CN105122029A - 监视车辆系统的健康状态的方法 - Google Patents

监视车辆系统的健康状态的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105122029A
CN105122029A CN201380075860.5A CN201380075860A CN105122029A CN 105122029 A CN105122029 A CN 105122029A CN 201380075860 A CN201380075860 A CN 201380075860A CN 105122029 A CN105122029 A CN 105122029A
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Prior art keywords
vehicle
motor
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Inventor
耶克·伦纳威
本特·拉尔森
托比亚斯·斯米德布兰特
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Volvo Truck Corp
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Volvo Truck Corp
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Publication of CN105122029A publication Critical patent/CN105122029A/zh
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C5/00—Registering or indicating the working of vehicles
    • G07C5/006—Indicating maintenance
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    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
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    • B60L3/0061—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electrical machines
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Abstract

一种用于监视车辆系统(1)的健康状态的方法，包括下述步骤：在下线测试时，在不同的运行状况下测量系统的多个参数值；将参数值存储在指纹文件中；在预定义的时间间隔之后，测量包括在指纹文件中的相同的多个参数值；将预定义的老化偏移添加到指纹文件，其中，老化偏移对应于预定义的时间间隔期间的预测的系统磨损，从而获得系统的时间修改的指纹文件；将测量值与时间修改的指纹文件作比较；以及如果测量值偏离时间修改的指纹文件，则发出消息。本发明的优点在于，将健康状态与初始测量作比较，使得可以在较长的时间段中监视车辆系统(1)或组件(2-7)的健康状态。

Description

监视车辆系统的健康状态的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于在车辆的寿命期间监视车辆系统的健康状态的方法，并且进一步涉及用于执行这种方法的计算机程序和计算机程序产品。
背景技术
在车辆的制造期间对车辆和车辆组件进行测试。当制造组件时，大多数组件可以在次级供应商处被测试和检验。然而，在若干不同组件构成系统的系统中包括许多组件。当被完全组装时，可能仅测试和检验这种系统。由于一些系统需要来自其他系统的输入，因此一些系统仅可以在被安装车辆上时进行测试和检验。
即使包括在系统中的每个组件被检验并且符合所要求的容差，但是系统本身仍然可能由于来自不同的组件的相加的容差而导致超出容差。因此，在正常偏差的情况下，一些系统可能会超出容差范围。在车辆中，在若干不同的子系统的情况下，一些车辆很可能将执行得与其他车辆稍有不同，其中，相加的容差将彼此补偿。当容差以最佳方式相加时，一些车辆甚至可以得比平均车辆好得多。
