CN105104358A - Method for making transparent skeleton specimen of neonate rabbit - Google Patents
Method for making transparent skeleton specimen of neonate rabbit Download PDFInfo
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- CN105104358A CN105104358A CN201510636061.1A CN201510636061A CN105104358A CN 105104358 A CN105104358 A CN 105104358A CN 201510636061 A CN201510636061 A CN 201510636061A CN 105104358 A CN105104358 A CN 105104358A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for making a transparent skeleton specimen of a neonate rabbit. The method comprises the following steps: fixing, bleaching, dehydrating, transparent processing, dyeing, decoloring and storing, wherein in the transparent processing step, the dehydrated neonate rabbit is processed for two days first with a potassium hydroxide solution having the mass concentration being 1% and is then subjected to transparent processing for 5 days with glycerinum and potassium hydroxide transparent liquid, wherein the mass concentration of potassium hydroxide in the glycerinum and potassium hydroxide transparent liquid is 4.5%, glycerinum accounts for 40% of the mass percentage and the balance is water. According to the method disclosed by the invention, a method of combining two transparent reagents, namely potassium hydroxide and glycerinum for use is adopted, and the neonate rabbit is subjected to transparent processing with the low-concentration potassium hydroxide for two days first, wherein the transparent processing is relatively soft without damaging the specimen; and then the neonate rabbit is then transferred into the glycerinum and potassium hydroxide transparent liquid for 5 days, and due to the existence of the glycerinum, the corrosion of the potassium hydroxide to the specimen is weakened, the concentration of the potassium hydroxide can be improved to over 3.5%, and the transparent effect is improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Slide processing technical field, be specifically related to a kind of newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass preparation method.
Background technology
Transparent specimen, can show and be difficult to observe clearly interior with general anatomic method.It when keeping sample profile complete, can demonstrate the endoskeletal POF relation of body and skeleton development situation.Be widely used in the teaching of the specialties such as medical anatomy, biology, zoology, Bone Development for Animals.Its producing principle is by chemistry and the method for physics, is first fixed the bone of animal, dyes, then make the index of refraction of soft tissue and the close of clarifier, reach soft tissue transparent, and makes that bone tissue is clear to be manifested.Pattern of glassy carcass not only enlivens classroom atmosphere as directly perceived, vivid teaching aid in the teaching such as " zoology ", " Zootomy ", " animal iconography ", strengthen the perception of student, and students' participation can be allowed in manufacturing process, allow student understand and grasp preparation of specimen's process, simultaneously the starting of training student, beat one's brains ability.In scientific research, animal skeleton specimen can not be subject to the restriction in time, place, for scientific research provides research material.In popular science propaganda, by the display and exhibition of animal skeleton specimen, strengthen people to the understanding of wildlife, be conducive to the protection work strengthening rare and endangered animal.Therefore, for education and scientific research person, the technology grasping animal skeleton specimen making is significant.
At present, pattern of glassy carcass preparation method generally comprises following steps: draw materials, fix, dewater, degreasing, transparent, dyeing, decolouring and preserve.Wherein usually adopt 80% ethanol, 90% ethanol and absolute ethyl alcohol by low concentration to high concentration to sample serial dehydration, after dehydration, distortion is serious.It is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide that transparent processing commonly uses clarifier, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide transparent effect good, but corrosivity is strong, when concentration more than 3.5% or clearing time is long time, easily make the embrittlement of sample bone, lose due color and luster and integrality, cause and make unsuccessfully.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the preparation method of a kind of safety non-toxic, the newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass that with low cost, transparent effect is good.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is: a kind of newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass preparation method, comprises the following steps:
Step one, get the rabbit of new born 1 day, Wicresoft gills and brain tissue, and clean thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity, make its four limbs be nature stretched condition, the formalin with 4% fixes 10 days or absolute ethyl alcohol fixes 7 days;
Step 2, the newborn rabbits sample fixed by running water attitude, then bleach 7 days with 5% hydrogenperoxide steam generator or 1% potassium hydroxide solution;
Step 3, to high concentration, serial dehydration is carried out to the newborn rabbits after step 2 bleaching by low concentration with ethanol, each concentration gradient 5-7 days;
Step 4, be first that the potassium hydroxide solution of 1% is to the newborn rabbits transparent processing 2 days after step 3 dehydration by mass concentration, to use in glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid transparent processing afterwards again 5 days, in described glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid, the mass concentration of potassium hydroxide is 4.5%, shared by glycerine, percent mass hundred is 40%, and all the other are water;
Step 5, dye to the newborn rabbits after transparent processing with Alizarin red staining liquid and A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor successively, each dyeing 7 days, makes bone, muscle and cartilage painted;
Step 6, with 1% potassium hydroxide solution or 20% ammonium glycerin decoloring agent, the newborn rabbits sample after dyeing to be decoloured 5 days, make muscle slough color, obtain newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass;
Step 7, newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass step 6 obtained dewater with 20% glycerite, 30% glycerite, 40% glycerite, 50% glycerite, 60% glycerite, 70% glycerite and 100% glycerine gradient successively, the color that muscle does not purify by glycerine while dehydration or the ammonium that destainer remains are sloughed, and are then kept in glycerine by newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass.
