CN105123469A - 一种水稻无土育秧基质及其制作方法 - Google Patents
一种水稻无土育秧基质及其制作方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105123469A CN105123469A CN201510458654.3A CN201510458654A CN105123469A CN 105123469 A CN105123469 A CN 105123469A CN 201510458654 A CN201510458654 A CN 201510458654A CN 105123469 A CN105123469 A CN 105123469A
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- rice
- rice straw
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- fermentation
- bacterium liquid
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- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 140
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 140
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 230000000474 nursing Effects 0.000 title abstract description 5
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 title 1
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 claims abstract description 139
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000010564 aerobic fermentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- 230000001488 breeding Effects 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 241000235342 Saccharomycetes Species 0.000 claims description 14
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound 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CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003020 moisturizing Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940039696 Lactobacillus Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 claims description 6
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种水稻无土育秧基质及其制作方法，属于农业技术领域。所述基质是由水稻秸秆经过厌氧发酵后与泥炭、蛭石、岩棉按比例混合再进行好氧发酵制成，各主要原料的重量百分比为水稻秸秆50-70%，泥炭5-15%，蛭石15-25%，岩棉5-10%。本发明利用水稻秸秆、泥炭、蛭石、岩棉等原料生产的育苗基质，不仅彻底解决育苗破坏植被及取土难的问题，且本发明中不需加入调酸剂、合成粘合剂、保水剂、抗氧化剂等有害和难于分解的物质，不会对人类环境产生二次污染，对作物产生了新的残留，所得基质比常规营养土壤育苗的秧苗素质更优质。
Description