通常，每个组件或系统必须符合给定的容差。这样的容差被决定为使得大多数组件和系统将适当地起作用，但是与组件或系统的测量值相比，这样的容差是固定值。落在固定容差值外的组件被丢弃，即使该组件可以与被适配用于该测量的其它组件一起适当地起作用。另外，车辆的整个系统将必须是在特定的固定容差内。
如果组件或系统接近容差极限，则这将在容差内。当组件或系统已经被使用了一段时间，则可能由于磨损而落在容差极限外，即使该组件或系统并没有磨损非常多。在检查中，组件或系统可以因此被看作是有缺陷的。
一些组件和系统具有比其它更大的偏差。例如，制造在严格容差内的阀门是相当容易并且成本有效的，但是制造在特定指定容差范围内的电气组件比较困难或不可能。然后，实现所要求的容差的唯一方法可以制造若干组件，并且此后测量所有组件，并且以具有不同容差的不同组件类别来对其进行分组。这是昂贵并且耗时的操作。此外，因为不同组件老化得不同，因此仅当组件是新的时，该分组才可能是有效的。即使新的组件在容差范围内，当在使用之后被测量时也可能被视作是在容差外。
一些组件或系统还可以被安装在车辆上，并且此后可以被调整到特定容差。这适用于安装之后进行校准的特定电子组件和系统。
一些组件和系统将具有预测的老化行为，这可以用于确定要何时对该组件或系统执行维修或更换。使用针对组件或系统预测的老化的一个缺点是，一些组件或系统可能不必要地被维修或更换。其它组件或系统由于比预测更多的磨损而导致可能没有被及时维修或更换。
因此，存在对车辆的寿命期间监视检测车辆系统的健康状态的方法的改进空间。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的在于提供一种监视车辆系统的健康状态的改进的方法。
在权利要求1的特征部分中描述了根据本发明的解决方案。其它权利要求包含本发明的方法的有利的其他开发。权利要求还包含用于执行这种方法的计算机程序和计算机程序产品。
在监视车辆系统的健康状态的方法中，包括下述步骤：在下线测试(end-of-linetest)时，在不同运行状况下测量系统的多个参数值；将参数值存储在指纹文件中；在预定义的时间间隔之后，测量指纹文件中包括的相同的多个参数值；将预定义的老化偏移添加到指纹文件，其中，老化偏移对应于预定义的时间间隔期间的系统的预测磨损，从而获得系统的时间修改的指纹文件；将测量值与时间修改的指纹文件作比较；以及如果测量值偏离时间修改指纹文件，则发出消息。
通过该方法的第一实施例，该方法可以监视车辆系统的健康状态，并且确定健康状态是否在预定义的限制内。当车辆系统是新的时，例如在制造工厂的下线测试时，这是通过首先测量特定系统的多个参数值进行的。在不同运行状况下，例如，在诸如低负载、中间负载和最高负载的不同负载状况下，测量参数。不同负载状况的参数值被存储在指纹文件中，该指纹文件被保存在车辆控制系统的存储器中。因此，该原始指纹文件将包含系统交付时的实际性能。相同的参数在不久之后，在类似的负载状况下被测量，并且被存储在附加指纹文件中。类似的负载状况可以在车辆静止时在例如车间中被模拟，或者可以在车辆在道路上行驶时被找到。满负载车辆的加速例如对应于满负载状况，并且慢编组例如对应于低负载状况。由于不同测量被存储在附加指纹文件中，其中，测量通过接受区域来限制，因此不同负载状况完全一样并不重要。测量在不同负载状况下被测量仍然是重要的。
此外，老化偏移被添加到原始指纹文件，并且被存储在修改的指纹文件中。老化偏移包括系统的预定义的老化行为，并且取决于时间或车辆的行驶距离。将包含在附加指纹文件中的测量值与修改的指纹文件作比较。如果测量值(即附加指纹文件)偏离修改的指纹文件，则发出消息。该消息可以被给予车辆的操作者或可以被保存在车辆的错误日志中，其中，车间可以在稍后的阶段或者在定期的维修预约时调查原因。
在该方法的开发中，测量附加指纹文件的时刻对应于定期维修间隔。以该方式，在受控环境中，可以在车间执行多个参数的测量。在车间，更容易执行在与下线测试相同状况下的不同测量，因为在静止时可以容易地模拟相同的状况。对于一些测量，有利地使用人工模拟的负载来代替真实负载。一个这样的负载可以是发动机负载，其中，与在道路上寻找这种状况相比，在车间更容易模拟最高负载状况。
以不同时间间隔测量附加指纹文件。该时间间隔可以是预定义的时间间隔，其中，时间间隔可以是一个月或更长，或者可以基于车辆的行驶距离。当然，还能够在其他时刻测量附加指纹文件，诸如更短的时间间隔，但是由于系统的老化通常相对慢，使得直到临界劣化发生之前可能需要几年，满足一个月或以上。另外，还能够从维修中心发起附加指纹测量，以便于获得用于特定系统或组件的附加指纹文件。
