CN101175904B - 用于稀燃式内燃机的废气后处理系统和方法 - Google Patents
用于稀燃式内燃机的废气后处理系统和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种稀燃式内燃机的后处理系统。本发明提供一种多支路的稀燃NOX捕集器,或称LNT,其具有用于选择性地将稀燃废气气流引入LNT的某一部分的分流阀,与此同时LNT的另一部分在低氧环境下进行再生。另外,本发明使用一连续工作的侧流废气燃料重整器将还原剂,例如部分氧化(POX)气体或者重整生成物,送入LNT用于再生。本发明还提供一种用于对使用所述系统的稀燃内燃机进行废气后处理的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于稀燃式内燃机的废气后处理系统。
背景技术
稀燃压缩点火式内燃机技术,例如柴油机,与火花点火式内燃机相比具有提高燃烧效率的能力。但是,可能需要新的废气后处理系统来满足将来的氮氧化物(NOX)和颗粒排放标准的需要。
一种这样的系统是选择催化还原(SCR)技术,例如烃类-SCR和尿素-SCR。烃类-SCR技术依靠烃类并使用特定催化剂在稀燃,也就是富氧环境中选择性的还原NOX。尿素-SCR技术将尿素水溶液喷入废气气流,随后尿素水溶液分解为氨水并在催化剂作用下用于还原NOX。尿素-SCR技术需要定期对机载尿素罐补充填料。
另一种系统是稀燃NOX捕集器,或称LNT。LNT是一种使用催化装置的后处理技术,所述催化装置包括碱性金属例如钡和铈的氧化物。LNT将一氧化氮(NO)催化氧化为二氧化氮(NO2),随后以硝酸盐(NO3)的形式储存在邻接的化学捕集器内。已经证实LNT的转化效率可以超过90%。
一旦LNT吸收了一定量的NOX之后,就需要进行再生处理以通过化学方法将硝酸盐还原成氮气,从而使得LNT可以继续吸收处理更多的NOX颗粒。传统的LNT催化剂再生方法是临时将还原剂,例如氢气、一氧化碳(CO)和烃类,引入LNT中。这些还原剂通常通过使稀燃式内燃机在浓空燃比(A/F)条件下工作形成。但是,浓空燃比燃烧的产物并不是有效的还原剂,因此LNT的催化剂必须重新进行再生,也就是说,只有提供大量的还原剂,才能获得高NOX转化率。
氢气是一种再生LNT内积累的NOX的有效还原剂。有几种很有前景的给车辆补给氢以再生LNT的方法。一种方法是从一外部充气站向储氢罐内再充气。另一种方法是在车上安装车载重整器以将燃料转化成氢气和一氧化碳。这种方式提供的是一种氢气、一氧化碳和氮气的气体混合物。在低温条件下,例如低于250℃时,一氧化碳的存在可能会抑制再生反应的进行。
在典型的配有一定的钡/钾成分的LNT中,当使用氢气作为还原剂时,NOX还原反应在大约150℃到500℃的温度区间内进行,温度高于600℃时NOX则未被还原即被吸收。另外,当稀燃式内燃机使用含有一定量硫的燃料时,需要使用脱硫步骤来保持NOX的吸收器的效率。脱硫步骤需要LNT中的废气温度高于600℃的时间达到几分钟。
另外还要关注的是减少稀燃式内燃机的颗粒排放物。颗粒排放物通过一种被称作柴油机颗粒过滤器,或者叫DPF的装置从废气气流中加以过滤。DPF通常使用壁流式过滤来过滤废气气流。DPF需要有再生步骤来保持高过滤效率并降低相关发动机上的废气背压。DPF的再生过程需要温度高于600℃的稀燃(富氧)废气用于燃烧DPF内截留的颗粒物质。DPF的另一种选择是柴油机颗粒NOX过滤器,或者叫DPNF,这是一种LNT和DPF的催化结合装置。DPNF利用NOX连续地氧化来自过滤器的颗粒物质。
发明内容
本发明提供一种用于稀燃式内燃机的废气后处理系统。所述废气后处理系统包括至少一个稀燃NOX捕集器(LNT)和可选择地和充分地将所述至少一个LNT的一部分与废气气流相隔离的机构。废气后处理系统还可以包括用于提供重整生成物到所述至少一个LNT的所述部分的重整器,以允许对所述至少一个LNT的至少一部分进行再生处理。
柴油机氧化催化单元可以设置在所述至少一个LNT的上游和/或下游位置。另外,柴油机颗粒过滤器和/或选择性催化还原催化单元可以设置在所述至少一个LNT的下游位置。重整器可以包括用来部分氧化燃料和氧气混合物的逆流反应器,所述燃料通过燃料喷射器喷入逆流反应器中。所述燃料喷射器可以是气动的。
本发明还提供一种用于稀燃式内燃机的废气后处理方法。该方法包括在稀燃式内燃机稀燃废气气流的下游侧设置至少一个稀燃NOX捕集器(LNT),并选择性地将基本上所有稀燃废气气流引入所述至少一个LNT的第一部分,同时选择性地阻止基本上所有稀燃废气气流流入所述至少一个LNT的第二部分。该方法还包括将一定质量流量的还原剂引入所述至少一个LNT的第二部分以对所述至少一个LNT的第二部分进行再生。
