CN105008423B - 减少胺催化剂中的醛 - Google Patents
减少胺催化剂中的醛 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105008423B CN105008423B CN201480011397.2A CN201480011397A CN105008423B CN 105008423 B CN105008423 B CN 105008423B CN 201480011397 A CN201480011397 A CN 201480011397A CN 105008423 B CN105008423 B CN 105008423B
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- acid
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- catalyst mixture
- aldehyde
- monomer
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Abstract
本公开提供了通过用有机酸处理胺催化剂而降低所述胺催化剂中醛含量的方法。然后可以将经所述有机酸处理的胺催化剂用于生产显示出减少的醛散发物的聚氨酯材料。
Description
发明领域
本发明公开涉及显示出低水平的醛的胺催化剂以及使用这样的胺催化剂制备的聚氨酯材料。
发明背景
来自聚氨酯泡沫的散发物是许多领域中的顾虑,特别是当工人或终端用户在封闭空间内暴露于所述泡沫时。醛散发物如甲醛是顾虑的特别原因。为了减少这样的醛散发物,已开发了若干方法来减少用于生产聚氨酯泡沫的原材料的醛含量。例如,美国专利第7,879,928号公开了通过将酚类抗氧化剂和胺类抗氧化剂引入聚醚或聚酯多元醇中来防止所述多元醇中形成醛化合物的方法;美国专利公开第2009/0227758号公开了通过使多元醇与形成噁唑烷的氨基醇反应和使多异氰酸酯与硝基烷烃反应而减少多元醇和多异氰酸酯中的醛的方法;和美国专利第5,506,329号公开了某些醛亚胺噁唑烷化合物用于从含多异氰酸酯的制剂中清除甲醛的用途。
除了多元醇和多异氰酸酯以外,经常将胺催化剂用作聚氨酯泡沫生产中的原材料。在胺催化剂中发现的醛可以源自多种来源,例如它们可以作为来自胺制造的污染物存在,或者它们可以产生自在储存期间胺的多个碳链段的氧化或自由基进攻。减少胺催化剂中的醛含量的方法包括使用惰性气体(参见美国专利公开第2013/0085193号)、伯胺(参见美国专利公开第2011/0009513号)、自由基清除剂(参见美国专利公开第2012/0271026号)和将具有脲、酰胺、仲胺、伯胺或仲羟基官能团的胺与二羧酸或三羧酸组合(参见美国专利公开第2013/0137787号)。
虽然由现有技术,但仍存在对开发减少胺催化剂中的醛的其它廉价和有效的方法的持续需求。优选地,这样的方法不导致胺催化剂或所产生的聚氨酯泡沫的性质或性能方面的显著变化。此外优选地,这样的方法不产生其它不可预期的物质,所述物质可能对胺催化剂和所产生的聚氨酯泡沫带来额外的环境、健康和安全问题。
发明简述
本公开涉及通过用有机酸处理胺催化剂而减少来自胺催化剂中杂质并且使混合物经受这样的条件,所述条件使得胺催化剂中的醛杂质的水平降低的方法。
在另一实施方案中,本公开提供了上述通过使多异氰酸酯和多元醇在经有机酸处理的胺催化剂存在下反应减少来自聚氨酯材料的醛散发物的方法。
在又一实施方案中,本公开提供了包装的产品,其包括容器和所述容器内的催化剂混合物,所述催化剂混合物包括胺催化剂和有机酸,其中所述胺催化剂和有机酸已经受这样的条件,所述条件使得所述胺催化剂中的醛杂质的水平降低。
发明详述
如果在本文中出现,术语“包含”及其派生词并非意在排除任何另外的组分、步骤或程序的存在,无论其是否在本文中公开。为了避免任何疑义,除非另有相反指示,本文中通过使用术语“包含”来要求保护的全部制剂可以包括任何另外的添加剂、助剂或者化合物。相反,如果在本文中出现,术语“基本由……组成”则从任何随后表述的任何其它组分、步骤或程序的范围中排除,除了对于可操作性而言并不必要的那些之外,如果使用术语“由……组成”,则排除没有明确描述或者列出的任何组分、步骤或程序。除非另有指示,术语"或"指的是单个以及任意组合的所列成员。
在本文中使用的冠词“一个/种”表示一个/种或者多于一个/种(即,至少一个/种)的冠词的语法对象。作为实例,“一个/种非离子型表面活性剂环氧”表示一个/种阴离子型表面活性剂或者多于一个/种阴离子型表面活性剂。
短语“在一个实施方案中”、“根据一个实施方案”等通常表示在该短语之后的具体的特征、结构或者特性包括在本发明的至少一个实施方案中,并且可以包括在本发明的多于一个实施方案中。重要的是,这种术语不必然指的是相同的实施方案。
如果说明书声明组分或特征“可以”、“能够”、“会”或“可能”被包括或者具有一个特性,则具体的组分或特征不需要被包括或者具有该特性。
对于处理胺催化剂的方法而言,术语“处理”包括使用本领域已知的任何合适的方式将组分置于叔胺上,所述方式包括,但不限于将所述组分泵送、注射、倾倒、释放、替换、压榨、定位或循环至所述胺催化剂上。