附加指纹文件还可以被保存在存储器中，使得可以进行统计跟踪。附加指纹文件可以被存储在车辆控制系统中，或者可以被传输到制造商的中央数据库。在制造商处存储附加指纹文件的优点是，制造商可以使用从若干不同车辆收集的附加指纹文件，以执行对已经发现故障或已经重新设计的不同组件的调查的跟踪。
车辆优选地是混合动力车辆，包括内燃机和由电池或其他电力源供电的电机。例如，车辆系统可以是柴油发动机、电动发动机、尾气后处理系统、冷却系统或电池。老化偏移可以取决于车辆的外部状况，诸如温度、高度、湿度、地理位置或空气中的颗粒数。老化偏移还可以是取决于车辆行驶的距离。
在该方法的开发中，至少两个附加指纹文件可以以指纹矩阵被组合。在该开发中，若干原始指纹文件被组合成原始指纹矩阵，包括来自下线测试的测量。在预定义的时间间隔之后，若干附加指纹文件被测量，并且随后被组合成与原始指纹矩阵作比较的附加指纹矩阵。如果附加指纹矩阵偏离原始指纹矩阵，则发出消息。使用指纹矩阵的优点是，可以在同一时间比较若干系统，并且不同系统之间的关系可以直接在矩阵中被补偿。以这种方式，比较可以以简单的方式考虑不同关系。
附图说明
下面将本参考附图来更详细地描述本发明，在附图中：
图1示出了包括车辆系统的示意性混合动力车辆，
图2示出了在指纹文件中的测量的示例，以及
图3示出用于监视混合动力车辆的健康状态的发明方法的示意性流程图。
具体实施方式
以下描述的具有进一步开发的本发明的实施例要被仅视作示例，并且不以任何方式限制专利全力要求书所提供的保护范围。
图1示出了这里被视作运货卡车的示意性的混合动力车辆1。混合动力车辆可以是常规混合动力车或插电式混合动力车辆。诸如公共汽车、垃圾车、轮式装载机等的其它类型的重型混合动力车辆也可以利用本发明的方法来使用。混合动力车辆设置有内燃机2，通常是柴油发动机，但是当然还可以使用其它类型燃料，诸如液化天然气或压缩天然气。混合动力车辆还设置有连接到发动机2的电机3。电机优选地位于发动机附近，但是还可以远离发动机放置，例如，在车辆的驱动轴处。
电机可以在驱动模式中使用，在该驱动模式中电机用作用于向车辆供电的电动机。在驱动模式中，电机接收来自电池4的电流。根据混合动力车辆的类型，电动机可以在需要额外功率时，例如启动、加速和爬坡时，作为内燃机的补充，或者在内燃机关闭时，电动机可以对整个车辆供电。电机还可以制动模式中使用，在制动模式中，电机在车辆减速时再生电池的能量。在减速期间，电机用作电力制动器，并且能量可以用于对电池充电。电机还可以用作常规发电机，当在道路上行驶时由内燃机向车辆供电时，当在驱动模式或制动模式中不使用电机时，发电机对电池充电。
车辆还设置有包括电池管理功能的控制单元5，电池管理功能根据从车辆控制系统接收的指令来控制向和来自电池的功率流，指令诸如请求的加速度、请求的速度或请求的制动功率。控制单元还设置有测量功能，测量功能可以从车辆中的其它电子控制单元(ECU)收集测量。ECU通过本地数据总线进行通信，并且可以控制车辆的不同功能，使得一个或多个专用ECU控制内燃机，一个ECU控制变速箱，一个ECU控制灯等。每个ECU可以通过数据总线向控制单元5发送测量。控制单元5可以是独立的单元，或者可以被集成在另一控制单元中。
电机优选地被设计为作为内燃机的补充。以这种方式，内燃机可以在最佳能量消耗和最低有害尾气的情况下以最佳速度范围运行。在这种情况下，电机可以被优化，使得在作为电动机运行时，电机通常传递其满扭矩。如果在最佳速度范围运行中来自内燃机和电动机的组合转矩不足，诸如在陡坡处，则可以提高内燃机的速度。以这种方式，电机的尺寸可以保持相对小并且重量轻。出于同样的原因，电机被设计为当在平均减速时用作电力制动时传递其最大电流。如果需要更快或更强的减速，则诸如发动机制动器或行车制动器的辅助制动器用于补充电力制动。
当车辆静止不动时，例如在车间或在下线测试时，电机还可以用于模拟内燃机的负载，但是当车辆被停放时，也能够执行测试。如果系统已经指示了例如驱动系统的严重故障，则这可以是有利的。以这种方式，可以容易地模拟不同运行状况下的负载。当车辆在下线或在车间被测试时，还能够在要测试内燃机或传动系(driveline)时，将外部负载连接到传动系。
在下线测试时，在车辆的混合动力驱动系统中，内燃机正在运行并且向电机传递功率，对电池进行充电。优选地，安装在车辆上的传感器用于测量不同的参数值，但是如果需要较高的精度，则还能够使用具有较高分辨率的外部传感器。来自传感器的结果被记录和保存，并且可以分析数据。优选地，驱动循环被设计为测试车辆的所有系统。在一个示例中，在电机作为发电机的情况下，内燃机将首先以不同速度和不同功率电平对电池进行充电，其中，所传递的电流和内燃机的扭矩被测量。此后，可以通过使电机作为电动机运行，来使电池放电，使电机作为电动机运行例如通过以不同的水平接合发动机制动器或排气制动器，来以不同速度和不同功率电平转动内燃机。所传递的电流和内燃机的扭矩被测量。在此示例中，可以通过充电和放电功率的集成来测试电池的健康状态(SOH)。
