connects with the spherical cavity of ball cabinet lowest point.
The lifting platform section is the V-arrangement section consistent with goal channel, and lifting platform can under lifting motor driving
It moves up and down, minimum point is concordant with goal channel lower end, and peak is concordant with bulb upper end opening is entered.
The top for entering bulb lower end and being installed on expanding unit enters the detect tank of bulb end alignment highest order.Enter
Bulb outlet and planes align in detection plate, bore is bigger than sphere size road, and tube wall is smooth, and sphere to be detected is slided along bulb is entered
It falls in the detect tank of detection plate.With the rotation of detection plate, an only ball falls into the detect tank of lower section every time.
Detection plate in the expanding unit is rotated towards ball channel direction is gone out.
The detection unit is any one or arbitrary combination of imaging sensor, eddy current sensor, optical sensor,
Quantity is one or more.
Described to go out ball channel and be through groove in liner plate, the opening of groove is towards the center of circle of detection plate, opening width
More than detection well width, angular range formed by the line in opening central point and the detection plate center of circle and the perpendicular bisector of liner plate be 45 to
75 degree；Sphere to be detected is turned into out ball feeder connection by detection plate, sphere is skidded off detect tank by gravity, and it is logical to fall into out ball
Road.
The shunting disk uses 2 sector diffuence blades, each there are one the through-hole bigger than sphere diameter in every blade, this
Two through-holes are located at different radiuses, and one of through-hole is close to the axle center of shunting disk, another through-hole is outside shunting disk
Edge；Shunting disk rotates 1 sector, and ball can be made to fall into different spherical cavities.
Each hole respectively corresponds to the through-hole on a piece of blade of shunting disk in the diplopore funnel, and the end of funnel is connected with
Go out bulb.
The shunting motor uses two-way rotating electromagnet, and the response time is short, and speed is fast.
The present invention has the advantages that compared with prior art.
One, using motor digital control technology, the overturning of human hand is simulated, from two different directions, is overturn in combination with one another
Sphere can accurately control the rotational orientation of sphere, ensure being fully deployed for spherical surface according to different sphere sizes, and there is no " lack
Fall into " the drawbacks of not being turned to detection zone.
Two, compare other methods, only can be achieved with efficiently accurately being unfolded with two motors, at the same realize automatic goal with
Go out ball.
Three, in detection process, detection plate need not stop operating, and greatly improve detection efficiency.
Four, goal mechanism coordinates lifting platform using V-arrangement goal channel, controls goal quantity, feeding mouth is avoided to block, and squeezes wound
Sphere to be detected.
Five, shunting motor uses high-speed bidirectional rotary magnet, cooperation position-limit mechanism to limit rotational angle, can be rapidly
Certified products and defective work are separated.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram for the detection device for including spherome surface expanding unit.
Fig. 2 is vertical view of the spherome surface expanding unit along rotation axis.
Fig. 3 is shunting disk vertical view.
Fig. 4 is the sectional view of shunting disk lobus sinister piece.
Fig. 5 is the sectional view of shunting disk lobus dexter piece.
In figure, 1- detection plates, 2- frictional disks, 3- detect tanks, 4- fricting strips, 5- liner plates, 6- detections disk-drive motor, 7- rub
Wipe disk-drive motor, 8- mounting plates, 9- detection units, 10- enters bulb, 11- goes out ball channel, 12- shunting disks, 13- diplopores funnel,
14- shunts motor, 15- transmission mechanisms, 16- lifting motors, 17- lifting platforms, 18- goals channel, 19- ball cabinets, 20- pedestals.
Specific implementation mode
Embodiment 1：
A kind of spherome surface expanding unit, as shown in Figs. 1-2, including detection plate 1, detect tank 3, frictional disk 2, fricting strip 4,
Liner plate 5, detection disk-drive motor 6, friction disk-drive motor 7, transmission mechanism 15, mounting plate 8, pedestal 20.