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及农业技术领域，尤其是涉及一种水稻无土育秧基质及其生产方法。
背景技术
[0002] 水稻秸杆是农民水稻收割以后的废弃物，虽然目前用来编织草袋等工艺品、造纸、 烧柴的水稻秸杆每年共有上万吨左右，但每年仍有50 %以上剩余，大量的水稻秸杆在地里 被焚烧掉，造成大量的资源浪费，增加有害气体排放，严重污染环境。
[0003] 利用回收的水稻秸杆制作育秧基质，解决育秧取土难的问题，这是我国今年来积 极破解水稻育插秧环节难题的一项重要举措。同时无土育秧基质的应用可以实现增加土壤 有机质和秸杆回收再利用，为全面实现工厂化和机械化育秧打下了基础。无土基质育秧也 是农业今后发展的一个方向，前景乐观，而利用秸杆制作基质，变废为宝，绝对是一个生态 的朝阳产业。水稻秸杆的综合利用，对于缓解资源约束、减轻环境压力、稳定农业生态平衡 都有着重要意义。
[0004] 然而，目前已有的一些育秧基质产品，一般含有人工合成粘合剂、保水剂、抗氧化 剂等有害和难于分解的物质，对人类、环境又产生二次污染，使作物中又产生了新的残留。
发明内容
[0005] 本发明的发明目的在于：提供一种水稻无土育秧基质及其生产方法，本发明可以 充分利用被人们废弃的水稻秸杆，通过特定的工艺制作成适合秧苗生长的基质，以解决目 前取土育秧造成表土被挖去，植被环境遭到严重破坏的问题，以及现有育秧基质产品对人 类环境产生二次污染，对作物产生了新的残留的问题。
[0006] 本发明采用的技术方案如下：
[0007] -种水稻无土育秧基质，是由水稻秸杆经过厌氧发酵后与泥炭、蛭石、岩棉按比例 混合再进行好氧发酵制成，各主要原料的重量百分比为水稻秸杆50-70%，泥炭5-15 %，蛭 石15-25%，岩棉5-10% ;其中，厌氧发酵采用的菌液是用酵母菌和乳酸菌的按重量比2 : 2. 5-3. 5混合加水制得，酵母菌和乳酸菌的总重量为水稻秸杆总重量的0. 04-0. 06%，加水 量为水稻猜杆重量的1% ;好氧发酵米用EM菌液，EM菌液的加入量为发酵后的水稻 秸杆与泥炭，蛭石，岩棉总重量的〇. 05-0. 08%。
[0008] 进一步地，所述水稻秸杆为40-60目的碎粉，岩棉为40-60目的碎粉。
[0009] 本发明还提供一种水稻无土育秧基质的生产方法：
[0010] (1)备料：将水稻秸杆、泥炭、蛭石、岩棉按比例备好；将水稻秸杆粉碎至40-60目， 准备发酵；
[0011] (2)准备菌液：将酵母菌和乳酸菌按照2 :2. 5-3. 5的比例混合，然后加水稀释得菌 液，其中，酵母菌和乳酸菌的总重量为水稻秸杆总重量的〇. 04-0. 06%，加水量根据水稻秸 杆的含水率而定：水稻猜杆含水率在25%以下，每1000重量份水稻猜杆加水750重量份； 水稻猜杆含水率在25% -40%，每1000重量份水稻猜杆加水400-750重量份；水稻猜杆含 水率在40-70%，每1000重量份水稻秸杆加水100-400重量份；水稻秸杆含水率在70%以 上，每1000重量份水稻猜杆加水10-100千克；
[0012] (3)厌氧发酵：将准备好的菌液加入到水稻秸杆中均匀搅拌，然后堆垛，覆膜保 湿，在温度为15-35Γ的条件下厌氧发酵，当堆垛温度到40-50°C时进行翻动混拌，发酵时 间10-15天；
[0013] (4)好氧发酵：将发酵好的水稻秸杆与准备好的泥炭、蛭石、岩棉一起加入到物料 预混设备得混合料，搅拌的同时向混合料中喷洒EM菌液，每1000重量份混合料中加入EM 菌液0. 5-0. 8重量份，混匀后进行好氧发酵，发酵7-10天后即得无土育秧基质。
[0014] 进一步地，所述酵母菌采用假丝酵母，含菌量为4X IO8-IOX 10sCFU/g。
[0015] 进一步地，所述乳酸菌采用植物乳酸菌，含有菌量IX IO8-IOX 10sCFU/g
[0016] 进一步地，所述EM菌液，含有活菌数为30亿-53亿/ml。
[0017] 进一步地，所述步骤（4)中，搅拌的速度为转速为15-30转/min。
[0018] 进一步地，所述步骤（4)中，好氧发酵所需的氧气靠高压风机强制通风和翻料时 物料与空气的接触提供。
[0019] 综上所述，由于采用了上述技术方案，本发明的有益效果是：
[0020] 1、经过发酵，粉碎的水稻秸杆发酵成60-70 %的腐殖质，泥炭、蛭石、岩棉是水稻生 长的营养基质。本发明除可以直接用来育苗外，还可以压成水稻育秧盘，秧苗育秧连同环保 盘卷起插入本田后，在本田内分解成被水稻易吸收的有机肥和腐殖质，改善土壤结构，增加 土壤肥力，增强作物抗病能力，减少作物病虫害的发生。