Further improvement, ethanol described in step 3 is followed successively by 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 85% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 95% ethanol and absolute ethyl alcohol by low concentration to high concentration.
Further improvement, Alizarin red staining liquid described in step 5 is the alizarin red dye liquor of the alizarin red ethanol dye liquor of 2% or 0.04% containing 2% potassium hydroxide; Described A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor is formed by the proportions containing 70% ethanolic solution of 0.2% A Li Xinlan, 70% ethanolic solution and glacial acetic acid 1:18:1 by volume.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows: the present invention adopts 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 85% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 95% ethanol and absolute ethyl alcohol to carry out serial dehydration to high concentration to the newborn rabbits sample after bleaching by low concentration, add dehydration gradient, and reduce gradient difference, make dehydration dynamics soft and thorough, sample distortion or sex change in dehydration can be prevented; The method that the present invention adopts potassium hydroxide and glycerine two kinds of clarifiers to be combined, first use the potassium hydroxide solution of low concentration transparent 2 days, transparent comparatively soft, do not damage sample, to transfer in glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid transparent processing afterwards 5 days, due to the existence of glycerine, reduce the corrosion of potassium hydroxide to sample, the concentration of potassium hydroxide can bring up to more than 3.5%, improves transparent effect; Present invention uses A Li Xinlan dye liquor, make cartilage be colored as blueness, pattern of glassy carcass color is beautiful, more attractive in appearance.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment 1
Step one, get the rabbit of new born 1 day, Wicresoft gills and brain tissue, and clean thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity, make its four limbs be nature stretched condition, the formalin with 4% fixes 10 days;
Step 2, the newborn rabbits sample fixed by running water attitude, then bleach 7 days with 1% potassium hydroxide solution;
Step 3, to high concentration, serial dehydration is carried out to the newborn rabbits after step 2 bleaching by low concentration with ethanol, each concentration gradient 5-7 days, described ethanol is followed successively by 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 85% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 95% ethanol and absolute ethyl alcohol by low concentration to high concentration;
Step 4, be first that the potassium hydroxide solution of 1% is to the newborn rabbits transparent processing 2 days after step 3 dehydration by mass concentration, to use in glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid transparent processing afterwards again 5 days, in described glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid, the mass concentration of potassium hydroxide is 4.5%, shared by glycerine, percent mass hundred is 40%, and all the other are water;
Step 5, with Alizarin red staining liquid and A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor, the newborn rabbits after transparent processing to be dyeed successively, each dyeing 7 days, make bone, muscle and cartilage painted, described Alizarin red staining liquid is the alizarin red dye liquor of the alizarin red ethanol dye liquor of 2% or 0.04% containing 2% potassium hydroxide; Described A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor is formed by the proportions containing 70% ethanolic solution of 0.2% A Li Xinlan, 70% ethanolic solution and glacial acetic acid 1:18:1 by volume;
Step 6, with 1% potassium hydroxide solution to dyeing after newborn rabbits sample decolour 5 days, make muscle slough color, obtain newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass;
Step 7, newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass step 6 obtained dewater with 20% glycerite, 30% glycerite, 40% glycerite, 50% glycerite, 60% glycerite, 70% glycerite and 100% glycerine gradient successively, the color that muscle does not purify by glycerine while dehydration is sloughed, and is then kept in glycerine by newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass.