不同负载状况时的系统的参数被存储在指纹文件中。测量曲线可以被参数化为有限数目的参数值，以限制存储的数据量。参数化可以借助于车辆的数学模型来进行。还能够定义测量曲线的接受区域，以便于进一步减少数据。在这种情况下，接受区域被包括在指纹文件中。如果组件被替换，则包括有组件的系统的新的指纹文件可以被测量并且被存储为该系统的原始指纹文件。
每个车辆系统的第一原始指纹文件可以被存储在车辆控制系统中和/或在制造商的数据库中。该原始指纹文件将用作稍后测量的参考文件。当在预定义的时间间隔之后执行对于同一车辆系统的新的测量时，该新的测量可以被存储在附加的中间指纹文件中。预定义的老化偏移被添加到原始指纹文件，并且被存储为时间修改的指纹文件。老化偏移对应于在预定义的时间间隔和/或行驶距离中的预测的系统磨损。将测量值(即附加指纹文件)与时间修改的指纹文件作比较。如果测量值偏离时间修改的指纹文件，则发出消息。该消息可以是对操作者的维修通知，或者可以是存储在存储器中指示应在下一次维修时对该系统执行全面检查的标记。
在稍后的时刻，在预定义的时间段、预定义的行驶距离之后或者在任何其他指定时刻，以类似的负载状况测量相同参数的新的测量。负载状况可以与原始指纹文件相同或者其可以是的类似的但不是相同的。当车辆静止不动时，例如，在车间或当车辆被停放时，可以模拟相同的负载状况。当车辆在道路上行驶时，可以使用类似的负载状况，使得不同的负载状况被识别并且用于在车辆的使用期间的测量。例如，满载车辆的加速将对应于例如满负载状态，并且慢编组将对应于例如低负载状况。不同的驱动状况可以用于不同的负载状况。可以在较长的时间段中，例如，一天或一周期间执行测量，以便于找到适当的负载状况。有利的是，使用中间负载状况和极端负载状况二者来创建指纹文件。由于不同的测量被存储在附加指纹文件中，其中，通过接受区域来限制测量，因此不同的负载状况完全相同或者在同一时间进行测量并不重要。然而，在不同的负载状况下的测量是重要的。
在图2中，示出了存储在指纹文件中的不同负载状况下测量的一系列测量值10。在所示出的示例中，在指纹文件的接受区域11中限制测量值，这减少了存储空间需要。用虚线来指示时间修改的指纹文件12。x轴可以例如示出向和来自电池的电流，并且y轴可以例如示出对应于上述示例的内燃机或电机的扭矩。
预定义的时间间隔可以是任何时间间隔，但是优选地是相对长的时间间隔，诸如一个月或数周，但是也可以多达一年。对于不同的车辆系统，能够使用不同的时间间隔。大多数系统老化相对缓慢，诸如内燃机，而诸如电池的一些系统老化得较快。在一个示例中，内燃机的时间间隔是6个月，并且用于电池的时间间隔是两周。
时间间隔还可以取决于车辆的行驶距离或其他参数，诸如温度。一些系统随着时间的推移而老化，一些系统由于行驶的距离而更多地老化。对于电池，容量和老化二者都取决于环境温度。
在车辆寿命中的各个时间修改的指纹文件与测量值之间的比较的结果可以被存储并且用于创建车辆系统的寿命中的健康状态曲线。这可以用于建议组件的维修间隔和更换。
不同车辆系统可以在不同的运行状况下被测量。能够测量内燃机的变化，诸如摩擦扭矩、发动机效率、喷射定时等。其它测量是在诸如电池的充电和放电的不同负载期间的内燃机、电机和电池的温度和温度变化。例如，在电池的充电和放电期间，可以测量尾气后处理系统7中的温度或温度改变和尾气成分。可以测量尾气后处理系统的老化以及内燃机的变化。
其他测量是涡轮转速、涡轮压力和涡轮温度，以便于检测涡轮系统的磨损。还能够利用加速度计来测量底盘中的振动，以检测底盘的疲劳度。
这些测量可以在不同的运行状况下进行。对于一些测量，有利的是在诸如低负载和高负载的极端负载状况下进行测量。对于内燃机，能够通过在若干旋转速度和若干负载下测量燃料消耗来测量扭矩曲线，但是可能以低转速和高转速进行测量就足够了。
其他车辆组件和车辆参数还可以通过本发明的方法来监视，诸如灯、风扇和阀门。能够测量通过组件的电流，以查看随时间的改变。对于例如依赖于温度、空气湿度和压力的各种电气系统，可以测量隔离值。
图3示出了用于监视车辆系统的健康状态的方法的示意性流程图。在更长的时间段之前执行该方法，以便于监视不同车辆系统的长期劣化。该方法的步骤优选地通过在车辆的电子控制系统中包含和运行的计算机程序以及计算机程序产品来执行。