[0021] 2、常规营养土为中性或微碱性，不利于秧苗生长，秧苗素质较差，而秧苗在偏酸性 条件下生长较好，发根好，所以生产秧苗基质的常规方法需要调酸剂调酸，来促进秧苗生 长，减少病虫害发生。本发明产品中含有粉碎水稻秸杆，经过发酵后，pH值为6. 3-6. 5呈酸 性，还含有发酵得到的水稻秸杆腐殖质，高温发酵也将使作物产生病害的病菌杀死，最后所 形成的基质有利于秧苗健壮生长，不需要添加调酸剂，不需要苗床立枯病防治用药，本发明 的育秧基质不会对人类环境产生二次污染，对作物产生了新的残留。
[0022] 3、本发明利用水稻秸杆、泥炭、蛭石、岩棉等原料生产的育苗基质，彻底解决育苗 破坏植被及取土难的问题，减少取土、筛土、调酸、拌肥、拌药等生产过程，减轻农民的劳动 强度。本发明生产工序简单，制作成本低，减少农药使用量及对环境造成的污染。
具体实施方式
[0023] 本发明公开了一种无土育秧基质及其制作方法，利用水稻秸杆、泥炭、蛭石、岩棉 等原料生产的育苗基质，不仅彻底解决育苗破坏植被及取土难的问题，且本发明中不需加 入调酸剂、合成粘合剂、保水剂、抗氧化剂等有害和难于分解的物质，不会对人类环境产生 二次污染，对作物产生了新的残留，所得基质有利于秧苗健壮生长。以下通过具体实施方式 对本发明作进一步详述。
[0024] 实施例1
[0025] 水稻无土育秧基质，其主要原料及重量百分比为：水稻秸杆50%，泥炭15%，蛭石 25%，岩棉10%，其中水稻秸杆为40-60目的碎粉，岩棉为40-60目的碎粉。
[0026] 水稻无土育秧基质，按照下述方法生产：
[0027] (1)备料：将水稻秸杆、泥炭、蛭石、岩棉按比例备好；将水稻秸杆粉碎至40-60目， 准备发酵；
[0028] (2)准备菌液：将含菌量为4X IO8CFlVg的假丝酵母菌和含菌量为IOX IO8CFlVg 的植物乳酸菌按照2 :2. 5的比例混合，然后加水稀释得菌液，其中，酵母菌和乳酸菌的总重 量为水稻猜杆总重量的0. 04%，测得水稻猜杆的含水率为24. 5%，加水量按照每1000重量 份水稻秸杆加水750重量份量的比例确定；
[0029] (3)厌氧发酵：将准备好的菌液加入到水稻秸杆中均匀搅拌，然后堆垛，覆膜保 湿，在温度为15-35Γ的条件下厌氧发酵，当堆垛温度到40-50°C时进行翻动混拌，发酵时 间15天；
[0030] (4)好氧发酵：将厌氧发酵好的水稻秸杆与准备好的泥炭、蛭石、岩棉一起加入到 物料预混设备得混合料，以转速为15转/min的速度进行搅拌，同时向混合料中喷洒EM菌 液，每1000重量份混合料中加入活菌数为30亿/ml的EM菌液0. 5重量份，混匀后进行好 氧发酵，好氧发酵所需的氧气靠高压风机强制通风和翻料时物料与空气的接触提供，发酵7 天后即得无土育秧基质。
[0031] 实施例2
[0032] 水稻无土育秧基质，其主要原料及重量百分比为：水稻秸杆60%，泥炭10%，蛭石 22%，岩棉8%，其中水稻秸杆为60目的碎粉，岩棉为60目的碎粉。
[0033] 水稻无土育秧基质，按照下述方法生产：
[0034] (1)备料：将水稻秸杆、泥炭、蛭石、岩棉按比例备好；将水稻秸杆粉碎至60目，准 备发酵；
[0035] (2)准备菌液：将含菌量为6 X IO8CFlVg的假丝酵母菌和含菌量为3 X IO8CFlVg的 植物乳酸菌按照2 :3的比例混合，然后加水稀释得菌液，其中，酵母菌和乳酸菌的总重量为 水稻秸杆总重量的〇. 05 %，测得水稻秸杆的含水率为35 %，加水量按照每1000重量份水稻 秸杆加水500重量份的比例确定；
[0036] (3)厌氧发酵：将准备好的菌液加入到水稻秸杆中均匀搅拌，然后堆垛，覆膜保 湿，在温度为15-35Γ的条件下厌氧发酵，当堆垛温度到40-50°C时进行翻动混拌，发酵时 间14天；
[0037] (4)好氧发酵：将发酵好的水稻秸杆与准备好的泥炭、蛭石、岩棉一起加入到物料 预混设备得混合料，以转速为30转/min的速度进行搅拌，同时向混合料中喷洒EM菌液，每 1000重量份混合料中加入活菌数为53亿/ml的EM菌液0. 6重量份，混匀后进行好氧发酵， 好氧发酵所需的氧气靠高压风机强制通风和翻料时物料与空气的接触提供，发酵8天后即 得无土育秧基质。
[0038] 实施例3
