CN104953141B - 用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN104953141B
CN104953141B CN201410535472.7A CN201410535472A CN104953141B CN 104953141 B CN104953141 B CN 104953141B CN 201410535472 A CN201410535472 A CN 201410535472A CN 104953141 B CN104953141 B CN 104953141B
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fuel cell
cell pack
output
hydrogen
coolant
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CN104953141A (zh
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宋尧仁
赵成文
张宰荣
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Hyundai Motor Co
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Hyundai Motor Co
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统和方法。用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统和方法包括：通过至少一个冷却剂加热器管线连接到燃料电池堆的输出恢复装置；以及被配置为与该输出恢复装置通信并控制向燃料电池堆的冷却剂、空气和氢的供应的车辆控制器。该输出恢复装置还包括：被配置为向燃料电池堆供应电流的电流供给器，以及被配置为与车辆控制器通信并控制由该电流供给器供应的电流的控制器。

Description

用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统和方法，更具体地说，涉及一种能够恢复燃料电池堆的性能的用于恢复燃料电池的输出的系统和方法。
背景技术
燃料电池车辆是通过燃料电池堆提供动力的车辆，在燃料电池车辆中，多个燃料电池被堆叠在一起，向车辆供应适量的动力。这些燃料电池系统通常包括向燃料电池堆供应氢(即，燃料等)的燃料供应系统，供应氧(即，电化学反应所需的氧化剂)的空气供应系统，控制燃料电池堆的温度的水和热管理系统，以及本领域中众所周知的其他组件。
具体说，燃料供应系统减少氢罐中压缩氢的压力并将压力降低的压缩氢供应给燃料电池堆的阳极，空气供应系统向燃料电池堆的阴极供应通过操作鼓风机而吸入的外部空气。
当氢被供应给燃料电池堆的阳极并且氧被供应给燃料电池堆的阴极时，氢离子在该阳极通过催化反应被分离。分离出的氢离子通过电解质膜转移到作为阴极的氧化电极，并且在阳极分离出的氢离子与电子及氧化电极中的氧一起，产生电化学反应，从而产生可以获得的电能。详细地说，氢的电化学氧化发生在阳极，氧的电化学还原发生在阴极。由于通过上述过程产生的电子运动而产生电能和热能，而水蒸汽或水通过氢与氧彼此键合的化学作用而产生。
为了释放出不发生反应的氢和氧，提供了排放装置，所述氢和氧的反应会产生副产物：例如在燃料电池堆产生电能的过程中产生的水蒸汽、水以及热能。因此，例如水蒸汽、氢气、氧气等的气体通过排放通道排放到大气中。
用于驱动燃料电池的组件，例如鼓风机、氢再循环风机、水泵等连接到主总线端，以便于燃料电池的启动，并且便于功率阻断和连接的各种继电器和防止反向电流到达燃料电池的二极管可以连接到主总线端。
通过鼓风机供应的干燥空气通过加湿器加湿，然后提供给燃料电池堆的阴极。阴极排出的气体可以被转移到加湿器，以便通过内部产生的水分加湿，然后被用于加湿要通过鼓风机供应给阴极的干燥空气。
