CN105289495B - 利用吸附染料后的废黏土矿物原位反应制备多功能复合材料的方法 - Google Patents
利用吸附染料后的废黏土矿物原位反应制备多功能复合材料的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种利用吸附染料后的废黏土矿物原位反应制备多功能复合材料的方法,将吸附染料废水的黏土矿物,经脱水处理后按固液比1:10分散到水中,加入占废土质量1%~20%的金属盐搅拌溶解;然后转入水热反应罐中,温度80~200 ℃反应1~72 h;自然冷却至室温后,离心、洗涤、干燥、研磨、过筛得到棕黑色的复合材料。本发明以废土中负载的染料为还原剂,在不添加任何化学还原剂的前提下,通过一步水热反应将金属离子原位还原成金属纳米粒子,同时染料分子被炭化得到黏土矿物/炭/金属纳米粒子复合材料,实现了“黏土矿物‑染料废水处理‑功能材料应用”,开辟了复合材料循环利用的新途径,用于各种废水的处理。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种利用吸附染料后的黏土矿物原位制备多功能复合材料的方法,属固体废弃物资源化利用和功能复合材料制备技术领域。
背景技术
水污染特别是印染行业造成的水污染问题不仅威胁人类身体健康,而且严重制约了经济和社会的可持续发展。近年来,各种化学、物理和生物方法广泛应用于印染废水处理,其中吸附法被认为是最有效和经济实用的处理方法。黏土矿物由于具有比表面积大、孔道丰富等特性以及资源分布广、价格低廉、稳定性高、环境友好等优势,被大量用于处理印染废水,其可以有效去除阳离子、阴离子和非离子染料,但在可观的净化效果背后存在难题——吸附染料后的黏土矿物成为废土,由于不易再生使用,成为二次污染源。
用黏土矿物处理印染废水,所吸附的主要对象是染料色素和不易生物降解的有机物等。染料色素以及有机物因含有不饱和键一般都具有较强还原性,因此处理染料废水后的废土可以作为金属离子的原位还原剂。同时在适度反应条件下,染料分子可自身被炭化成有吸附活性的炭。
目前,以负载有机质黏土矿物为原料制备炭/黏土矿物材料的方法主要是高温煅烧。我们以凹凸棒石棕榈油脱色废土为原材料,采用煅烧法制备了凹凸棒石/炭纳米复合材料,其对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量高达132.7 mg/g (RSC Advance, 2015, 5, 38443–38451)。也利用脱色废土制备了凹凸棒石/炭棕榈油脱色剂(中国专利,申请号:201210586032.5)。这种方法虽然可以制备出含炭材料,但煅烧过程易产生大量烟气和焦油。采用一锅水热法可以有效地将有机物炭化为含炭复合材料,可避免产生烟气。艾伦红等以蒙脱石和葡萄糖为原料通过水热法制备了凹凸棒石/炭纳米复合材料,其对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量高达194.2mg/g (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 223, 688–695)。中国专利CN104671229A公开了一种水热炭化生物质制备炭微球的方法,可以通过直接炭化法获得炭微球;中国专利CN103055806A公开了一种炭包覆凹凸棒石复合材料的制备方法,虽然可以得到含炭复合材料,但炭源是昂贵的葡萄糖,成本高,而且由于黏土矿物与电中性葡萄糖吸附能力弱,通常需要较高的浓度才能得到所需炭含量。这些方法是以纯有机物负载天然硅酸盐黏土或棕榈油脱色废土为原料制备载炭复合材料,尚没有利用印染废水处理黏土矿物废料制备含活性金属纳米粒子和炭的复合材料的制备技术。
发明内容
本发明的目的是:提供一种利用吸附染料后的废黏土矿物原位反应制备多功能复合材料的方法,以废土中负载的染料为还原剂,在不添加任何化学还原剂的前提下,通过一步水热反应将金属离子原位还原成金属纳米粒子,同时染料分子被炭化得到黏土矿物/炭/金属纳米粒子复合材料,实现“黏土矿物-染料废水处理-功能材料应用”,开辟多元复合材料循环利用的新途径,用于各种废水的处理。