Embodiment 2
Step one, get the rabbit of new born 1 day, Wicresoft gills and brain tissue, and clean thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity, make its four limbs be nature stretched condition, the formalin with 4% fixes 10 days;
Step 2, the newborn rabbits sample fixed by running water attitude, then bleach 7 days with 1% potassium hydroxide solution;
Step 3, to high concentration, serial dehydration is carried out to the newborn rabbits after step 2 bleaching by low concentration with ethanol, each concentration gradient 5-7 days, described ethanol is followed successively by 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 85% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 95% ethanol and absolute ethyl alcohol by low concentration to high concentration;
Step 4, be first that the potassium hydroxide solution of 1% is to the newborn rabbits transparent processing 2 days after step 3 dehydration by mass concentration, to use in glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid transparent processing afterwards again 5 days, in described glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid, the mass concentration of potassium hydroxide is 4.5%, shared by glycerine, percent mass hundred is 40%, and all the other are water;
Step 5, with Alizarin red staining liquid and A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor, the newborn rabbits after transparent processing to be dyeed successively, each dyeing 7 days, make bone, muscle and cartilage painted, described Alizarin red staining liquid is the alizarin red dye liquor of the alizarin red ethanol dye liquor of 2% or 0.04% containing 2% potassium hydroxide; Described A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor is formed by the proportions containing 70% ethanolic solution of 0.2% A Li Xinlan, 70% ethanolic solution and glacial acetic acid 1:18:1 by volume;
Step 6, with 20% ammonium glycerin decoloring agent to dyeing after newborn rabbits sample decolour 5 days, make muscle slough color, obtain newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass;
Step 7, newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass step 6 obtained dewater with 20% glycerite, 30% glycerite, 40% glycerite, 50% glycerite, 60% glycerite, 70% glycerite and 100% glycerine gradient successively, the color that muscle does not purify by glycerine while dehydration and the ammonium that destainer remains are sloughed, and are then kept in glycerine by newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass.
Embodiment 3
Step one, get the rabbit of new born 1 day, Wicresoft gills and brain tissue, cleans thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity, makes its four limbs be nature stretched condition, fix 7 days with absolute ethyl alcohol;
Step 2, the newborn rabbits sample fixed by running water attitude, then bleach 7 days with 5% hydrogenperoxide steam generator;
Step 3, to high concentration, serial dehydration is carried out to the newborn rabbits after step 2 bleaching by low concentration with ethanol, each concentration gradient 5-7 days, described ethanol is followed successively by 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 85% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 95% ethanol and absolute ethyl alcohol by low concentration to high concentration;
Step 4, be first that the potassium hydroxide solution of 1% is to the newborn rabbits transparent processing 2 days after step 3 dehydration by mass concentration, to use in glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid transparent processing afterwards again 5 days, in described glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid, the mass concentration of potassium hydroxide is 4.5%, shared by glycerine, percent mass hundred is 40%, and all the other are water;
Step 5, with Alizarin red staining liquid and A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor, the newborn rabbits after transparent processing to be dyeed successively, each dyeing 7 days, make bone, muscle and cartilage painted, described Alizarin red staining liquid is the alizarin red dye liquor of the alizarin red ethanol dye liquor of 2% or 0.04% containing 2% potassium hydroxide; Described A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor is formed by the proportions containing 70% ethanolic solution of 0.2% A Li Xinlan, 70% ethanolic solution and glacial acetic acid 1:18:1 by volume;
Step 6, with 1% potassium hydroxide solution to dyeing after newborn rabbits sample decolour 5 days, make muscle slough color, obtain newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass;
Step 7, newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass step 6 obtained dewater with 20% glycerite, 30% glycerite, 40% glycerite, 50% glycerite, 60% glycerite, 70% glycerite and 100% glycerine gradient successively, the color do not purified is sloughed by glycerine while dehydration, is then kept in glycerine by newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass.