在使用燃料电池作为驱动源，特别是使用燃料电池作为主动力源的燃料电池车辆中，车辆行驶的越远，燃料电池堆的性能恶化的越严重。在某些情况下，其结果是燃料电池堆的输出减少。为了使燃料电池车辆能稳定地行驶，燃料电池堆的输出应当保持在一定的水平或以上。然而，当燃料电池堆恶化时，燃料电池堆的输出减少。在这种情况下，燃料电池堆必须从汽车上取下并维修。
然而，从燃料电池车辆上取下燃料电池堆需要有熟练技工、维修场所、专用工具等等，并且将燃料电池堆与燃料电池车辆分离并将燃料电池堆装回到燃料电池车辆中需要很大的成本。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种不必将燃料电池堆从车辆分离而通过使用燃料电池堆的输出恢复装置恢复燃料电池堆输出的系统和方法。
根据本发明的示例性实施例，提供一种用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，该系统包括：通过至少一个冷却剂加热器管线连接到燃料电池堆的输出恢复装置；以及被配置为与该输出恢复装置通信并控制向燃料电池堆的冷却剂、空气和氢的供应的车辆控制器。该输出恢复装置可以包括被配置为并被连接向燃料电池堆供应电流的电流供给器，以及被配置为与车辆控制器通信并控制从该电流供给器供应的电流的控制器。
在示例性实施例中，当输出恢复装置被连接到车辆控制器时，该车辆控制器可以将燃料电池车辆的电动机转矩限制为0。当冷却剂的温度低于预设的基准温度时，该车辆控制器还可以加热该冷却剂并停止向燃料电池堆的空气供应，以便将燃料电池堆的湿度增加到预设的基准湿度。此外，当冷却剂的温度是基准温度或更高并且燃料电池堆的湿度是基准湿度或更高时，该车辆控制器可以进一步向燃料电池堆的阳极供应氢，以保持预定的氢压力。该车辆控制器还可以打开排气阀，将燃料电池堆的阴极中产生的氢排出。
此外，一旦向阳极的氢供应已完成，电流供给器就可以向燃料电池堆供应电流，并且一旦预设的时间流逝，该控制器可以允许该电流供给器停止电流的供应。
根据本发明的另一个示例性实施例，提供一种用于恢复燃料电池输出的方法，该方法包括：通过至少一个冷却剂加热器管线将输出恢复装置连接到燃料电池堆；一旦该输出恢复装置被连接，即停止燃料电池车辆的电动机的驱动；一旦电动机的驱动停止，即向燃料电池堆供应氢；并且在预定氢压力通过供应氢被保持时，通过该输出恢复装置向燃料电池堆供应电流。
向燃料电池堆供应氢可以包括：当冷却剂的温度小于预设的基准温度时，加热该冷却剂并停止向燃料电池堆的空气供应，以增加燃料电池堆的湿度；并且当该冷却剂的温度是基准温度或更高并且燃料电池堆的湿度是基准湿度或更高时，向燃料电池堆的阳极供应氢。
用于恢复燃料电池输出的方法还可以包括：一旦已向燃料电池堆供应电流一段预设的时间，即停止该电流的供应。
用于恢复燃料电池输出的方法还可以包括：在向燃料电池堆供应氢之前，排出燃料电池堆的阴极中所产生的氢。
根据本发明的又一个示例性实施例，提供一种用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，该系统包括：冷却单元，该冷却单元中具有调整燃料电池堆的温度的冷却剂和加热该冷却剂的多个冷却剂加热器；以及被连接到至少一个连接器用以向燃料电池堆供应电流的输出恢复装置，其中所述多个冷却剂加热器被连接到所述至少一个连接器。
附图说明
图1是示意性地示出根据本发明示例性实施例的燃料电池系统的框图；
图2是示意性地示出根据本发明示例性实施例的用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统的框图；
图3是总体示出根据本发明示例性实施例的用于恢复燃料电池输出的方法的流程图；以及
图4和图5是详细示出根据本发明示例性实施例的用于恢复燃料电池输出的方法的一部分的流程图。
具体实施方式
以下仅出于描述本说明书所公开的本发明的各个示例性实施例的目的，提供特定结构和功能描述。因此，本发明的示例性实施例可以以各种形式实施，并且本发明不应被解释为局限于本说明书或公开中描述的示例性实施例。