在一个方面,本公开提供了通过将选自聚合物酸、单羧酸及其混合物的有机酸与含一种或多种醛杂质的胺催化剂混合以形成催化剂混合物,并且使所述催化剂混合物经受这样的条件,所述条件使得所述胺催化剂中的醛杂质水平降低而减少胺催化剂中的醛含量的方法。在另一方面,本公开提供了用于减少来自聚氨酯材料的醛散发物的方法,包括(i)将选自聚合物酸、单羧酸及其混合物的有机酸与含一种或多种醛杂质的胺催化剂混合以形成催化剂混合物,并且使所述催化剂混合物经受这样的条件,所述条件使得所述胺催化剂中的醛杂质的水平降低,和(ii)使多元醇与多异氰酸酯在来自步骤(i)的催化剂混合物的存在下反应,以形成聚氨酯材料。在又一方面中,提供了包装的产品,其包括(i)具有出口的容器,和(ii)在所述容器内的催化剂混合物,所述催化剂混合物包括选自聚合物酸、单羧酸及其混合物的有机酸和含一种或多种醛杂质的胺催化剂,其中所述催化剂混合物已经受这样的条件,所述条件使得所述胺催化剂中的醛杂质的水平降低。所述包装的产品可以储存长时间段(例如至少约1个月)并且可用于制造聚氨酯材料。本公开因此提供了廉价和有效的方式以通过用聚合物酸和/或羧酸的至少一种处理而降低胺催化剂中的醛杂质如甲醛的水平。在处理之后,可以将包含所述胺催化剂和聚合物酸和/或羧酸的所述催化剂混合物用于催化多元醇与多异氰酸酯之间的反应,以制备显示出减少的醛散发物的聚氨酯材料。
本公开的胺催化剂可以为在聚氨酯材料形成反应中可用作催化剂的任何胺。根据一个实施方案,所述胺催化剂为含一个或多个叔氨基的胺。实例包括,但不限于双-(2-二甲氨基乙基)醚( ZF-20催化剂)、N,N,N’-三甲基-N’-羟乙基双氨基乙基醚( ZF-10催化剂)、N-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-N,N-二异丙醇胺( DPA催化剂)、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺( DMEA催化剂)、三亚乙基二胺(TEDA催化剂)、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺与三亚乙基二胺的混合物(如 TD-20催化剂)、N,N-二甲基环己胺( DMCHA催化剂)、苄基二甲基胺(BDMA催化剂)、五甲基二亚乙基三胺( PMDETA催化剂)、N,N,N',N”,N”-五甲基二亚丙基三胺( ZR-40催化剂)、N,N-双(3-二甲氨基丙基)-N-异丙醇胺( ZR-50催化剂)、N'-(3-(二甲氨基)丙基-N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺( Z-130催化剂)、2-(2-二甲氨基乙氧基)乙醇( ZR-70催化剂)、N,N,N'-三甲基氨基乙基-乙醇胺( Z-110催化剂)、N-乙基吗啉( NEM催化剂)、N-甲基吗啉( NMM催化剂)、4-甲氧基乙基吗啉、N,N'二甲基哌嗪( DMP催化剂)、2,2'-二吗啉代二乙基醚( DMDEE催化剂)、1,3,5-三(3-(二甲氨基)丙基)-六氢-s-三嗪( TR-90催化剂)、1-丙胺、3-(2-(二甲氨基)乙氧基)、取代的咪唑如1,2-二甲基咪唑和1-甲基-2-羟乙基咪唑、N,N’-二甲基哌嗪或双-取代的哌嗪如氨基乙基哌嗪、N,N’,N’-三甲基氨基乙基哌嗪或双-(N-甲基哌嗪)脲、N-甲基吡咯烷酮和取代的甲基吡咯烷酮如2-氨基乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷酮或双-(N-甲基吡咯烷酮)乙基脲、3-二甲氨基丙胺、N,N,N”,N”-四甲基二亚丙基三胺、四甲基胍、1,2双-二异丙醇。胺催化剂的其它实例包括N-烷基吗啉如N-甲基吗啉、N-乙基吗啉、N-丁基吗啉和二吗啉代二乙基醚、N,N’-二甲氨基乙醇、N,N-二甲氨基乙氧基乙醇、双-(二甲氨基丙基)-氨基-2-丙醇、双-(二甲氨基)-2-丙醇、双-(N,N-二甲氨基)乙基醚;N,N,N’-三甲基-N'羟乙基-双-(氨基乙基)醚、N,N-二甲氨基乙基-N’-甲基氨基乙醇、四甲基亚氨基双丙胺,及其组合。前述催化剂可由Huntsman Petrochemical LLC,The Woodlands,and Texas获得。
本文中用于处理所述胺催化剂的“聚合物酸”以两种方式限定。首先,所述“聚合物酸”是含三个或更多个不饱和羧酸或酸酐的相同重复单体的任意材料。其次,所述“聚合物酸”是含至少两个重复单体的任意材料,其中第一单体为不饱和羧酸或酸酐且第二单体不同于第一单体。因此,在其中所述第一单体为不饱和羧酸的实施方案中,所述第二单体可以为不同的不饱和羧酸、酸酐或替代单体。或者,在其中所述第一单体为酸酐的实施方案中,所述第二单体可以为不饱和羧酸、不同的酸酐或替代单体。在一个实施方案中,对于不饱和羧酸和酸酐的所述替代单体为乙烯基单体,例如,但不限于,苯乙烯、乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、丙烯腈和氯乙烯。
所述聚合物酸的不饱和羧酸和酸酐可以为含至少一个双键且能够与其自身或另一种酸或酸酐单体或任意不含酸的单体聚合的任意的酸。不饱和羧酸和酸酐的实例包括,但不限于丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、马来酸、马来酸酐、琥珀酸、琥珀酸酐、糠酸、富马酸、山梨酸、顺芷酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、里卡利酸和含能够与烯属不饱和单体或二聚体的双键反应的其它酸。