本发明的技术解决方案是:将吸附染料废水的黏土矿物,经脱水处理后按固液比1:10分散到水中,加入占废土质量1%~20%的金属盐搅拌溶解;转入水热反应罐中,温度80~200 ℃反应1~72 h;自然冷却至室温后,离心、洗涤、干燥、研磨、过筛得到棕黑色的复合材料。
其中,所述的黏土矿物为凹凸棒石、海泡石、伊蒙黏土、蒙脱石、累托石、蛭石、高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、云母中的一种。
其中,所述染料为亚甲基蓝、甲基紫、结晶紫、刚果红、孔雀石绿、阳离子红、阳离子黄、碱性绿、苏丹红、靛蓝、永固橙RN(C.I.颜料橙5)、金光红(C.I.颜料红21)、联苯胺黄G(C.I.颜料黄12)、罗丹明B、大分子橙4R(C.I.颜料橙31)、大分子红R(C.I.颜料红166)、酞菁红(C.I.颜料紫19)、永固紫RL(C.I.颜料紫23)、颜料黄2GLT(C.I.颜料黄109)、永固橙HSL(C.I.颜料橙36)中的一种或几种;其中,染料的吸附量为黏土矿物质量10%~20%。
其中,所述的吸附染料脱水处理后黏土矿物的含水量小于40%。
其中,所述的金属盐为硝酸银、乙酸银、高氯酸银、氯金酸、氯钯酸、氯铂酸、氯化铜、硫酸铜、氯化锰、硫酸锰、氯化铁、硫酸铁、硝酸铁中的一种或两种。
其中,洗涤采用体积比为1:1的乙醇/水混合溶液。
其中,所述用于吸附有机分子的复合材料通过水热方法循环再生使用。
本发明的优点是:
(1)利用黏土矿物处理印染废水,实现水体净化;再将得到的废土分散在水中,加入金属盐经过水热处理,可一步得到黏土矿物/炭/金属纳米粒子功能复合吸附材料,实现了资源的可持续利用。
(2)采用水热处理,既活化了黏土矿物,又原位负载了炭和金属纳米粒子,制备方法简单,过程中的水可以循环利用,无烟气排放,无环境污染。
(3)将所制备的复合材料用于染料污染物吸附后,通过水热方法实现了循环再生使用,开辟了复合材料循环利用的新途径。
附图说明
图1为实施例1凹凸棒石吸附染料后的废土和凹凸棒石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料的FTIR谱图。
图2为实施例1凹凸棒石吸附染料后的废土和凹凸棒石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料的XRD图谱。
图3为实施例1凹凸棒石吸附染料后的废土和凹凸棒石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料的TEM照片。
图4为实施例1凹凸棒石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料对金霉素和四环素的移除率。
图5为实施例1凹凸棒石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料对亚甲基蓝和甲基紫的移除率。
图6为实施例5凹凸棒石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料吸附亚甲基蓝后再经水热处理8次循环后对亚甲基蓝的移除率。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明的技术解决方案做进一步说明,这些实施例不能理解为是对技术方案的限制。
实施例1:将凹凸棒石用于处理含亚甲基蓝的废水,固液分离经压滤得到含亚甲基蓝20%(质量分数)的滤饼,在搅拌下按固液比1:10分散到水中,加入占凹凸棒石质量20%(质量分数)的硝酸银,搅拌均匀后转入高压釜中,80 ℃处理24 h,冷却后经乙醇水混合溶液洗涤,干燥后粉碎过200目网筛,得到凹凸棒石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料。
实施例2:将海泡石用于处理含甲基紫的废水,固液分离经压滤得到含甲基紫15%(质量分数)的滤饼,在搅拌下按固液比1:10分散到水中,加入占海泡石质量1%(质量分数)的乙酸银,搅拌均匀后转入高压釜中,200 ℃处理1 h,冷却后经乙醇水混合溶液洗涤,干燥后粉碎过200目网筛,得到海泡石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料。