由于本发明的示例性实施例可以进行各种更改并且具有多种形式，特定示例性实施例将在附图中示出并在本说明书或公开中详细描述。不过，应当理解，本发明并不局限于特定的示例性实施例，而是包括包含在本发明的精神和范围内的所有更改、等同物和替换。
诸如“第一”、“第二”等的术语可用于描述多个组件，但是该多个组件不应被解释为局限于所述术语。所述术语仅用于将一个组件与另一个组件区分开。例如，在不偏离本发明的范围的情况下，“第一”组件可以被称为“第二”组件，并且“第二”也可以同样被称为“第一”组件。
应当理解，当一个元件被称为“连接到”或“联结到”另一个元件时，其可以直接连接到或直接联结到另一个元件，或者可以通过在这两个元件之间插入其他元件而进行连接或联结。另一方面，应当理解，当一个元件被称为“直接连接到”或“直接联结到”另一个元件时，其可以不在这两个元件之间插入其他元件而进行连接或联结。描述组件之间关系的其他表达方式，即“在...之间”、“直接在...之间”、“相邻于”、“直接相邻于”等，应作同样解释。
在本说明书中使用的术语仅用于描述特定的示例性实施例而不是起限制本发明的作用。除非上下文另有明确说明，单数形式也意图包括复数形式。应当进一步理解，本说明书中所用的术语“包括”或“具有”指存在所述特征、步骤、数字、操作、组件、部件或其组合，但是并不排除存在或添加一个或多个其他特征、数字、步骤、操作、组件、部件或其组合。
此外，应当理解，下列方法由至少一个控制器执行。术语控制器指的是包括存储器和处理器的硬件装置，其中所述处理器配置成执行应当被解释为算法结构的一个或多个步骤。所述存储器配置成存储算法步骤，所述处理器具体被配置为执行所述算法步骤，以便执行将在下面进一步描述的一个或多个过程。
此外，本发明的控制逻辑可以实施为计算机可读媒介上的非暂时性计算机可读介质，其包含由处理器、控制器等执行的可执行程序指令。计算机可读介质的示例包括但不限于ROM、RAM、压缩光盘(CD)-ROM、磁带、软盘、闪存驱动器、智能卡和光数据存储装置。所述计算机可读记录介质还可以分布在联网计算机系统中，因此计算机可读介质以分布方式例如通过远程信息处理服务器或控制器区域网络(CAN)存储和执行。
应当理解，本文所使用的术语“车辆”或“车辆的”或其他类似术语总体上包括机动车辆，例如包括运动型多功能车(SUV)的乘用车、公共汽车、卡车、各种商用车辆、包括各种船舶和船舰的水运工具、航空器等，并且还包括燃料电池混合动力车辆、电动燃料电池车辆、插电式混合动力燃料电池电动车辆、氢动力汽车以及其他燃料电池车辆。
除非以其他方式另外指出，应当理解，本说明书所使用的所有术语，包括技术和科学术语，与本领域技术人员所理解的术语具有相同含义。必须理解，除非上下文另有明确说明，字典中定义的术语与在背景技术中的含义是相同的，他们不应该被理想化或过度形式化地定义。
在下文中，通过参考附图更详细描述本发明的示例性实施例。各个附图中相同的附图标记表示相同的组件。
图1是示意性地示出根据本发明示例性实施例的燃料电池系统的框图；图2是示意性地示出根据本发明示例性实施例的用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统的框图。参照图1，燃料电池系统100可以被配置为包括燃料电池堆110，连接到燃料电池堆110的输出终端的高压接线盒120，连接到第一继电器的第一冷却剂加热器130，连接到第二继电器的第二冷却剂加热器135，电子组件140，被配置为在电动机(未示出)与高压接线盒120之间将直流(DC)电变换为交流(AC)电的逆变器150，被配置为将第一电压变换为较低的第二电压并向电子组件140供应该较低第二电压的低压DC-DC变换器160，被配置为在燃料电池堆110与高压电池175(例如，120V或更大)之间控制并分配电力的双向高压DC-DC变换器170，鼓风机180，水泵190，以及被配置为控制鼓风机180和水泵190的风机/泵控制器125。