Embodiment 4
Step one, get the rabbit of new born 1 day, Wicresoft gills and brain tissue, cleans thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity, makes its four limbs be nature stretched condition, fix 7 days with absolute ethyl alcohol;
Step 2, the newborn rabbits sample fixed by running water attitude, then bleach 7 days with 1% potassium hydroxide solution;
Step 3, to high concentration, serial dehydration is carried out to the newborn rabbits after step 2 bleaching by low concentration with ethanol, each concentration gradient 5-7 days, described ethanol is followed successively by 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 85% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 95% ethanol and absolute ethyl alcohol by low concentration to high concentration;
Step 4, be first that the potassium hydroxide solution of 1% is to the newborn rabbits transparent processing 2 days after step 3 dehydration by mass concentration, to use in glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid transparent processing afterwards again 5 days, in described glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid, the mass concentration of potassium hydroxide is 4.5%, shared by glycerine, percent mass hundred is 40%, and all the other are water;
Step 5, with Alizarin red staining liquid and A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor, the newborn rabbits after transparent processing to be dyeed successively, each dyeing 7 days, make bone, muscle and cartilage painted, described Alizarin red staining liquid is the alizarin red dye liquor of the alizarin red ethanol dye liquor of 2% or 0.04% containing 2% potassium hydroxide; Described A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor is formed by the proportions containing 70% ethanolic solution of 0.2% A Li Xinlan, 70% ethanolic solution and glacial acetic acid 1:18:1 by volume;
Step 6, with 20% ammonium glycerin decoloring agent to dyeing after newborn rabbits sample decolour 5 days, make muscle slough color, obtain newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass;
Step 7, newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass step 6 obtained dewater with 20% glycerite, 30% glycerite, 40% glycerite, 50% glycerite, 60% glycerite, 70% glycerite and 100% glycerine gradient successively, the color that muscle does not purify by glycerine while dehydration and the ammonium that destainer remains are sloughed, and are then kept in glycerine by newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass.
Embodiment 5
Step one, get the rabbit of new born 1 day, Wicresoft gills and brain tissue, and clean thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity, make its four limbs be nature stretched condition, the formalin with 4% fixes 10 days;
Step 2, the newborn rabbits sample fixed by running water attitude, then bleach 7 days with 5% hydrogenperoxide steam generator;
Step 3, to high concentration, serial dehydration is carried out to the newborn rabbits after step 2 bleaching by low concentration with ethanol, each concentration gradient 5-7 days, described ethanol is followed successively by 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 85% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 95% ethanol and absolute ethyl alcohol by low concentration to high concentration;
Step 4, be first that the potassium hydroxide solution of 1% is to the newborn rabbits transparent processing 2 days after step 3 dehydration by mass concentration, to use in glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid transparent processing afterwards again 5 days, in described glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid, the mass concentration of potassium hydroxide is 4.5%, shared by glycerine, percent mass hundred is 40%, and all the other are water;
Step 5, with Alizarin red staining liquid and A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor, the newborn rabbits after transparent processing to be dyeed successively, each dyeing 7 days, make bone, muscle and cartilage painted, described Alizarin red staining liquid is the alizarin red dye liquor of the alizarin red ethanol dye liquor of 2% or 0.04% containing 2% potassium hydroxide; Described A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor is formed by the proportions containing 70% ethanolic solution of 0.2% A Li Xinlan, 70% ethanolic solution and glacial acetic acid 1:18:1 by volume;
Step 6, with 1% potassium hydroxide solution to dyeing after newborn rabbits sample decolour 5 days, make muscle slough color, obtain newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass;
Step 7, newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass step 6 obtained dewater with 20% glycerite, 30% glycerite, 40% glycerite, 50% glycerite, 60% glycerite, 70% glycerite and 100% glycerine gradient successively, the color that muscle does not purify by glycerine while dehydration, is then kept at newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass in glycerine.
Embodiment 6
Step one, get the rabbit of new born 1 day, Wicresoft gills and brain tissue, cleans thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity, makes its four limbs be nature stretched condition, fix 7 days with absolute ethyl alcohol;
Step 2, the newborn rabbits sample fixed by running water attitude, then bleach 7 days with 1% potassium hydroxide solution;
Step 3, to high concentration, serial dehydration is carried out to the newborn rabbits after step 2 bleaching by low concentration with ethanol, each concentration gradient 5-7 days, described ethanol is followed successively by 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 85% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 95% ethanol and absolute ethyl alcohol by low concentration to high concentration;
Step 4, be first that the potassium hydroxide solution of 1% is to the newborn rabbits transparent processing 2 days after step 3 dehydration by mass concentration, to use in glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid transparent processing afterwards again 5 days, in described glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid, the mass concentration of potassium hydroxide is 4.5%, shared by glycerine, percent mass hundred is 40%, and all the other are water;
Step 5, with Alizarin red staining liquid and A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor, the newborn rabbits after transparent processing to be dyeed successively, each dyeing 7 days, make bone, muscle and cartilage painted, described Alizarin red staining liquid is the alizarin red dye liquor of the alizarin red ethanol dye liquor of 2% or 0.04% containing 2% potassium hydroxide; Described A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor is formed by the proportions containing 70% ethanolic solution of 0.2% A Li Xinlan, 70% ethanolic solution and glacial acetic acid 1:18:1 by volume;
Step 6, with 20% ammonium glycerin decoloring agent to dyeing after newborn rabbits sample decolour 5 days, make muscle slough color, obtain newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass;
Step 7, newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass step 6 obtained dewater with 20% glycerite, 30% glycerite, 40% glycerite, 50% glycerite, 60% glycerite, 70% glycerite and 100% glycerine gradient successively, the color that muscle does not purify by glycerine while dehydration and the ammonium that destainer remains are sloughed, and are then kept in glycerine by newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass.