The detection plate 1 is the disk of a tooth form, and the self-lubricating material of low abrasion may be used.Detect tank 3 is equal
The square groove being distributed in 1 outside cylinder of detection plate, inner wall are less than 0.25 with respect to 45# steel friction coefficient.Preferably, detection plate uses
Opposite 45# steel friction coefficient is less than 0.25 material, then processes detect tank along excircle.The detect tank length and width, deep ratio
The big 0.5mm-2mm of sphere diameter to be detected, sphere to be detected are placed in detect tank 3 and can be freely rotated.There is peace at 1 center of detection plate
Hole is filled, by transmission shaft and the detection disk-drive motor 6 being installed on above detection plate 1 is coaxial is connected.The detection plate is driven
Stepper motor or servo motor may be used in dynamic motor 6.
The frictional disk 2 is the coarse disk in a upper surface, and low abrasion, opposite 45# steel friction coefficient may be used
Anti-slip material more than 0.4 makes, it is preferable that two-layer compound disk may be used in frictional disk 2, and upper layer is coarse anti-skidding friction
Face, lower layer are support plate.The frictional disk 2 is located at 1 lower section of detection plate, frictional disk 2 and 1 coaxial line of detection plate, is mutually parallel,
But not in contact with gap between the two is less than sphere diameter to be detected；2 diameter of frictional disk and 1 outer circle of detection plate
Diameter is identical.The frictional disk 2 is connected by transmission mechanism 15 with friction disk-drive motor 7 so that frictional disk can be opposite
Detection plate independently rotates.Synchronous belt and synchronizing wheel may be used in the transmission mechanism 15, is rubbed by transmission shaft vertical connection
2 center of disk, transmission shaft are located at 2 lower section of frictional disk.Stepper motor or servo electricity may be used in the friction disk-drive motor 7
Machine.
The fricting strip 4 and liner plate 5 constitute side slip gear.The liner plate 5 is parallel to detection plate 1,
Center there are one it is bigger than detection plate 1 and with the circular through hole of 1 coaxial line of detection plate so that detection plate 1 can be embedded just below logical
It is freely rotated in hole；The thickness of liner plate 5 is more than or equal to the thickness of detection plate 1, and the upper surface and 1 upper surface of detection plate of liner plate 5 are neat
It is flat.The fricting strip 4 is arc-shaped, is close to the inner wall installation of the central through hole of liner plate 5, and the height of fricting strip 4 is equal to liner plate
Thickness.Gap width between 1 outside of 4 inside of fricting strip and detection plate is less than sphere diameter to be detected；Fricting strip 4 can be with
It is made of low abrasion, opposite anti-slip material of the 45# steel friction coefficient more than 0.4.
Detection plate 1, frictional disk 2, liner plate 5, detection disk-drive motor 6, friction disk-drive motor 7 and the transmission mechanism
15 are mounted on by fixing bracket on mounting plate 8.The mounting plate 8 is mounted obliquely on pedestal 20, between horizontal plane
Form acute angle, it is preferable that the acute angle can be 15-50 degree.
In detection process, sphere bottom is contacted with frictional disk 2, and side is contacted with side slip gear.Detection plate 1
Ceaselessly at the uniform velocity rotated to direction in detection process, frictional disk 2 ceaselessly changes speed in detection process, and along with
1 identical direction of detection plate rotates.By adjusting the speed discrepancy between detection plate 1 and frictional disk 2, change balls tumble direction,
To realize being fully deployed for spherome surface.
Embodiment 2：
The invention also achieves a kind of spherical surface defect detection devices, as shown in Figs. 1-3, including goal mechanism, sphere
Unfolded surface device, detection unit 9 and go out ball machine structure, the goal mechanism includes ball cabinet 19, goal channel 18, lifting
Platform 17, enters bulb 10 at lifting motor 16；It includes ball channel 11, shunting disk 12, shunting motor 14, diplopore funnel to go out ball machine structure
13。
The ball cabinet 19 is tilted-putted square container, the upper end of the spherical cavity and goal channel 18 of lowest point
Connect, lower end and 17 vertical connection of lifting platform in goal channel 18, the goal channel 18 use v-shaped track, and described
17 upper surface of lifting platform uses the V-arrangement consistent with goal channel 18.
Lifting platform 17 can pump under the driving of lifting motor 16, and minimum point can be with goal channel 18
Lower end is concordant, and peak can be concordant with 10 upper end opening of bulb is entered；The lifting motor 16 passes through cam and connecting rod and lifting
Platform 17 is connected；The bulb 10 that enters is close to lifting platform 17, and internal diameter is bigger than sphere size, and tube wall is smooth.Enter bulb 10
Lower end is flushed with the most upper limb of detection plate 1 in the expanding unit.