参考图2，用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统200可以包括输出恢复装置250，其通过第一继电器而不是燃料电池系统100的第一冷却剂加热器130连接到燃料电池堆210。输出恢复装置250可以包括向燃料电池堆210供应电子(e)的电流供给器252以及通过连接器245连接到车辆控制器240的控制器254，其以控制器区域网络(CAN)方案与车辆控制器通信并控制电流供给器252。输出恢复装置250可以通过连接到第一冷却剂加热器或第二冷却剂加热器的冷却剂加热器管线中的至少一个管线连接到燃料电池堆210。
车辆控制器240(例如，燃料电池控制单元(FCU))可以通过连接器245连接到输出恢复装置250，并且可以控制冷却剂、空气和氢向燃料电池堆210的供应。因此，根据本发明示例性实施例的用于恢复燃料电池堆的输出的方法将在下面详细描述。
图3是总体示出根据本发明示例性实施例的用于恢复燃料电池输出的方法的流程图。参照图3，为了恢复燃料电池堆的输出，当燃料电池车辆被关掉时(S301)，连接到高压接线盒230的第一冷却剂加热器130被移除(S303)。就是说，在燃料电池车辆中，第一冷却剂加热器130连接到高压接线盒230，第一继电器被放置在第一冷却剂加热器130与高压接线盒230之间。这样，输出恢复装置即可连接到系统中，第一冷却剂加热器连接器例如可以从第一冷却剂加热器130断开然后被连接到输出恢复装置250(S305)。在这一点上，输出恢复装置250通过连接器245连接到燃料电池车辆和车辆控制器240两者。这样输出恢复装置250、连接器245和车辆控制器240就可以以CAN通信方案彼此通信。
一旦完成输出恢复装置250的连接，输出恢复装置250即被初始化(S309)，并且输出恢复装置250的控制器254向车辆控制器240传送指示输出恢复装置250的连接已完成并且已被初始化的信号。一旦车辆控制器240确定输出恢复装置250的初始化和与燃料电池车辆的连接已完成(S311)，该车辆控制器即再次启动燃料电池车辆(S313)。然而，与正常操作相反，该车辆控制器将驱动电动机的转矩限制为0(S315)。
接下来，车辆控制器240升高在燃料电池堆210中循环的冷却剂的温度并增加燃料电池堆210中的湿度(S317)。这是为了恢复和控制燃料电池堆的输出而对燃料电池堆进行的环境方面的准备。更具体地说，为了促进用于恢复燃料电池堆210的输出的化学反应，车辆控制器240可以将燃料电池车辆的冷却剂的温度升高到预设基准温度，并且可以将燃料电池堆210的湿度增加到预设基准湿度，以便供应化学反应所需的适量水分(S317)。
之后，当冷却剂的温度是基准温度或更高并且燃料电池堆210的湿度是基准湿度或更高时，车辆控制器240开始恢复燃料电池堆210的输出性能(S319)。详细地，车辆控制器240可以向燃料电池堆210的阳极侧供应氢。预定的氢压力由于供应的氢而得以保持。之后，电子从输出恢复装置250供应给燃料电池堆210，使得在燃料电池堆210中发生输出恢复化学反应。这样，下列化学反应在燃料电池堆210的阴极发生。
[化学方程式1]
PtO+H++e-→PtOH+H2O
[化学方程式2]
PtOH+H++e-→Pt+H2O
[化学方程式3]
2H++2e-→H2
其中H是氢，O是氧，Pt是铂。
当在燃料电池堆210中产生电时，如果氧化催化剂PtO(氧化铂)和PtOH(氢氧化铂)通过这些反应变为Pt时，内部电阻降低，从而增加燃料电池堆210的输出。就是说，由于铂催化剂表面上的化学反应被促进，恶化的燃料电池堆210的阴极中的铂催化剂表面的氧化膜被消除。
一旦燃料电池堆210的输出通过上述化学反应被恢复，输出恢复装置250的操作完成灯(未示出)被接通(S321)，并且车辆控制器240关掉燃料电池车辆(S323)。之后，输出恢复装置250内的开关被断开(S325)，第一冷却剂加热器连接器与输出恢复装置250之间的连接被解除，并且系统状态返回到初始系统状态(S327)。就是说，第一冷却剂加热器130再次重新连接到第一冷却剂加热器连接器。此外，输出恢复装置250与车辆连接器245之间的连接也被解除。
图4和图5是详细示出根据本发明示例性实施例的用于恢复燃料电池输出的方法的一部分的流程图。详细地，图4是详细示出包含在图3所示的步骤之中步骤S317中的算法的流程图，图5是详细示出包含在图3所示的步骤之中步骤S319中的算法的流程图。
