CN105114159A - 废气后处理的方法和装置 - Google Patents

废气后处理的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN105114159A
CN105114159A CN201510478367.9A CN201510478367A CN105114159A CN 105114159 A CN105114159 A CN 105114159A CN 201510478367 A CN201510478367 A CN 201510478367A CN 105114159 A CN105114159 A CN 105114159A
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waste gas
exhaust
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CN105114159B (zh
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F·希伦
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Innio Jenbacher GmbH and Co OG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
    • F01N3/106—Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/103—Oxidation catalysts for HC and CO only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/26—Construction of thermal reactors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/02—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/10—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat accumulator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/12—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a thermal reactor

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  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及使用热反应器(11)对内燃机(1)的废气进行废气后处理的方法，其中将通过热反应器(11)预处理的废气催化氧化，优选在热反应器(11)中催化氧化。

Description

废气后处理的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有权利要求1的上位概念所述特征的废气后处理方法，以及一种具有权利要求2的上位概念所述特征的废气后处理装置。
背景技术
为了遵守内燃机的排放极限值，通常使用废气后处理方法。一种来自热电厂废气后处理领域的已知方法是再生式热氧化(RTO)，在其中未燃烧的碳氢化合物和其它可氧化的废气成分被热氧化。在所述再生式热氧化中首先引导废气经过一个在大多情况下由陶瓷散装料或蜂巢体构成的蓄热器，以便最终进入反应室。在反应室中，通过附加的加热装置继续加热废气，直到非期望的废气成分能够发生热氧化。然后废气流过用于排气的另一个蓄热器并且排放到环境之中。在运行时流动方向交替变化，借此废气在达到反应室之前被预热，从而在继续加热废气的过程中实现节能。可以通过气体喷射或燃烧器(所谓的辅助气体)或电附加加热进行附加加热。反应室具有至少一个自由的流体断面，由此提高在反应室中废气的停留时间和能够以气相反应的形式进行氧化。在废气的待氧化的物质中一氧化碳(CO)和甲烷(CH4)特别相关。这样的装置已经通过例如GEJenbacher公司的商标为人们所知。在这种方法中将废气加热到大约700-800℃并且进行将未燃烧的碳氢化合物和一氧化碳转化成水蒸气和二氧化碳的氧化反应。-热反应器构成为再生式换热器并且由两个贮蓄材料(Speichermassen)，一个反应室以及一个转接机构组成。温度为大约530℃的废气从发动机经转接机构流入第一贮蓄材料，在那里废气被加热到大约800℃。在反应室中废气与所存在的氧气发生反应，其中一氧化碳和未燃烧的碳氢化合物氧化成二氧化碳和水。在流经第二贮蓄材料时废气再次释放热量并且以550℃-570℃的温度抵达转接机构，该转接机构将废气输送给排气管(Kamin)或后接的废热回收装置。
再生式热氧化提供一种耐用的方法，通过所述方法即使对大的废气流也能够经济地进行后处理。
至今所述的热反应器主要针对使甲烷以及一氧化碳氧化。这在运行中导致一些缺点。
为了能够分解一氧化碳，在热反应器中需要相对较高的温度和相对较长的停留时间。
发明内容
因此本发明所基于的任务在于提供一种用于废气后处理的方法和合适的装置，其中能够降低热反应器中的温度和缩短必要的停留时间。该任务将通过一种具有权利要求1的特征的废气后处理方法，以及一种具有权利要求2的特征的废气后处理装置实现。优选的实施方式在从属的权利要求中进行定义。