在一个实施方案中,所述聚合物酸包含至少三个或更多个相同的重复单体,所述单体选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、马来酸、马来酸酐、糠酸、富马酸、山梨酸、顺芷酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和里卡利酸。
在另一实施方案中,所述聚合物酸包含至少两个重复单体,其中第一单体为不饱和羧酸且第二单体为不同的不饱和羧酸、酸酐或替代单体。在一个特别的实施方案中,所述不饱和羧酸可以选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、马来酸、糠酸、富马酸、山梨酸、顺芷酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和里卡利酸。在又一实施方案中,当存在时,所述酸酐和所述替代单体可以选自马来酸酐、苯乙烯、乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、丙烯腈和氯乙烯。
在再一实施方案中,所述聚合物酸包含至少两个重复单体,其中第一单体为酸酐且第二单体为不同的酸酐、不饱和羧酸或替代单体。在一个特别的实施方案中,所述酸酐可以为马来酸酐。在另一实施方案中,当存在时,所述不饱和羧酸或替代单体可以选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、马来酸、糠酸、富马酸、山梨酸、顺芷酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、里卡利酸、苯乙烯、乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、丙烯腈和氯乙烯。
本文中用于处理所述胺催化剂的单羧酸可以为含一个–COOH基团的任意羧酸。在一些实施方案中,所述单羧酸包含直链或支链的链。在其它实施方案中,所述单羧酸是饱和的或不饱和的。因此,在一个实施方案中,所述单羧酸由式R-COOH表示,其中R为饱和的或不饱和的C1至C40烃链。在再一实施方案中,R为饱和的C1至C22烃链。在一个特别的实施方案中,所述单羧酸选自2-乙基己酸、甲酸和乳酸。
在一些实施方案中,所述胺催化剂与选自聚合物酸、羧酸及其混合物的所述有机酸的催化剂混合物为固体。因此,当形成催化剂混合物时可以添加溶剂。所述溶剂不受限制且可以包括水,高分子量多元醇,丁二醇,醇类如低碳链醇,例如异丙醇、乙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、仲丁醇、正戊醇、仲戊醇、正己醇、和仲己醇;被氧化乙烯(EO)、氧化丙烯(PO)或氧化丁烯(BO)烷氧基化的低碳链醇,例如正丁醇+1EO、正丁醇+2EO、正丁醇+3EO、正己醇+6EO、2-乙基己醇+2EO和异丁醇+3EO,醇醚,聚亚烷基醇醚如乙二醇单丁醚,聚亚烷基二醇如乙二醇和丙二醇,聚(氧亚烷基)二醇如二乙二醇,聚(氧亚烷基)二醇醚,或其任意混合物。在一个实施方案中,添加的溶剂的量可以为产生约5–95重量%的固体重量比例所必需的量。在另一实施方案中,添加的溶剂的量可以为产生约10–80重量%的固体重量比例的量。
在一个实施方案中,如此处理所述胺催化剂,通过将其与所述有机酸和任选的溶剂混合以形成催化剂混合物,然后使所述催化剂混合物经历这样的条件,所述条件使得所述催化剂混合物中的醛杂质的水平降低。根据一个实施方案,这样的条件包括将所述催化剂混合物在大约室温保持至少约6小时。在另一实施方案中,这样的条件包括将所述催化剂混合物在大约室温保持至少约12小时,而在另一实施方案中,这样的条件包括将所述催化剂混合物在大约室温保持至少约24小时。在其它实施方案中,也可以使用较高的温度来加速从所述催化剂混合物中除去醛。可以使用高至所述胺催化剂劣化温度的任意温度。在一个特别的实施方案中,使用约25℃-75℃的温度;在另一实施方案中,使用约50℃-70℃的温度;而在另一实施方案中,使用约55℃-65℃的温度;而在再一实施方案中,可以使用约60℃的温度。在进一步的实施方案中,可以将所述催化剂混合物保持在大气压下或在高至约50kPa的压力下,而在再进一步的实施方案中,可以将所述催化剂混合物保持在大气压下或在高至约100kPa的压力下。
在一些实施方案中,采用约0.5重量%-45重量%的有机酸就通常足以处理所述胺催化剂,基于所述催化剂混合物的总重量计。在另一实施方案中,可以将所述胺催化剂用约1重量%-40重量%的有机酸处理,基于催化剂混合物的总重量计。在又一实施方案中,将所述胺催化剂用约7.5重量%-35重量%的有机酸处理,基于催化剂混合物的总重量计。在再一实施方案中,将所述胺催化剂用多至约40重量%,优选多至约35重量%的有机酸处理,基于催化剂混合物的总重量计。在另一实施方案中,将所述胺催化剂用至少约1重量%,优选至少约7.5重量%的有机酸处理,基于催化剂混合物的总重量计。