参照图2和图4，车辆控制器240在燃料电池车辆的怠速状态中(S401)确定冷却剂的温度是否高于预设的基准温度(S403)。当冷却剂的温度目前高于预设的基准温度时，车辆控制器240在预设的时间(TIME_1)或更多时间内重复燃料电池堆的启停(S411和S413)。
另一方面，当冷却剂的温度目前低于预设的基准温度时，车辆控制器240使用第二冷却剂加热器135重复加热冷却剂，直到冷却剂的温度变得高于预设的基准温度(S405)。当通过加热冷却剂而使冷却剂的温度变得高于预设的基准温度时，车辆控制器240使用第二继电器解除第二冷却剂加热器135的连接(S409)。
在冷却剂被加热并且冷却剂的温度高于预设的基准温度后，车辆控制器240可以接着将燃料电池车辆保持在怠速状态，以便增加燃料电池堆的湿度，从而启停该燃料电池系统。当燃料电池堆停止时，风机/电动机控制器125停止鼓风机180的操作，并且高压电池175供应燃料电池车辆怠速状态所需的输出。由于鼓风机180的操作停止，燃料电池堆210的湿度增加，并且燃料电池堆210中的水蒸气凝结，使得水分移向燃料电池堆210的电极。
参照图2、图3和图5，当燃料电池堆210的冷却剂的温度是预设的基准温度或更高并且燃料电池堆210的湿度是预设的基准湿度或更高时，车辆控制器240可以关闭燃料电池(S501)。之后，车辆控制器240打开排气阀212(S503)，将阴极产生的氢排放到外面。此外，车辆控制器240打开连接到氢罐220的氢罐阀218(S505)，向燃料电池堆210的阳极侧供应氢。在此，供应的氢的压力值被保持在恒定的预设值。详细地，车辆控制器240可以使用氢压力控制阀214恒定地保持氢在燃料电池堆210的阳极侧的压力。这样做的原因是氢的压力值应当保持在特定的恒定值，以便促进上述用于恢复输出的化学反应。
之后，车辆控制器240可以向输出恢复装置250的控制器254传送指示向燃料电池堆210供应氢已完成的信号(S509)。输出恢复装置250的控制器254控制电流供给器252，以向燃料电池堆210供应电流(S511)。供应电流时，在燃料电池堆210的阴极侧发生化学反应，使得燃料电池堆210的输出可以被恢复。一旦电流在预设的基准时间或更多时间内从电流供给器252供应(S513)，控制器254即停止向燃料电池堆210供应电流(S515)。在电流供应停止后，控制器254向车辆控制器240传送输出恢复完成的信号(S517)。
之后，车辆控制器240停止向燃料电池堆210供应氢(S519)，并且关闭氢罐阀218和排气阀212(S521和S523)。此外，车辆控制器240可以向输出恢复装置250传送指示其操作已完成的信号。当输出恢复装置250收到指示车辆控制器240的操作已完成的信号时，可以接通其操作完成灯(S321)。
当燃料电池堆的输出性能恶化时，利用根据本发明示例性实施例的用于恢复燃料电池堆输出的系统和方法，该性能可以很容易地被恢复，并且在不从车辆拆下燃料电池堆的情况下可以用相对低的成本增加燃料电池堆的耐用性。
虽然本发明已参照在附图中示出的示例性实施例进行了描述，不过所述示例性实施例仅是示例。本领域的技术人员应当明白，对本发明进行各种更改和其他等同示例性实施例是可能的。因此，本发明的实际保护范围由权利要求限定。

Claims (13)

1.一种用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，其包括：
输出恢复装置，其被配置为通过至少一个加热器连接管线连接到燃料电池堆；以及
车辆控制器，其被配置为与所述输出恢复装置通信，并且控制向所述燃料电池堆的冷却剂、空气和氢的供应，
其中所述输出恢复装置包括：
电流供给器，其被连接到所述燃料电池堆并被配置为向所述燃料电池堆供应电流，以及
控制器，其被配置为与所述车辆控制器通信并控制由所述电流供给器供应的电流，