该方法还可以进一步包括在所述LNT的第一部分吸收的NOX达到一预定量时,选择性地阻止基本上所有稀燃废气气流流入所述至少一个LNT的第一部分。随后,在所述LNT的第二部分至少已经部分再生的情况下,选择性的将基本上所有稀燃废气气流引入所述至少一个LNT的第二部分。然后,将一定质量流量的还原剂引入所述至少一个LNT的第一部分以对所述至少一个LNT的第一部分进行再生。
另外,该方法可以包括将一定质量流量的还原剂引入所述至少一个LNT的第一或第二部分,引入的还原剂总量大于再生所述至少一个LNT的所述部分所需的总量,这样过量的还原剂将流过所述至少一个LNT的第二部分。随后,过量的还原剂和稀燃废气连通到柴油机颗粒过滤器(DPF),从而可以对DPF起到再生作用。
本发明的上述技术特征和优点以及其他的技术特征和优点将通过下面联系相关附图对实现本发明的最佳实施例进行的细节描述而变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1是表示本发明的废气后处理系统各部分的示意图;以及
图2是图1的废气后处理系统的另一个实施例的示意图。
具体实施方式
如附图所示,其中不同视图中相同的附图标记表示相同或者类似的部件,图1中示出了与本发明一致的后处理系统10。稀燃式内燃机12分别通过第一排气歧管16和第二排气歧管18将燃烧生成物或者废气13与涡轮增压器14相连。内燃机12可以是压缩点火式柴油机也可以是现有技术中已知的其他类型稀燃式发动机。废气13流出涡轮增压器14后经过通道20流入紧接其后的柴油机氧化催化单元,或者叫DOC 22,烃类(HC)和一氧化碳(CO)排放物在此被氧化,一氧化氮(NO)被转化为二氧化氮(NO2),部分氮氧化物(NOX)发生还原,通常少于20%。在DOC 22的出口,废气13A经过通道24与随后的旁路或者分流阀26相连。优选地,DOC 22的位置紧邻涡轮增压器14,但是本领域技术人员可以预见到DOC 22也可以设置在下游更远处,例如更靠近分流阀26,这同样落在本发明要求保护的范围之内。分流阀26选择性地将废气13A引入稀燃NOX捕集器也就是LNT 32的第一支路28或者第二支路30。因此,分流阀26选择性的分别通过第一支路28和第二支路30将基本上全部废气13A引入LNT 32的第一部分34和第二部分36之一,来吸收废气13A中的NOX颗粒。分流阀26位于如图1所示的位置时,LNT 32的第二部分36处于还原环境下以允许进行再生,也就是在通有低质量流量氧气的环境中解除吸附和还原第二部分36中的NOX。
在操作中,第二部分36一直保持还原环境直到LNT 32的第一部分34达到其NOX的吸收能力为止。此时,分流阀26将切换到图1中虚线所示的位置。之后,如前所述的LNT的再生部分,也就是第二部分36,将开始吸收NOX,同时对LNT的满负荷部分,也就是第一部分34进行再生。当稀燃式内燃机12关机时,分流阀26优选地移动到在发动机重新启动时能够确保至少已部分再生的LNT的34或者36部分可以用于吸收NOX的位置。加热器37可以电加热LNT 32以在LNT 32内提供一定量的脱硫。第一支路28和第二支路30内均可分别设置多块折流板38以使废气13A在进入LNT 32的第一部分34和第二部分36之前充分混合。本领域技术人员能够预见到可以在第一支路28和第二支路30之外再设置其他支路,这也同样落在本发明要求保护的范围之内。另外,分流阀26可以采用中间控制用于改变流经在进行再生的LNT 32的34或36部分的废气13A的流量,从而提高LNT 32的温度来实现脱硫。在优选的实施例中,电子控制单元,或者叫ECU 39,向分流阀26发出阀位控制命令。ECU 39优选地包括可预先编程的数字计算机用于接受来自不同发动机和车辆传感器(未示出)的输入信号,并处理输入信号以向分流阀26发出适当的阀位控制命令。NOX传感器/计数器(未示出),或者在ECU 39内提供的NOX累积量计算模型,可以用来在LNT 32的各部分34或者36内的NOX累积到预定量时触发分流阀26动作。本领域技术人员能够预见到也可以使用单路LNT,只要单路LNT的各部分可以选择性地阻止废气气流13A以允许再生即可。