已经吃惊地发现，分开地进行甲烷的氧化和一氧化碳的氧化会更加有利。由于通过热反应器预处理的废气被催化氧化，优选在热反应器中被催化氧化，因此可以实现，必须设计更低温度和更短的废气停留时间的热反应器，并且仍然能够以令人满意的程度减少一氧化碳。即按照本发明设计，使得通过热氧化首先减少甲烷。这样地选择热反应器中的参数，使得允许甲烷部分氧化，在这个过程中形成一氧化碳，而不是——像通常在热反应器中所设计的那样——降低一氧化碳。与原始的废气流相比，所形成的被预处理的废气含有更大量的一氧化碳，而未燃烧的碳氢化合物，尤其是甲烷已经被氧化。之后将如此预处理的废气输送到催化氧化装置。例如该装置可以设定为氧化催化器，它由一种催化剂负载介质构成，例如已知在汽车领域中用于废气后处理的那些。或者可以设计，使氧化催化器布置有热氧化催化器的体积分段(Volumensabschnitten)的催化涂层。例如这可以通过下述方式实现，即存在于热氧化催化器中的陶瓷贮蓄材料的体积分段设有催化活性表面或装入其它的、具有催化作用的材料。
按照本发明的废气后处理装置包含一个用于废气的进口，一个热反应区和至少一个催化反应区，其中在废气流经废气后处理装置的流动方向上在热反应区后面连接至少一个催化反应区。
通过这种布置实现：为了分解一氧化碳，在热反应器中被预处理的、富含一氧化碳的废气会遇到氧化催化器并且在那里通过催化氧化分解一氧化碳。
尤其优选可以设计，热反应区和至少一个催化反应区布置在一个共同的壳体内。例如这可以通过将具有催化活性材料的体积分段整合在热反应器的反应区之中而实现。或者可以设计，在热反应器的陶瓷贮蓄材料中形成催化活性区域。这描述的是这种情况，即通过热反应器的陶瓷散装料的一部分表面的催化涂层形成一个催化活性区域。
替代地或者另外地可以设计，在与热反应区分开的壳体内在废气流经废气后处理装置的流动方向上在热反应区后面连接催化反应区。该实施例描述的是这种情况，即热反应器和氧化催化器是作为分开的组件实现的。即在这种情况下设置一个热反应器，所述热反应器在其构成方面与现有技术相符合并且在下游后接氧化催化器。
附图说明
下面通过附图对本发明进行详细说明。
图1具有废气后处理装置的内燃机的示意图。
图2具有废气后处理装置的内燃机的另一种实施方式的示意图。
图3具有按照现有技术的废气后处理装置的内燃机的示意图。
具体实施方式
以下为详细的附图说明。图1通过示意图示出内燃机1，所述内燃机1通过废气收集管2与废气后处理装置3相连接。通过转接机构4可以改变废气流过热反应器11的流动方向。因此在运行时可以交替地实现首先通过贮蓄材料5、热反应区7和贮蓄材料6的废气流动方向。当转换流动方向时，废气首先流过贮蓄材料6，然后流过热反应区7和最后流过贮蓄材料5。在流过废气后处理装置3之后，废气通过管路8离开设备并且输送到排气管装置或废热回收装置(两者均未显示)。在按照图1的实施例中，贮蓄材料5或6的朝向反应室7的体积分段9设有催化涂层或催化活性材料。即在废气后处理装置3的运行状态下体积分段9承担将在热反应器的热反应区7中被预处理的废气催化氧化的任务。
为了完整起见图中画出了控制/调节装置12，所述装置12一方面能够接收内燃机1和废气后处理装置3的信号，另一方面也可以向废气后处理装置3的控制元件发送指令。同时也示出了燃料管路13，通过所述燃料管路向内燃机1供应燃料，例如燃气。在燃料管路13上可以设有支路，通过所述支路可以在需要的情况下向热反应器11输送辅助气体用以附加加热。
与图1类似，图2示出具有废气后处理装置3的内燃机1的示意图，但是在这里废气后处理装置3是由一个由贮蓄材料5和6以及一个热反应区7构成的热反应器11和一个在热反应器11的下游设置在管路8中的氧化催化器10构成。通过转接机构4也可以交替地改变经过热反应器11的流动方向。在本实施例中热反应器11没有催化涂层的体积分段。在热反应器11中被预处理的废气流过氧化催化器10并且从那里被引导至排气管或废热利用装置(两者未显示)。
图3示出的是具有按照现有技术的废气后处理装置的内燃机1的示意图。在这里热反应器构成为不含催化涂层区。
附图标记列表
1.内燃机
2.废气收集管
3.废气后处理装置
4.转接机构
5，6热贮蓄材料
7热反应区
8.废气管
9.催化涂层区/催化活性区
10.氧化催化器
11.热反应器
12.控制/调节装置
13.燃料管路

Claims (4)

1.使用热反应器(11)对内燃机(1)的废气进行废气后处理的方法，其特征在于，将通过热反应器(11)预处理的废气催化氧化，优选在热反应器(11)中催化氧化。
2.内燃机(1)的废气后处理装置(3)，其具有废气的进口，热反应区(7)和至少一个催化反应区(9)，其中在废气流经废气后处理装置(3)的流动方向上在热反应区(7)后面连接至少一个催化反应区(9)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的废气后处理装置(3)，其特征在于，所述热反应区(7)和至少一个催化反应区(9)布置在一个共同的壳体内。
4.根据权利要求2所述的废气后处理装置，其特征在于，在与热反应区(7)分开的壳体内在废气流经废气后处理装置(3)的流动方向上在热反应区(7)后面连接催化反应区(9)。
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AT515898A1 (de) 2015-12-15
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