其中所述车辆控制器被配置为，当所述冷却剂的温度低于预设的基准温度时，加热所述冷却剂并停止向所述燃料电池堆的空气供应，以便将所述燃料电池堆的湿度增加到预设的基准湿度，以及当所述冷却剂的温度是基准温度或更高并且所述燃料电池堆的湿度是基准湿度或更高时，向所述燃料电池堆的阳极供应氢，以保持预定的氢压力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，其中所述车辆控制器还被配置为，一旦所述输出恢复装置与其连接，则所述车辆控制器将燃料电池车辆的电动机转矩限制为0。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，其中所述车辆控制器被配置为打开排气阀，将所述燃料电池堆的阴极中产生的氢排出。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，其中所述电流供给器被配置为，一旦向所述阳极的氢供应完成，则向所述燃料电池堆供应电流。
5.根据权利要求4所述的用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，其中所述控制器被配置为，一旦预设的时间段流逝，则停止所述电流的供应。
6.一种用于恢复燃料电池输出的方法，其包括：
通过至少一个冷却剂加热器连接管线将输出恢复装置连接到燃料电池堆；
一旦所述连接完成，则通过控制器停止燃料电池车辆的电动机的运转；
一旦所述电动机已停止，则通过所述控制器向所述燃料电池堆供应氢；以及
通过所述控制器经所述输出恢复装置向所述燃料电池堆供应电流，同时通过供应氢保持预定的氢压力，以恢复所述燃料电池堆的输出，
其中向所述燃料电池堆供应氢的处理包括：
当冷却剂的温度低于预设的基准温度时，加热所述冷却剂并停止向所述燃料电池堆的空气供应，以增加所述燃料电池堆的湿度；以及
当所述冷却剂的温度是基准温度或更高并且所述燃料电池堆的湿度是基准湿度或更高时，向所述燃料电池堆的阳极供应氢。
7.根据权利要求6所述的用于恢复燃料电池输出的方法，其还包括：一旦已向所述燃料电池堆供应电流一段预设的时间，则停止所述电流的供应。
8.根据权利要求6所述的用于恢复燃料电池输出的方法，其还包括：在向所述燃料电池堆供应氢之前，排出所述燃料电池堆的阴极中所产生的氢。
9.一种用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，其包括：
冷却单元，其包括用于调整燃料电池堆的温度的冷却剂以及加热所述冷却剂的多个冷却剂加热器；以及
输出恢复装置，其连接到多个连接器中的任意一个，用以向所述燃料电池堆供应电流，其中所述多个冷却剂加热器被连接到所述多个连接器，
其中所述车辆控制器被配置为，当所述冷却剂的温度低于预设的基准温度时，加热所述冷却剂并停止向所述燃料电池堆的空气供应，以便将所述燃料电池堆的湿度增加到预设的基准湿度，并且当所述冷却剂的温度是基准温度或更高并且所述燃料电池堆的湿度是基准湿度或更高时，向所述燃料电池堆的阳极供应氢，以保持预定的氢压力。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，其还包括车辆控制器，
其中所述车辆控制器和所述燃料电池堆被安装在燃料电池车辆中，所述车辆控制器还被配置为，一旦与所述输出恢复装置连接，则所述车辆控制器将所述燃料电池车辆的电动机转矩限制为0。
11.根据权利要求10所述的用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，其中所述车辆控制器被配置为打开排气阀，将所述燃料电池堆的阴极中产生的氢排出。
12.根据权利要求11所述的用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，其中所述输出恢复装置中的电流供给器被配置为，一旦向所述阳极的氢供应完成，则向所述燃料电池堆供应电流。
13.根据权利要求12所述的用于恢复燃料电池输出的系统，其中所述输出恢复装置中的控制器被配置为，一旦预设的时间段流逝，则停止所述电流的供应。
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