实施例3:将埃洛石用于处理含阳离子红的废水,固液分离经压滤得到含阳离子红10%(质量分数)的滤饼,在搅拌下按固液比1:10分散到水中,加入占埃洛石质量2%(质量分数)的氯化钯,搅拌均匀后转入高压釜中,140 ℃处理12 h,冷却后经乙醇水混合溶液洗涤,干燥后粉碎过200目网筛,得到埃洛石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料。
实施例4:将蒙脱石用于处理含阳离子红和甲基紫的废水,固液分离经压滤得到含混合染料12%(质量分数)的滤饼,在搅拌下按固液比1:10分散到水中,加入占蒙脱石质量2%(质量分数)的硝酸铁和3%(质量分数)的硝酸银,搅拌均匀后转入高压釜中,90 ℃处理72h,冷却后经乙醇水混合溶液洗涤,干燥后粉碎过200目网筛,得到蒙脱石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料。
实施例5:将实施例1得到的复合材料,用于处理含亚甲基蓝的废水,固液分离经压滤得到含亚甲基蓝的滤饼,在搅拌下按固液比1:10分散到水中,搅拌均匀后转入高压釜中,80 ℃处理6 h,冷却后经乙醇水混合溶液洗涤,干燥后粉碎过200目网筛,得到再生的凹凸棒石/炭/银纳米粒子复合材料;连续吸附-水热处理-吸附8次循环。
以实施例1为例,通过红外光谱可知(图1),水热反应后,脱色废土中有机物的特征峰消失,说明所吸附的有机染料发生了炭化;通过X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)可知(图2),水热反应后,复合材料中出现了单质银立方晶体的特征衍射峰,说明银离子被还原成银纳米粒子;通过投射电子显微镜(TEM)可知(图3),所形成金属纳米粒子分布均一,无团聚现象,说明黏土矿物有效避免了金属纳米粒子的团聚;从图4和5可知,复合材料可有效去除水中的金霉素、四环素和亚甲基蓝、甲基紫;从图6可知,复合材料吸附亚甲基蓝后再经水热处理所得复合物可继续有效吸附水体中的有机染料,复合材料吸附亚甲基蓝后再经水热处理8次循环后,仍可有效去除水中亚甲基蓝分子。
Claims (5)
1.利用吸附染料后的废黏土矿物原位反应制备多功能复合材料的方法,其特征是:将吸附染料废水的黏土矿物,经脱水处理后按固液比1:10分散到水中,加入占废土质量1%~20%的金属盐搅拌溶解;转入水热反应罐中,温度80~200 ℃反应1~72 h;自然冷却至室温后,离心、洗涤、干燥、研磨、过筛得到棕黑色的复合材料;所述的金属盐为硝酸银、乙酸银、高氯酸银、氯金酸、氯钯酸、氯铂酸、氯化铜、硫酸铜、氯化锰、硫酸锰、氯化铁、硫酸铁、硝酸铁中一种或两种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的利用吸附染料后的废黏土矿物原位反应制备多功能复合材料的方法,其特征是:所述的黏土矿物为凹凸棒石、海泡石、伊蒙黏土、蒙脱石、累托石、蛭石、高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、云母中的一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的利用吸附染料后的废黏土矿物原位反应制备多功能复合材料的方法,其特征是:所述染料为亚甲基蓝、甲基紫、结晶紫、刚果红、孔雀石绿、阳离子红、阳离子黄、碱性绿、苏丹红、靛蓝、永固橙RN、金光红、联苯胺黄G、罗丹明B、大分子橙4R、大分子红R、酞菁红、永固紫RL、颜料黄2GLT、永固橙HSL中的一种或几种;其中,染料的吸附量为黏土矿物质量10%~20%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的利用吸附染料后的废黏土矿物原位反应制备多功能复合材料的方法,其特征是:所述的吸附染料废水的黏土矿物脱水处理后黏土矿物的含水量小于40%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的利用吸附染料后的废黏土矿物原位反应制备多功能复合材料的方法,其特征是:洗涤采用体积比为1:1的乙醇/水混合溶液。
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