在再一实施方案中,可以将含连同可用于聚氨酯材料形成反应的其它组分的所述胺催化剂的制剂用所述有机酸处理并使之经历类似于上文所述的条件,使得所述制剂中的醛杂质水平降低,所述其它组分例如为多元醇、多异氰酸酯、表面活性剂、起泡剂和/或其它添加剂如泡孔稳定剂、交联剂、扩链剂、颜料、填料、阻燃剂、脱模剂、增塑剂;酸清除剂;水清除剂;泡孔调节剂;染料;紫外线稳定剂;抑制真菌或抑制细菌的物质和过渡金属催化剂。因此,在一个实施方案中,将所述胺催化剂和可用于聚氨酯形成反应中的其它组分与有机酸混合,以形成制剂,然后在室温或在高达约70℃的较高的温度储存至少约6小时,优选至少约12小时,且更优选至少24小时。
一旦降低了在上述催化剂混合物或制剂中的醛杂质的水平,则可以将所述催化剂混合物或制剂用于制造与由没有根据本公开处理的催化剂混合物或制剂制造的聚氨酯材料相比显示出减少的醛散发物的聚氨酯材料。可以将所述催化剂混合物或制剂以与未处理的材料相同的方式用于制造聚氨酯材料。这些方法是本领域技术人员公知的并且可见于例如美国专利第5,420,170、5,648,447、6,107,359、6,552,100、6,737,471和6,790,872号,所述专利的内容通过引用并入本文。可以制造各种类型的聚氨酯材料,如硬质泡沫、柔性泡沫、半柔性泡沫、微孔弹性体、织物的衬里、喷涂弹性体、铸塑弹性体、聚氨酯-异氰尿酸酯泡沫、反应注塑聚合物、结构反应注塑聚合物等。
根据一个实施方案,特定的泡沫应用包括用于缓冲应用如寝具和座位的泡沫,和用于汽车内部的泡沫如用于汽车座位、在头枕中、在控制板和仪表板、在扶手中或在头部衬里中的柔性和半柔性泡沫。
在一个特别的实施方案中,可以通过如下制备聚氨酯泡沫:在所述催化剂混合物的存在下将至少一种多元醇与至少一种多异氰酸酯组合,以形成反应混合物,以及使所述反应混合物经历足以引起所述多元醇与所述多异氰酸酯反应的条件。在混合所述多元醇、多异氰酸酯和催化剂混合物之前,可以将它们加热,以形成所述反应混合物。在其它实施方案中,将所述多元醇、多异氰酸酯和催化剂混合物在环境温度(例如约15℃-40℃)混合。可以将热施加至所述反应混合物,但是在大多数实施方案中,这并非必需的。可以以自由膨胀(块料)法制造所述聚氨酯泡沫,其中在最小化的约束的情况下或在没有垂直约束的情况下使所述泡沫自由膨胀。或者,可以通过将所述反应混合物引入封闭的模具并使其在所述模具中发泡而制造成型的泡沫。以产生的泡沫的期望特性选择特定的多元醇和多异氰酸酯。也可以包括可用于制造聚氨酯的其它组分如上文描述的那些,以生产特定类型的泡沫。
根据一个实施方案,可以由A方面的反应物与B方面的反应物的反应产生所述聚氨酯材料。所述A方面的反应物可以包括多异氰酸酯,而所述B方面的反应物可以包括多元醇和根据本发明的所述催化剂混合物。在一些实施方案中,所述A方面和/或B方面还可以包含任选的其它组分如上文所述的那些。
适合使用的多异氰酸酯包括未改性的多异氰酸酯、改性的多异氰酸酯和异氰酸酯预聚物。这样的多异氰酸酯包括由式Q(NCO)n表示的那些,其中n为2-5,优选2-3的数,和Q为含2-18个碳原子的脂族烃基,含5-10个碳原子的环脂族烃基,含8-13个碳原子的芳脂族烃基或含6-15个碳原子的芳族烃基。
适合的多异氰酸酯的实例包括,但不限于,亚乙基二异氰酸酯;1,4-四亚甲基二异氰酸酯;1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯;1,12-十二烷二异氰酸酯;环丁烷-1,3-二异氰酸酯;环己烷-1,3-和-1,4-二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体的混合物;异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯;2,4-和2,6-六氢甲苯二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体的混合物;二环己基甲烷-4,4’-二异氰酸酯(氢化的MDI,或HMDI);1,3-和1,4-亚苯基二异氰酸酯;2,4-和2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体的混合物(TDI);二苯基甲烷-2,4’-和/或-4,4’-二异氰酸酯(MDI);亚萘基-1,5-二异氰酸酯;三苯基甲烷-4,4’,4”-三异氰酸酯;可以通过缩合苯胺与甲醛,随后通过光气化来获得的聚苯基-聚亚甲基-多异氰酸酯类型(粗MDI);降冰片烷二异氰酸酯;间-和对-异氰酸基苯基磺酰异氰酸酯;全氯化的芳基多异氰酸酯;含有碳二亚胺基团、氨基甲酸酯基团、脲基甲酸酯(allophnate)基团、异氰尿酸酯基团、脲基或缩二脲基团的改性的多异氰酸酯;通过调聚反应获得的多异氰酸酯;含有酯基的多异氰酸酯;和含有聚合型脂肪酸基团的多异氰酸酯。本领域技术人员将认识到,还可以使用上述多异氰酸酯的混合物。
异氰酸酯封端的预聚物也可以用于制备聚氨酯材料。异氰酸酯预聚物可以通过将过量的多异氰酸酯或其混合物与少量的含有活性氢的化合物反应来制备,这是通过公知的Zerewitinoff测试来确定的,如Kohler在“Journal of the American ChemicalSociety”,49,3181(1927)中所述。
所述多元醇可以为石油来源的多元醇、天然油多元醇或由可再生天然来源如植物油获得的多元醇。