离开LNT 32之后,还原气体41和废气13B汇合并流过催化柴油机颗粒过滤器,也就是DPF 40。DPF 40用于从废气13B中过滤颗粒物质。另外,DPF40可以将废气13B中包含的氧气辅助用于氧化还原气体41中包含的过量的还原剂或者重整生成物59和在LNT 32的脱硫过程中释放的硫化氢(H2S)。在可选的实施例中,DPF 40可以是混合柴油机氧化催化单元/DPF。DPF 40优选地设置在LNT 32的下游,这样可以通过减少来自LNT 32上游的热量从而允许对LNT 32快速加热,并且可以保护LNT 32避免因为DPF 40再生过程中的放热反应产生的高温影响而烧结。本领域技术人员能够预见到DPF 40可以设置在分流阀26的上游位置以保护LNT 32和分流阀26不受颗粒影响,从而不再需要DOC 22。但是,需要对DPF 40的再生过程进行精确控制以避免逸出颗粒氧化温度过高破坏LNT 32。设置多块折流板42的目的是在进入DPF 40之前充分混合还原气体41和废气13B。另外,DPF再生燃料系统44用来提供再生DPF 40所需的烃类燃料。
与LNT 32一起运行的是侧流燃料重整器46。废气13的一小部分被引入侧流通道48和50。侧流通道48和50,在优选实施例中,设置在涡轮增压器14的上游,在此处废气13的温度和压力都很高,因此可以减少重整器46的预热时间并减少重质燃料凝结现象。本领域技术人员能够预见到可以使用更多或者更少的侧流通道并且侧流通道48和50可以设置在涡轮增压器14之前或之后。
侧流通道集流器52与额定高温的变量调节阀54,例如废气回流(EGR)阀相连。阀54响应来自ECU 39的控制信号,并用于根据压降和温度的对应关系表或者根据其他适用的理论调节或者控制侧流废气55流入侧流重整器46的流量。在优选的实施例中,流经阀54的侧流废气55的流量将在整个废气13总流量的0%到6%之间变化。该比率将根据发动机12的空燃比(A/F)和NOX排放指数变化。流过阀54之后,侧流废气55将经过通道56并流入重整器46。在优选的实施例中,重整器46包括用于生成还原剂,例如部分氧化气体(POX)或者重整生成物59的逆流反应器58。逆流反应器58利用放热反应通过热交换器60预热流入的侧流废气55中的反应物。尽管废气13的温度可能是不稳定的,由于逆流热交换器60将起到进气温度缓冲器的作用并不断的在进入逆流反应器58之前给侧流废气55加温,因此重整器46内的反应可以有效进行。本领域技术人员能够预见重整器46可以利用其他的热交换系统,这仍然落在本发明要求保护的范围之内。这些热交换系统可能包括在重整器46外侧设置辐射气-气热交换器用于将热量从重整生成物59转移到侧流废气55中。另外,本领域技术人员能够预见可以使用非逆流反应器来代替逆流反应器58从而确保发动机冷启动时重整器46的快速启动。
侧流废气55进入反应器入口62,与由燃料喷射器64喷入的燃料63在此紊流混合后进入逆流反应器58。燃料喷射器64可以是气动的,这样可以降低所需侧流废气55的比例并且增加燃料63的雾化度。燃料63和侧流废气55混合并随后通过催化剂66部分氧化。本领域技术人员能够预见重整器46也可以包括一个等离子装置用来代替逆流反应器58和催化剂66。重整生成物59,在离开重整器46之后,进入第一通道68和第二通道70。或者,在离开重整器46之后,重整生成物59也可以在进入第一通道68和第二通道70之一以前,先经过热交换器71以冷却重整生成物59并进行少量的水煤气变换催化以除去CO。第一通道68和第二通道70用于分别将重整生成物59引入第一支路28和第二支路30。
当分流阀26位于图1所示的位置时,废气13被引入第一支路28使得LNT32的第一部分34开始工作,与此同时第二支路30内流入废气13的一小部分以再生NOX捕集器32的第二部分36,如前文所述。由于第一支路28,或者叫吸收支路,流入了废气13中的绝大部分,从而与第二支路30或者叫再生支路相比具有更高的上游压力。因此,更多的重整生成物59将会流入第二支路30,其中从排气侧流分支点到再次进入点的压差更大。所有引入吸收支路的重整生成物59通常都会在废气13A中燃烧。因此,可以预见会有大量的重整生成物59被引入再生支路,从而减少重整生成物59的燃烧损耗量和LNT 32再生过程中所需燃料63的量。
因此,重整生成物59被引入支路28和30的方向可能与废气13A的流向正好相反。如图1的第一支路28中所示,废气13A在吸收支路内的线动量会增加重整生成物59在喷射点处的压力,因此就会迫使大部分重整生成物59进入再生支路。或者,也可以在第一通道68和第二通道70处分别设置第一阀72和第二阀74。阀72和阀74优选地由ECU 39控制并可选择地操作将重整生成物59分别送入支路28和支路30中的一条。优选地,阀72和阀74将和分流阀26同时切换以确保重整生成物59只被引入支路28或支路30中废气13A的流量较少的一条,也就是再生支路。可以在重整器46的出口处设置一额定高温的三通阀,图中未示出,用来同时控制侧流废气55到重整器46的流动,从而取代阀54,和选择性地引导重整生成物59分别经过第一通道68和第二通道70流入到期望的支路28或者支路30。