In the detection process of sphere, when lifting platform 17 is located at minimum point, sphere slides into lifting platform from goal channel 18
17, then the promotion of lifting platform 17 sphere is to the height for entering 10 entrance of bulb, and sphere to be detected is slipped in bulb 10, due to entering
The lower end of bulb 10 is flushed with the most upper limb of detection plate 1, thus sphere can be made to be slipped to the detect tank 3 of 1 highest order of detection plate
In.
Sphere will turn under the drive of detection plate 1 below detection unit 9 so that spherome surface is presented in detection zone
Domain.The detection unit 9 can be imaging sensor, eddy current sensor, optical sensor etc. detection device in one kind or
It is a variety of, and quantity may more than one.In detection process, due to expanding unit slant setting, sphere bottom and expanding unit
In frictional disk 2 contact, side is contacted with the fricting strip 4 in expanding unit.By adjusting the speed discrepancy of detection plate and frictional disk,
Spherome surface is fully deployed.Detection unit 9 obtains the detection data of sphere all angles to be detected, exports testing result.
With the rotation of detection plate 1, sphere is skidded off detect tank 3 by gravity, falls into out ball channel 11.Described goes out ball channel
11 are located at the side coil of liner plate 5 in expanding unit.The ball channel 11 that goes out is through in the groove of liner plate 5, the opening of groove
Towards the center of circle of detection plate 1, opening width is more than 3 width of detect tank, the line and liner plate of be open central point and 1 center of circle of detection plate
Angular range formed by 5 perpendicular bisector is 40 to 75 degree.
The shunting disk 12 is located at 11 lower section of ball channel.The shunting motor 14 by transmission shaft directly with shunting
12 end of disk is connected.The diplopore funnel 13 is located at 12 lower section of shunting disk.As shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, the shunting disk 12
Including the 2 sector diffuence blades in left and right, two panels blade is bent in the opposite direction along axis, and each in every blade there are one than ball
The big through-hole of body diameter.As shown in figure 4, the through-hole of lobus sinister piece is close to 12 axle center of shunting disk.As shown in figure 5, the through-hole of lobus dexter piece
Close to 12 outer edge of shunting disk.There are two funnel hole, each funnel holes to correspond respectively to shunting disk 12 for the diplopore funnel 13
A through-hole.Sphere to be detected falls from ball channel 11 is gone out, and according to testing result, shunting motor 14 rotates shunting disk 12, makes
Must only have before a piece of blade is located at ball channel 11 and diplopore funnel 13.Only it is located under the through-hole of blade there are one funnel hole
Side, another funnel hole are blocked by blade.Sphere to be detected is fallen on blade, and diplopore funnel 13 is flowed to by the through-hole of blade,
So that sphere enters the funnel hole of lower section across blade just.The end of funnel 13 is connected with out bulb.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to restrict the invention, for the skill of this field
For art personnel, the invention may be variously modified and varied.All within the spirits and principles of the present invention, any made by repair
Change, equivalent replacement, improvement etc., should be included within scope of the presently claimed invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of spherome surface expanding unit, including detection plate, detect tank, frictional disk, side slip gear, detection plate are driven
Dynamic motor, friction disk-drive motor, mounting plate, the detection plate is the disk of a tooth form, and the detect tank is distributed in
In the outside cylinder of detection plate, the frictional disk is a disk, is parallelly mounted to below the detection plate, and the two is coaxial
Line；The side slip gear includes a fricting strip for having the liner plate for running through circular hole and being close to circular-hole internal-wall, and
And it is parallel to detection plate installation；The detection plate is embedded in the slip gear of side and can be freely rotated；The inspection
Disk, frictional disk, side slip gear, detection disk-drive motor, friction disk-drive motor is surveyed to be mounted on mounting plate, it is described
Mounting plate slant setting.
2. spherome surface expanding unit according to claim 1, it is characterized in that：The detect tank is square groove, to be checked
Sphere is surveyed to be placed in detect tank and can be freely rotated；In detection process, sphere bottom is contacted with frictional disk, and side rubs with side
Transmission mechanism contacts；Detect tank inner wall is less than 0.25 with respect to 45# steel friction coefficient.