根据本公开可用于生产聚氨酯材料的石油来源的多元醇包括具有2个或更多个反应性羟基的聚醚多元醇、聚合物多元醇和聚酯多元醇。聚醚多元醇例如包括多羟基醇如二醇、甘油、季戊四醇和蔗糖;脂族胺化合物如氨和亚乙基胺;芳族胺化合物如甲苯二胺和二苯基甲烷-4,4'-二胺;和/或通过将氧化乙烯或氧化丙烯添加至上述化合物的混合物中获得的聚醚多元醇。聚合物多元醇由聚醚多元醇与烯属不饱和单体如丁二烯、丙烯腈和苯乙烯的反应产物来示例,所述反应在自由基聚合催化剂的存在下进行。聚酯多元醇包括由二元酸与多羟基醇产生的那些,例如聚己二酸乙二酯和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯,其可能包括由废原料中回收的那些产物。
来自廉价的和可再生的来源的多元醇也可使用并且是极其可取的,因为它们使化石燃料和其它的不可持续资源的消耗最小化。天然油由饱和的和不饱和的脂肪酸的甘油三酯组成。一种天然油多元醇为蓖麻油,这是蓖麻油酸的天然甘油三酯。其它天然油需要化学改性以引入足够的羟基含量以使得它们可用于生产聚氨酯材料。当尝试将天然油改性成可用的多元醇时,可以考虑两个化学反应性位点:1)不饱和位点(双键);和2)酯官能团。存在于天然油中的不饱和位点可以经由环氧化然后开环或加氢甲酰化然后氢化而羟基化。或者,还可将酯交换用于在天然油中引入OH基团。使用环氧化路线制备天然多元醇的化学方法包括需要经环氧化的天然油、开环酸催化剂和开环剂的反应混合物。经环氧化的多元醇包括经环氧化的基于植物的油(经环氧化的植物油)和经环氧化的动物脂肪。所述经环氧化的天然油可以完全或部分环氧化,且这些油包括大豆油、玉米油、葵花油、橄榄油、芥花油、芝麻油、棕榈油、菜籽油、桐油、棉籽油、红花油、花生油、亚麻籽油及其组合。动物脂肪包括鱼油、牛脂和猪油。这些天然油为脂肪酸的甘油三酯,所述脂肪酸可以为饱和的或不饱和的,具有C12至C24的各种链长。这些酸可以为:1)饱和的:月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸和木蜡酸;2)单不饱和的:棕榈油酸、油酸,3)多不饱和的:亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸。当在合适的反应条件下使过氧酸反应时,可以制备部分或完全环氧化的天然油。用于油的所述环氧化的过氧酸的实例已描述于WO 2006/116456 A1中;将其通过引用并入本文。经环氧化的油的开环可以使用醇、水和具有一个或多个亲核基团的其它化合物。取决于反应条件,还可能发生所述经环氧化的油的低聚。开环生成之后能用于制造聚氨酯材料的天然油多元醇。在加氢甲酰化/氢化方法中,在填充有氢/一氧化碳混合物的反应器中在合适的催化剂(典型地为钴或铑)的存在下使所述油加氢甲酰化,以形成醛,在钴或镍催化剂的存在下使所述醛氢化以形成多元醇。或者,可以通过使用碱金属或碱土金属碱或盐作为酯交换催化剂与合适的含多羟基的物质的酯交换产生来自天然油的多元醇。可将任意天然油或可选的任意部分氢化的油用于所述酯交换方法。油的实例包括,但不限于,大豆油、玉米油、棉籽油、花生油、蓖麻油、葵花油、芥花油、菜籽油、红花油、鱼油、海豹油、棕榈油、桐油、橄榄油或其任意共混物。也可以使用任意多官能羟基化合物,如乳糖、麦芽糖、棉子糖、蔗糖、山梨醇、木糖醇、赤藓糖醇、甘露醇或任意组合。
在一个特别的实施方案中,除了所述多元醇组分和催化剂混合物以外,所述B方面的反应混合物任选包含一种或多种添加剂,包括,但不限于:起泡剂;交联剂;阻燃剂;增塑剂;内部脱模剂;表面活性剂;酸清除剂;水清除剂;泡孔调节剂;颜料;染料;紫外线稳定剂;抑制真菌或抑制细菌的物质;填料,及其混合物。
起泡剂的实例包括,但不限于,水、氢氟烃、环戊烷、甲基异丁基酮、烃、二氯甲烷,或其混合物。
交联剂的实例包括,但不限于,乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、甘油和三羟甲基丙烷。
阻燃剂(作为本文中所使用的术语,其还包括防烟剂和其它已知的燃烧改性剂)的实例包括膦酸酯/盐、亚磷酸酯/盐,和磷酸酯/盐(如甲基膦酸二甲酯、聚磷酸铵、和本领域已知的各种环状磷酸和膦酸酯);本领域已知的含卤化合物(如溴化的二苯基醚和其它溴化的芳族化合物);三聚氰胺;锑氧化物(如五氧化二锑和三氧化二锑);锌化合物(如各种已知的锌硼酸盐);铝化合物(如氧化铝三水合物);和镁化合物(如氢氧化镁)。
内部脱模剂为可以添加来辅助从模具中移除所述聚氨酯材料的化合物。合适的内部脱模剂包括至少部分基于脂肪酸酯、脂肪酸的金属和/或胺盐、酰氨基羧酸、含磷的酸、含硼的酸、脒、和如美国专利第5,208,268号中所描述的由某些胺起始的四羟基化合物制备的经中和的酯的那些。同样合适的是水基和溶剂基脱模剂,如含萘和石蜡的那些。
表面活性剂(表面活性试剂)包括乳化剂和泡沫稳定剂,如本领域已知的有机硅表面活性剂,例如聚硅氧烷,以及各种脂肪酸的胺盐,如油酸二乙胺或硬脂酸二乙醇胺,以及蓖麻油酸的钠盐。
酸清除剂为可以添加来控制酸性和水浓度的化合物。优选的酸清除剂包括各种原酸酯,如原甲酸三甲酯、碳二亚胺如2,2',6,6'-四异丙基二苯基碳二亚胺,和环氧化物如3,4-环氧基-环己基甲酸3,4-环氧基环己基甲酯。
水清除剂(或湿气清除剂)为可以添加来在本发明的组合物中保持低水含量的化合物。合适的水清除剂包括碱性铝硅酸盐。