[0039] 水稻无土育秧基质，其主要原料及重量百分比为：水稻秸杆70 %，泥炭5 %，蛭石 15%，岩棉10%，其中水稻秸杆为60目的碎粉，岩棉为60目的碎粉。
[0040] 水稻无土育秧基质，按照下述方法生产：
[0041] (1)备料：将水稻秸杆、泥炭、蛭石、岩棉按比例备好；将水稻秸杆粉碎至60目，准 备发酵；
[0042] (2)准备菌液：将含菌量为8 X IO8CFlVg的假丝酵母菌和含菌量为6 X IO8CFlVg的 植物乳酸菌按照2 :3. 5的比例混合，然后加水稀释得菌液，其中，酵母菌和乳酸菌的总重量 为水稻秸杆总重量的〇. 05%;测得水稻秸杆的含水率为60%，加水量按照每1000重量份水 稻秸杆加水300重量份的比例确定；
[0043] (3)厌氧发酵：将准备好的菌液加入到水稻秸杆中均匀搅拌，然后堆垛，覆膜保 湿，在温度为15-35Γ的条件下厌氧发酵，当堆垛温度到40-50°C时进行翻动混拌，发酵时 间12天；
[0044] (4)好氧发酵：将发酵好的水稻秸杆与准备好的泥炭、蛭石、岩棉一起加入到物料 预混设备得混合料，以转速为15-30转/min的速度进行搅拌，同时向混合料中喷洒EM菌 液，每1000重量份混合料中加入活菌数为40亿/ml的EM菌液0. 7重量份，混匀后进行好 氧发酵，好氧发酵所需的氧气靠高压风机强制通风和翻料时物料与空气的接触提供，发酵9 天后即得无土育秧基质。
[0045] 实施例4
[0046] 水稻无土育秧基质，其主要原料及重量百分比为：水稻秸杆65%，泥炭10%，蛭石 20%，岩棉5%，其中水稻秸杆为40目的碎粉，岩棉为40目的碎粉。
[0047] 水稻无土育秧基质，按照下述方法生产：
[0048] (1)备料：将水稻秸杆、泥炭、蛭石、岩棉按比例备好；将水稻秸杆粉碎至40目，准 备发酵；
[0049] (2)准备菌液：将含菌量为10 X IO8CFlVg的假丝酵母菌和含菌量为10 X IO8CFlVg 的植物乳酸菌按照2 :3. 2的比例混合，然后加水稀释得菌液，其中，酵母菌和乳酸菌的总重 量为水稻猜杆总重量的〇. 05%;测得水稻猜杆的含水率为75%，加水量按照每1000重量份 水稻秸杆加水60重量份的比例确定；
[0050] (3)厌氧发酵：将准备好的菌液加入到水稻秸杆中均匀搅拌，然后堆垛，覆膜保 湿，在温度为15-35Γ的条件下厌氧发酵，当堆垛温度到40-50°C时进行翻动混拌，发酵时 间10天；
[0051] (4)好氧发酵：将发酵好的水稻秸杆与准备好的泥炭、蛭石、岩棉一起加入到物料 预混设备得混合料，以转速为15-30转/min的速度进行搅拌，同时向混合料中喷洒EM菌 液，每1000重量份混合料中加入活菌数为45亿/ml的EM菌液0. 8重量份，混匀后进行好 氧发酵，好氧发酵所需的氧气靠高压风机强制通风和翻料时物料与空气的接触提供，发酵 10天后即得无土育秧基质。
[0052] 实验例：本发明的水稻无土基质育秧育苗的素质试验
[0053] 水稻无土基质育秧已开展多次试验，并与常规的营养土育苗方法进行比较试验， 试验面积40-140亩，插秧面积过140亩。本发明的无土育秧基质育得的秧苗与常规营养土 壤育苗的秧苗素质比较一致式较优。本发明的无土育秧基质育秧优点是基质增温快，可以 旱育苗早插秧；免去除草及封闭药剂。为了验证与常规营养土壤育苗素质比较；开展了本 项试验，试验方法及结果如下：
[0054] 1、材料和方法
[0055] I. 1供试材料
[0056] I. I. 1供试基质材料
[0057] 采用本发明实施例3制得的水稻无土育秧基质与表土加农家肥混合的育苗营养 土进行对比试验。土壤育秧盘（60cmX3〇CmX2. 3cm)为生产标准硬塑料育秧盘。
[0058] I. 1. 2供试水稻品种：湘两优143
[0059] 1. 2试验方法
[0060] 基质育秧方法：在普通的塑料大棚内育苗，大棚面积240m2(8mX30m)，在普通的 I. 24mX 2. 8mX I. 5m四层育秧架每层18盘基质盘，每个育秧架共摆放72盘，共摆25个育秧 架。另设普通的I. 24mX 2. 8mX I. 5m四层育秧架，共摆4个育秧架做常规育秧营养土育苗 对照，基质和营养土均装入育秧盘，摆好盘后，然后播种，基质育苗覆盖基质，对照营养土育 苗覆盖营养土，之后浇透水，覆盖膜保湿、保温、缺水时补水，按正常管理。
[0061] 常规育秧营养土育苗，进行三天必达土壤封闭药剂除草，出苗后喷福美双、甲霜灵 混合药剂防治立枯病，在秧苗1. 5叶期追施肥二次。每7-10天追肥1次，每次百平方米追 施尿素2. 5斤。