3. spherome surface expanding unit according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that：The detection disk-drive motor and
The disk-drive motor that rubs uses stepper motor or servo motor.
4. spherome surface expanding unit according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that：The detection plate and frictional disk it
Between there are gap, gap width is less than sphere diameter to be detected, and detection plate and frictional disk can be freely rotated independently of each other.
5. spherome surface expanding unit according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that：The side slip gear
Including liner plate and fricting strip, the fricting strip is installed on the inner wall of liner plate central through hole along detection plate excircle, fricting strip with
Gap width between detection plate outermost is less than sphere diameter to be detected.
6. spherome surface expanding unit according to claim 5, it is characterized in that：The frictional disk upper surface uses low mill
The anti-slip material of consumption makes, and the fricting strip in the side slip gear is made of the anti-slip material of low abrasion.
7. spherome surface expanding unit according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that：By adjusting detection plate and frictional disk
Between speed discrepancy, change balls tumble direction, realize being fully deployed for spherome surface.
8. expanding unit described in any one of a kind of spherical surface defect detection device, including claim 1-7 enters ball machine
Structure, detection unit go out ball machine structure, and the goal mechanism includes ball cabinet, goal channel, lifting platform, lifting motor, goal
Pipe；The goal channel uses v-shaped track, and connects with the spherical cavity of ball cabinet；The lifting platform hangs down with goal channel
Directly；The bulb that enters is located at lifting platform side, is close to lifting platform；Enter the lower end of bulb and the detection of peak in expanding unit
Slot is aligned；The ball machine structure that goes out includes ball channel, shunting disk, shunting motor, diplopore funnel；The ball channel that goes out is located at
The side coil of side slip gear, the sphere to be detected in detection plate can turn to out the entrance in ball channel；Described
Shunting disk is located at below ball channel；The diplopore funnel is located at below shunting disk.
9. spherical surface defect detection device according to claim 8, it is characterized in that：The lifting platform section is and enters
The consistent V-arrangement section in ball channel, lifting platform can move up and down under lifting motor driving, and minimum point is concordant with goal channel,
Peak is concordant with bulb upper end opening is entered.
10. spherical surface defect detection device according to claim 8 or claim 9, it is characterized in that：The ball channel that goes out is to pass through
It is through at the groove of side slip gear, is located at the side coil of side slip gear, the opening of groove is towards detection plate
The center of circle, opening width are more than detection well width；The shunting disk includes 2 sector diffuence blades, it is each in every blade there are one
The through-hole bigger than sphere diameter, one of through-hole is close to the axle center of shunting disk, another through-hole is close to shunting disk outer edge；Institute
Each hole respectively corresponds to the through-hole on a piece of blade of shunting disk in the diplopore funnel stated；The funnel bore end is respectively connected with one
Root goes out bulb.
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| CN201510935489.6A CN105301014B (en) | 2015-12-15 | 2015-12-15 | The spherical surface defect detection device of spherome surface expanding unit and the application device |
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| CN201510935489.6A CN105301014B (en) | 2015-12-15 | 2015-12-15 | The spherical surface defect detection device of spherome surface expanding unit and the application device |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN106153637A (en) * | 2016-07-04 | 2016-11-23 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | Meridian list roller frictional disk steel ball surface development mechanism |
| CN105954300A (en) * | 2016-07-04 | 2016-09-21 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | Meridian steel ball surface spreading device |
| CN106290364A (en) * | 2016-08-08 | 2017-01-04 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | Meridian three dish steel ball surface launches testing agency |
| CN106352832A (en) * | 2016-08-08 | 2017-01-25 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | Meridian double-wheel guide steel ball surface development mechanism |
| CN106826462B (en) * | 2017-03-28 | 2019-01-08 | 安庆机床有限公司 | Automatic pressure-regulating type ball crusher |
| CN108426887B (en) * | 2018-03-05 | 2020-10-30 | 金寨智行知识产权运营有限公司 | Automatic change check out test set |
| CN108426888B (en) * | 2018-03-05 | 2020-10-27 | 金寨智行知识产权运营有限公司 | Automatic check out test set of robot |
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| JP2010127618A (en) * | 2008-11-25 | 2010-06-10 | Amatsuji Steel Ball Mfg Co Ltd | Automatic sphere inspection method and device for the same with ultrasonic flaw detection system |
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