填料和/或强化物质包括硫酸钡、碳酸钙、硅酸钙、粘土、飞灰、硅藻土、白垩、云母、玻璃纤维、液晶纤维、玻璃片、玻璃珠、微球、芳纶纤维和碳纤维。
根据一个实施方案,所述聚氨酯材料可以在一步法中制备,其中将A方面的反应物与B方面的反应物合并。所述A方面可以包括所述多异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯的混合物。可以选择不同的多异氰酸酯以在最终产物中产生不同的性质。所述B方面可以为包括至少一种多元醇和本公开的所述催化剂混合物以及任选的添加剂的溶液。
可以将具有减少的醛散发物的所制备的所述聚氨酯材料用于各种应用,如预涂层;地毯的背衬材料;建筑复合材料;绝缘体;喷射泡沫绝缘体;需要使用冲击混合喷射枪的应用;聚氨酯/脲混合弹性体;车辆内部和外部部件,如床衬里、控制板、门面板和方向盘;柔性泡沫(如家具泡沫和车辆组件泡沫);整体皮泡沫(integral skin foams);硬质喷射泡沫;硬质现浇泡沫;涂层;粘合剂;密封剂;长丝卷绕;以及其它聚氨酯复合物、泡沫、弹性体、树脂和反应注塑(RIM)应用。
在另一实施方案中,提供了包装的产品,其包括:a)具有至少一个出口的容器;和b)在所述容器内的本公开的催化剂混合物。在一个实施方案中,所述催化剂混合物将会在室温于所述容器内储存至少6小时,在另一实施方案中至少12小时,而在又再一实施方案中至少24小时。在另一实施方案中,所述催化剂混合物将会于所述容器中在50°-70℃的温度储存至少6小时,至少12小时或至少24小时。
根据一个实施方案,本公开的所述包装的产品包括容器,其具有封闭装置如盖、罩、帽或塞以密封所述容器。在另一实施方案中,密封容器还具有嘴或倾倒槽。所述密封容器可以具有圆柱体、卵形、圆形、矩形、罐、桶、正方形或壶的形状并且包含所述催化剂混合物。在一些实施方案中,所述密封容器充填有惰性气体如氮气。
所述容器可以由任意材料制成,如钢、玻璃、铝、纸板、锡板、塑料,包括HDPE、PP、PVC、PET、OPP、PE或聚酰胺,并且包括这些的混合物、层压体或其它组合。所述催化剂混合物由所述出口从所述容器中分配。在一个实施方案中,所述催化剂混合物由嘴(当触发时)分配。在另一实施方案中,所述催化剂混合物经由倾倒槽分配。
如上文所述,可以在胺催化剂中减少醛,如甲醛而没有加工需求,除了混合所述胺催化剂与有机酸并使混合物经历一般储存条件或稍微提高的温度条件最短限度的时间以外。
实施例
测试了市售可得的胺催化剂和采用所述市售可得的胺催化剂和不同的有机酸配制的具有不同的酸含量的若干种催化剂。在室温和升高的温度下,使所述胺催化剂和催化剂混合物经历氧化性劣化,以促进劣化过程。在一段时间内在催化剂样品中追踪醛(具体而言甲醛、乙醛和丙醛)形成。通常,将100mL根据本公开的所述胺催化剂或催化剂混合物的样品转移至4盎司瓶中。将一组两个相同的样品在室温和在60℃保温(incubated)。定期地取出每个样品的一部分,以测定在那个样品中形成的醛的浓度。
通过高效液相色谱法使用紫外光检测器在365nm测定醛浓度,以将醛以它们的2,4-二硝基苯基肼衍生物形式测定。为此,用水制备2%催化剂样品,其中添加2N盐酸以将溶液pH降低至小于3。然后将200μL的该溶液转移至1.5mL色谱样品小瓶中。然后将1000μL的0.06% 2,4-二硝基苯基肼在乙腈中的溶液添加至所述小瓶。将所述小瓶盖好并且良好地摇动,然后将其在40℃加热器部件中放置20分钟。以下数据以份/百万份(ppm)表示。
实施例1: ZF-10胺催化剂醛数据(对照)。
ND=未检测到
实施例2:催化剂混合物(ZF-10胺催化剂+1.00%酸水平的聚合物酸)醛数据。
第0天 | 第1天 | 第2天 | 第3天 | 第1周 | 第2周 | 第1月 | 第3月 | |
室温 | ||||||||
甲醛 | 287.2 | 276.0 | 268.8 | 269.7 | 255.4 | 244.8 | 222.5 | 229.3 |
乙醛 | 68.5 | 65.7 | 62.3 | 63.0 | 62.1 | 58.4 | 49.9 | 40.7 |
丙醛 | 0.5 | ND | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ND | ND |
于60℃储存 | ||||||||
甲醛 | 284.7 | 163.0 | 150.3 | 140.1 | 131.7 | 128.7 | 131.1 | 277.0 |
乙醛 | 67.9 | 45.8 | 39.8 | 36.8 | 30.6 | 30.7 | 25.4 | 5.1 |
丙醛 | 0.4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
实施例3:催化剂混合物(ZF-10胺催化剂+8.55%酸水平的聚合物酸)醛数据。
第0天 | 第1天 | 第2天 | 第3天 | 第1周 | 第2周 | 第1月 | 第3月 | |
室温 | ||||||||
甲醛 | 218.5 | 204.2 | 183.6 | 181.7 | 161.6 | 141.5 | 121.5 | 119.5 |
乙醛 | 52.6 | 47.4 | 44.1 | 43.8 | 41.3 | 38.5 | 32.3 | 24.6 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