[0062] 1. 3调查方法
[0063] 在秧苗生长15日、30日临时多点取样调查秧苗素质的各项指标。
[0064] 2试验结果
[0065] 水稻无土基质育秧试验结果：通过多次试验，无土育秧基质秧苗的植株高于营养 土育秧，而且苗壮，根数优于营养土育秧，表现为根色白，秧苗颜色正，生长整齐，非常合适 机械作业插秧。营养土育秧用药剂防治立枯病，但仍然有轻微小点片立枯病发生，秧苗整齐 度差于无土基质育秧。结果见表1所示。
[0066] 试验中还发现，水稻无土育秧基质的育苗床温平均比常规营养土育苗升温快，保 水、保温性能好，浇水次数减少，平均床温度高2-2. 5度，可提早育苗6-10天。早插秧，保增 产。
[0067] 除此，本发明的无土育秧基质育秧，基质为发酵的水稻秸杆，无杂草源和病菌源， 不需要进行土壤封闭除草和打药防治立枯病。降低成本，不污染环境。
[0068] 表1秧苗素质试验结果
[0070] 本发明并不局限于前述的具体实施方式。本发明扩展到任何在本说明书中披露的 新特征或任何新的组合，以及披露的任一新的方法或过程的步骤或任何新的组合。
Claims (8)
1. 一种水稻无土育秧基质，其特征在于是由水稻秸杆经过厌氧发酵后与泥炭、蛭石、 岩棉按比例混合再进行好氧发酵制成，各主要原料的重量百分比为水稻秸杆50-70%， 泥炭5-15 %，蛭石15-25 %，岩棉5-10 % ;其中，厌氧发酵采用的菌液是用酵母菌和乳酸 菌的按重量比2 :2. 5-3. 5混合加水制得，酵母菌和乳酸菌的总重量为水稻秸杆总重量的 0. 04-0. 06 %，加水量为水稻秸杆重量的1 % -75 % ;好氧发酵采用EM菌液，EM菌液的加入 量为发酵后的水稻秸杆与泥炭，蛭石，岩棉总重量的〇. 5-0. 8%。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种水稻无土育秧基质，其特征在于：所述水稻秸杆为40-60 目的碎粉，岩棉为40-60目的碎粉。
3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的一种水稻无土育秧基质的生产方法： (1) 备料：将水稻秸杆、泥炭、蛭石、岩棉按比例备好；将水稻秸杆粉碎至40-60目，准备 发酵； (2) 准备菌液：将酵母菌和乳酸菌按照2 :2. 5-3. 5的比例混合，然后加水稀释得菌液， 其中，酵母菌和乳酸菌的总重量为水稻秸杆总重量的0. 04-0. 06%，加水量根据水稻秸杆的 含水率而定：水稻秸杆含水率在25 %以下，每1000重量份水稻秸杆加水750重量份；水稻 猜杆含水率在25% -40%，每1000重量份水稻猜杆加水400-750重量份；水稻猜杆含水率 在40-70%，每1000重量份水稻猜杆加水100-400重量份；水稻猜杆含水率在70%以上，每 1000重量份水稻秸杆加水10-100千克； (3) 厌氧发酵：将准备好的菌液加入到水稻秸杆中均匀搅拌，然后堆垛，覆膜保湿， 在温度为15_35°C的条件下厌氧发酵，当堆垛温度到40-50°C时进行翻动混拌，发酵时间 10-15 天； (4) 好氧发酵：将发酵好的水稻秸杆与准备好的泥炭、蛭石、岩棉一起加入到物料预混 设备得混合料，搅拌的同时向混合料中喷洒EM菌液，每1000重量份混合料中加入EM菌液 0. 5-0. 8重量份，混匀后进行好氧发酵，发酵7-10天后即得无土育秧基质。
4. 根据权利要求3所述的一种水稻无土育秧基质的生产方法，其特征在于：所述酵母 菌采用假丝酵母，含菌量为4X IO8-IOX 10sCFU/g。
5. 根据权利要求3所述的一种水稻无土育秧基质的生产方法，其特征在于：所述乳酸 菌采用植物乳酸菌，含有菌量I X IO8-IO X 10sCFU/g。
6. 根据权利要求3所述的一种水稻无土育秧基质的生产方法，其特征在于：所述EM菌 液，含有活菌数为30亿-53亿/ml。
7. 根据权利要求3所述的一种水稻无土育秧基质的生产方法，其特征在于：所述步骤 (4)中，搅拌的速度为转速为15-30转/min。
8. 根据权利要求3所述的一种水稻无土育秧基质的生产方法，其特征在于：所述步骤 (4)中，好氧发酵所需的氧气靠高压风机强制通风和翻料时物料与空气的接触提供。
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