在LNT 32的工作过程中,可能会产生一定量的氨气,即NH3。可在LNT 32的下游设置选择催化还原(SCR)催化单元73,从而可以在SCR催化单元73内利用LNT 32的工作过程中产生的所有氨气来协助进行NOX的转化。另外,SCR催化单元73还可以在发动机低温工作时帮助减少氨气尾气排放。可以设置多块折流板75以提高废气13B和还原气体41的混合程度,从而进一步提高SCR催化单元73的催化效果。
本领域技术人员能够预见到空气可以用于部分氧化在重整器46内的燃料63。为了达到此目的,辅助气泵76,如虚线所示,可以用于将空气送入重整器46以代替侧流废气55。或者,来自气泵76的空气和侧流废气55可以混合并一起送入重整器46。
紧邻设置的前置涡轮NOX吸收器78和80可以用于冷启动时的NOX吸收和随后的高温解除吸附。另外,可以在LNT 32的第一部分34和第二部分36之前分别设置第一DOC 82和第二DOC 84。DOC 82和DOC 84可以催化重整氧化物以最小化LNT32的烧结影响。
可以在重整器46的上游,例如在侧流通道48和50内,侧流集流器52内或者通道56内,如图1所示,设置低功率管道加热器86。由于只利用了废气13中的一小部分来部分氧化燃料63,因此管道加热器86可以用来加热侧流废气55。管道加热器86只在发动机12冷启动条件下起作用,因为一旦重整器46内的反应开始进行,重整器46的热交换器60即可预热流入的侧流废气55。
重整生成物59离开重整器46时的温度通常高于500℃。因此一旦通道56升温后,重整生成物59将为NOX的解除吸附和还原提供更多的热量。另外,分流阀26可能会泄漏一小部分废气13A(<0.5%),其通过在NOX捕集器32上的重整生成物59的氧化/燃烧产生热量。这些提供给NOX捕集器32的额外的热量可以最小化CO的抑制影响并且可以帮助支持脱硫。这样可以减少能降低LNT 32转化效率的由燃料决定的脱硫操作的频率。
如图2所示,给出了废气后处理系统10的另一个实施例的示意图,并用10A表示。废气后处理系统10A能够在不具备如图1所示的DPF再生燃料系统44的情况下再生DPF 40A。废气后处理系统10A包括LNT 32A,其具有间隔开的第一部分34A和第二部分36A。第一支路28A和第二支路30A基本形成Y形结构并分别与第一部分34A和第二部分36A相连。分流阀26选择性地将通道24中的废气13A引入第一支路28A和第二支路30A之一。经过已参照图1介绍过的类似操作,分流阀26,处于如图2所示的位置时,将引导废气13A进入LNT 32A的第一部分34A来对废气13A中的NOX接触吸附。另外,废气13A被阻止进入第二支路30A,因此LNT 32A的第二部分36A可以保持还原环境以允许再生第二部分36A。第一通道68和第二通道70设置用来选择性地分别向第一支路28A和第二支路30A之一提供高质量流量的重整生成物59。重整生成物59的质量流量可能要比再生LNT 32A的第二部分36A所需要的量多出大约10倍。第一支路28A和第二支路30A的Y形结构的好处在于重整生成物59的喷射点可以充分远离分流阀26,以避免稀燃或者叫富氧废气13A和重整生成物59之间互相反应结果释放大量反应热量从而可能会破坏LNT 32A的分流阀26的可能性。
通过引入大大超出再生LNT 32A的34A和36A两部分所需量的重整生成物59,过量的重整生成物59会经过34A和36A部分并在LNT 32A的下游和废气13B混合在一起。废气13B和重整生成物59的混合将能够使得重整生成物59在DPF 40A内燃烧。在DPF 40A内燃烧重整生成物59产生的热量能够进一步燃烧其中吸收的颗粒物质。可以通过重整器46或者其他装置例如等离子重整器、气缸等来提供重整生成物59。
本发明避免了在发动机工作循环中必须再生LNT 32的需要。通过在再生过程中从LNT 32的一部分分流出富氧废气13A,从而发动机节气循环不再需要减少氧气的质量流量。废气13优选地尽可能稀薄以便减少重整器46所需的侧流废气55的比例。这在发动机低负荷时是有利的,因为低废气背压可能无法提供必要的压差以将大质量流量的侧流废气55送入侧流通道16和18。本发明也免除了实施发动机循环所必需的控制和控制策略。
通过在LNT 32的上游使用分流阀26,LNT 32再生所需的还原剂或者重整生成物59的量得以最小化。因此,生成重整生成物59所需的燃料63的量也得以最小化。由于生产重整生成物的反应是连续的,因此氢产量得以最大化,从而生产相同重量的氢所需的燃料63更少。
尽管已经描述了实现本发明的最佳实施例的细节,但是熟悉本发明相关领域的技术人员可以预见到在本发明各权利要求保护范围之内的各种不同的设计变形和实施例。
Claims (4)
1.一种用于稀燃式内燃机的废气后处理方法,包括:
在稀燃式内燃机的稀燃废气气流的下游方向提供至少一个稀燃NOX捕集器(LNT);
提供与所述至少一个LNT流体连通的柴油机氧化催化单元以使所述柴油机氧化催化单元位于所述至少一个LNT的上游;
选择性地将基本上全部所述稀燃废气气流引入所述至少一个LNT的第一部分;
选择性地阻止基本上全部所述稀燃废气气流流入所述至少一个LNT的第二部分;
将一定质量流量的还原剂引入所述至少一个LNT的所述第二部分,用于再生所述至少一个LNT的所述第二部分;以及
在柴油机颗粒过滤器上游将来自所述至少一个LNT的第一部分的废气气流和来自所述至少一个LNT的所述第二部分的废气气流结合,所述柴油机颗粒过滤器设置成位于所述至少一个LNT的下游位置;
向所述至少一个LNT的所述第二部分引入所述质量流量的还原剂,其总量大于再生所述至少一个LNT的所述第二部分所需要的量,从而使得过量的还原剂通过所述至少一个LNT的所述第二部分;以及
将所述过量的还原剂和所述稀燃废气连通到所述柴油机颗粒过滤器(DPF)以实现所述DPF的再生。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
当所述LNT的所述第一部分吸收的NOX达到预定量时,选择性地阻止基本上全部所述稀燃废气气流流入所述至少一个LNT的所述第一部分;以及
当所述LNT的所述第二部分至少已部分再生时,选择性地将基本上全部所述稀燃废气气流引入所述至少一个LNT的所述第二部分。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
向所述至少一个LNT的所述第一部分引入一定质量流量的还原剂以再生所述至少一个LNT的所述第一部分。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
向所述至少一个LNT的所述第一部分引入所述质量流量的还原剂,其总量大于再生所述至少一个LNT的所述第一部分所需要的量,从而使得过量的还原剂通过所述至少一个LNT的所述第一部分;以及
将所述过量的还原剂和所述稀燃废气连通到所述柴油机颗粒过滤器(DPF)以实现所述DPF的再生。
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US68275005P | 2005-05-19 | 2005-05-19 | |
US60/682,750 | 2005-05-19 | ||
PCT/US2006/017017 WO2006124294A2 (en) | 2005-05-19 | 2006-05-04 | Exhaust aftertreatment system and method for lean burn internal combustion engines |
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CN101175904A CN101175904A (zh) | 2008-05-07 |
CN101175904B true CN101175904B (zh) | 2011-09-07 |
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US (1) | US7571602B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1882087A4 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100922513B1 (zh) |
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EP1882087A2 (en) | 2008-01-30 |
KR20080011325A (ko) | 2008-02-01 |
WO2006124294A2 (en) | 2006-11-23 |
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CN101175904A (zh) | 2008-05-07 |
US7571602B2 (en) | 2009-08-11 |
US20060260297A1 (en) | 2006-11-23 |
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EP1882087A4 (en) | 2010-11-17 |
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