于60℃储存 | ||||||||
甲醛 | 223.9 | 68.5 | 63.1 | 62.6 | 61.4 | 44.3 | 47.8 | 154.1 |
乙醛 | 48.2 | 26.1 | 25.3 | 24.6 | 19.2 | 13.3 | 6.5 | 8.1 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
实施例4:催化剂混合物(ZF-10胺催化剂+17.1%酸水平的聚合物酸)醛数据。
第0天 | 第1天 | 第2天 | 第3天 | 第1周 | 第2周 | 第1月 | 第3月 | |
室温 | ||||||||
甲醛 | 203.3 | 167.8 | 139.6 | 138.4 | 111.4 | 85.4 | 68.9 | 61.8 |
乙醛 | 42.9 | 37.7 | 31.5 | 34.9 | 31.3 | 26.8 | 26.3 | 21.5 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
于60℃储存 | ||||||||
甲醛 | 200.3 | 40.6 | 34.9 | 32.0 | 25.1 | 24.1 | 18.5 | 21.4 |
乙醛 | 43.5 | 22.6 | 18.1 | 15.8 | 10.0 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 7.9 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
实施例5:催化剂混合物(ZF-10胺催化剂+27.2%酸水平的2-乙基己酸)醛数据。
第0天 | 第1天 | 第2天 | 第3天 | 第1周 | 第2周 | |
室温 | ||||||
甲醛 | 132.6 | 87.0 | 83.1 | 77.7 | 62.7 | 61.1 |
乙醛 | 14.1 | 14.5 | 11.8 | 16.5 | 14.5 | 15.4 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
于60℃储存 | ||||||
甲醛 | 128.8 | 28.3 | 20.7 | 17.1 | 12.8 | 16.4 |
乙醛 | 15.1 | 9.2 | 10.8 | 7.1 | 3.7 | 3.4 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
实施例6:催化剂混合物(ZF-10胺催化剂+20.2%酸水平的乳酸)醛数据。
第0天 | 第1天 | 第2天 | 第3天 | 第1周 | 第2周 | |
室温 | ||||||
甲醛 | 114.6 | 73.3 | 74.5 | 71.3 | 57.4 | 59.7 |
乙醛 | 19.4 | 18.9 | 2.5 | 18.5 | 16.9 | 20.9 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
于60℃储存 | ||||||
甲醛 | 115.9 | 17.7 | 11.8 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 12.3 |
乙醛 | 18.6 | 15.4 | 14.7 | 11.8 | 7.6 | 7.1 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
实施例7:催化剂混合物(ZF-10胺催化剂+11.9%酸水平的甲酸)醛数据。
第0天 | 第1天 | 第2天 | 第3天 | 第1周 | 第2周 | |
室温 | ||||||
甲醛 | 127.0 | 80.8 | 79.8 | 79.4 | 66.4 | 60.3 |
乙醛 | 17.1 | 15.8 | 18.3 | 18.9 | 16.2 | 17.3 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
于60℃储存 | ||||||
甲醛 | 129.9 | 24.1 | 17.2 | 13.9 | 3.9 | 14.7 |
乙醛 | 17.2 | 13.5 | 12.4 | 8.2 | 4.5 | 3.6 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
实施例8:催化剂混合物(ZF-10胺催化剂+32.6%酸水平的聚合物酸)醛数据。
第0天 | 第1天 | 第2天 | 第3天 | 第1周 | 第2周 | |
室温 | ||||||
甲醛 | 121.4 | 83.4 | 77.3 | 76.9 | 66.5 | 66.4 |
乙醛 | 50.2 | 52.4 | 50.4 | 53.7 | 53.5 | 51.3 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
于60℃储存 | ||||||
甲醛 | 122.6 | 30.3 | 34.4 | 3.8 | 49.7 | 44.1 |
乙醛 | 46.1 | 42.7 | 43.6 | 42.7 | 41.8 | 38.0 |