Claims (3)
1. a newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass preparation method, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
Step one, get the rabbit of new born 1 day, Wicresoft gills and brain tissue, and clean thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity, make its four limbs be nature stretched condition, the formalin with 4% fixes 10 days or absolute ethyl alcohol fixes 7 days;
Step 2, the newborn rabbits sample fixed by running water attitude, then bleach 7 days with 5% hydrogenperoxide steam generator or 1% potassium hydroxide solution;
Step 3, to high concentration, serial dehydration is carried out to the newborn rabbits after step 2 bleaching by low concentration with ethanol, each concentration gradient 5-7 days;
Step 4, be first that the potassium hydroxide solution of 1% is to the newborn rabbits transparent processing 2 days after step 3 dehydration by mass concentration, to use in glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid transparent processing afterwards again 5 days, in described glycerine potassium hydroxide transparent liquid, the mass concentration of potassium hydroxide is 4.5%, mass percent shared by glycerine is 40%, and all the other are water;
Step 5, dye to the newborn rabbits after transparent processing with Alizarin red staining liquid and A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor successively, each dyeing 7 days, makes bone, muscle and cartilage painted;
Step 6, with 1% potassium hydroxide solution or 20% ammonium glycerin decoloring agent, the newborn rabbits sample after dyeing to be decoloured 5 days, make muscle slough color, obtain newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass;
Step 7, newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass step 6 obtained dewater with 20% glycerite, 30% glycerite, 40% glycerite, 50% glycerite, 60% glycerite, 70% glycerite and 100% glycerine gradient successively, the color that muscle does not purify by glycerine while dehydration or the ammonium that destainer remains are sloughed, and are then kept in glycerine by newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass.
2. a kind of newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass preparation method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: ethanol described in step 3 is followed successively by 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 85% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 95% ethanol and absolute ethyl alcohol by low concentration to high concentration.
3. a kind of newborn rabbits pattern of glassy carcass preparation method according to claim 1, is characterized in that:
Alizarin red staining liquid described in step 5 is the alizarin red dye liquor of the alizarin red ethanol dye liquor of 2% or 0.04% containing 2% potassium hydroxide; Described A Li Xinlan dyeing liquor is formed by the proportions containing 70% ethanolic solution of 0.2% A Li Xinlan, 70% ethanolic solution and glacial acetic acid 1:18:1 by volume.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107568198A (en) * | 2017-09-06 | 2018-01-12 | 张乘月 | The sample for preparing the method for meiofauna pattern of glassy carcass and preparing in this way |
| CN110278939A (en) * | 2019-07-03 | 2019-09-27 | 秦家哲 | A kind of production method and its application of transparent stained preparation |
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| CN103525119A (en) * | 2013-10-24 | 2014-01-22 | 江苏省家禽科学研究所 | Cartilage staining solution, bone staining method and method for preparing embryonic bone specimen by using bone staining method |
| CN104872110A (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2015-09-02 | 暨南大学 | Crystal skeleton specimen manufacturing method |
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2015
- 2015-09-30 CN CN201510636061.1A patent/CN105104358A/en active Pending
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103525119A (en) * | 2013-10-24 | 2014-01-22 | 江苏省家禽科学研究所 | Cartilage staining solution, bone staining method and method for preparing embryonic bone specimen by using bone staining method |
| CN104872110A (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2015-09-02 | 暨南大学 | Crystal skeleton specimen manufacturing method |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107568198A (en) * | 2017-09-06 | 2018-01-12 | 张乘月 | The sample for preparing the method for meiofauna pattern of glassy carcass and preparing in this way |
| CN110278939A (en) * | 2019-07-03 | 2019-09-27 | 秦家哲 | A kind of production method and its application of transparent stained preparation |
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Application publication date: 20151202 |