在步骤100，在下线测试时，在不同运行状况下测量车辆系统的多个参数值。参数值被存储在指纹文件中，其中，指纹文件可以包括包含所有测量值的接受区域。这样的指纹文件的示例在图2中示出。
在步骤110，包括在指纹文件中的相同的多个参数的值在预定时间段之后在相似负载状况下被测量，并且被存储在附加指纹文件中。时间间隔可以在从数周到数月的范围内。
在步骤120，预定义的老化偏移被添加到指纹文件，其中，老化偏移对应于在预定义的时间间隔期间的预测的系统磨损。该结果被存储在车辆系统的时间修改的指纹文件中。
在步骤130，将附加的指纹文件的测量值与时间修改的指纹文件作比较。
在步骤140，如果测量值偏离时间修改的指纹文件，则发出消息。该消息可以被存储在存储器中以供以后使用，或者可以被发送到维修中心以进行跟踪。
本发明不被视为限制于上述实施例，许多其他变体和修改能够在后续专利权利要求的范围内。
附图标记
1:车辆
2:内燃机
3:电机
4:电池
5:控制单元
6:冷却系统
7:尾气后处理系统
10:测量值
11:接受区域
12:修改的指纹文件

Claims (15)

1.一种监视车辆系统的健康状态的方法，包括下述步骤：
-在下线测试时，在不同的运行状况下测量所述车辆系统的多个参数值；
-将所述参数值存储在指纹文件中；
-在预定义的时间间隔之后，在类似的负载状况下测量包括在所述指纹文件中的相同的多个参数的值；
-将预定义的老化偏移添加到所述指纹文件，其中，所述老化偏移对应于在预定义的时间间隔期间的预测的系统磨损，从而获得所述系统的时间修改的指纹文件；
-将所测量的值与所述时间修改的指纹文件作比较；以及
-如果所测量的值偏离所述时间的修改指纹文件，则发出消息。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所测量的参数值与关于测量的时间的信息一起被存储在附加指纹文件中。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预定义的时间间隔小于1年。
4.根据权利要求1至3中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预定义的时间间隔小于1个月。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预定义的时间间隔对应于常规维修间隔。
6.根据前述权利要求中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述时间间隔取决于行驶距离。
7.根据权利要求1至6中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述车辆是包括内燃机和电机的混合动力车辆。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述电机用作所述内燃机的负载的情况下测量所述参数。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述内燃机用作所述电机的负载的情况下测量所述参数。
10.根据前述权利要求中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述车辆系统是柴油发动机、电机、尾气后处理系统、冷却系统或电池中的一种。
11.根据前述权利要求中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，当所述车辆准备好交付时，在生产线末端执行所述下线测试。
12.根据前述权利要求中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述老化偏移取决于所述车辆的外部状况，其中，外部状况是温度、高度、湿度、地理位置或空气中的颗粒数中的一种。
13.根据前述权利要求中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，至少两个指纹文件被组合到指纹矩阵中。
14.一种包括程序代码装置的计算机程序，用于当在计算机上运行所述程序时，执行根据权利要求1至13中的任何一项所述的所有步骤。
15.一种包括存储在计算机可读介质上的程序代码装置的计算机程序产品，用于当在计算机上运行所述程序产品时，执行根据权利要求1至13中的任何一项所述的所有步骤。
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