丙醛 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
如上所述,随着时间流逝, ZF-10催化剂在储存期间可能产生甲醛、乙醛和丙醛。根据本发明向 ZF-10催化剂引入任意有机酸可以在室温和在60℃将随时间流逝的甲醛、乙醛和丙醛含量减少。
必须考虑这样的事实,即虽然本公开已经就某些优选的实施方案进行了描述和公开,但是对本领域技术人员而言,通过阅读和理解本说明书和所附权利要求书,显然可以对其进行明显的等价改变和变化。本公开包括这样的主题,其通过所附不同权利要求中的任一项与其余权利要求中的一项或多项的任意组合来定义,包括任意从属权利要求的特征和/或限定的结合,其单独地或与其它从属权利要求中的任意一项或多项的特征和/或限定相组合,具有独立权利要求中的任意一项或多项的特征和/或限定,并且其余从属权利要求以它们的原始文本来阅读和应用于如此改变的任何独立权利要求。这也包括独立权利要求中的一项或多项的特征和/或限定与另一独立权利要求的特征和/或限定的组合,来实现改变的独立权利要求,并且其余从属权利要求以它们的原始文本来阅读和应用于如此改变的任何独立权利要求。因此,本公开的发明意在覆盖全部这样的改变和变化,并且仅受限于随后的权利要求书的范围,考虑本说明书前述和其它内容。
Claims (12)
1.用于减少胺催化剂中的醛含量的方法,包括(i)将选自聚合物酸、单羧酸及其混合物的有机酸与含一种或多种醛杂质的胺催化剂混合,以形成催化剂混合物,和(ii)使所述催化剂混合物经历50℃-70℃的温度保持至少6小时,使得所述催化剂混合物中的醛杂质水平降低。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中使所述催化剂混合经历50℃-70℃的温度保持至少24小时。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机酸为含至少三个或更多个相同的重复单体的聚合物酸,所述相同的重复单体选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、马来酸、马来酸酐、糠酸、富马酸、山梨酸、顺芷酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和里卡利酸。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机酸为含至少两个重复单体的聚合物酸,其中第一单体为不饱和羧酸且第二单体为不同的不饱和羧酸、酸酐或选自苯乙烯、乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、丙烯腈和/或氯乙烯的其它单体。
5.权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述不饱和羧酸选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、马来酸、糠酸、富马酸、山梨酸、顺芷酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和里卡利酸。
6.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机酸为含至少两个重复单体的聚合物酸,其中第一单体为酸酐且第二单体为不同的酸酐或选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、马来酸、糠酸、富马酸、山梨酸、顺芷酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、里卡利酸、苯乙烯、乙烯、丙烯、丙烯腈和/或氯乙烯的其它单体。
7.权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述酸酐为马来酸酐。
8.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机酸为由式R-COOH表示的单羧酸,其中R为氢或饱和的或不饱和的C1至C40烃链。
9.权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述单羧酸选自2-乙基己酸、甲酸和乳酸。
10.用于减少来自聚氨酯材料的醛散发物的方法,包括(i)将选自聚合物酸、单羧酸及其混合物的有机酸与含一种或多种醛杂质的胺催化剂混合,以形成催化剂混合物,并使所述催化剂混合物经历50℃-70℃的温度保持至少6小时,使得所述催化剂混合物中的醛杂质水平降低,和(ii)使多元醇与多异氰酸酯在来自步骤(i)的所述催化剂混合物的存在下反应,以形成聚氨酯材料。
11.权利要求10所述的方法,其中使所述多元醇和多异氰酸酯在一种或多种添加剂的存在下反应。
12.权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述一种或多种添加剂选自起泡剂;交联剂;阻燃剂;增塑剂;内部脱模剂;表面活性剂;酸清除剂;水清除剂;泡孔调节剂;颜料;染料;紫外线稳定剂;抑制真菌或抑制细菌的物质;填料,及其混合物。
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