CN104928028A - Method for preparing apple juice Maillard tobacco flavor - Google Patents
Method for preparing apple juice Maillard tobacco flavor Download PDFInfo
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- CN104928028A CN104928028A CN201510340326.3A CN201510340326A CN104928028A CN 104928028 A CN104928028 A CN 104928028A CN 201510340326 A CN201510340326 A CN 201510340326A CN 104928028 A CN104928028 A CN 104928028A
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- Prior art keywords
- mali pumilae
- sucus mali
- preparation
- tobacco aromatics
- described step
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- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 235000015197 apple juice Nutrition 0.000 title abstract 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Proline Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proline Natural products OC(=O)C1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960002989 glutamic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-phenylalanine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylalanine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004475 Arginine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N arginine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCCNC(N)=N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N (2S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropansäure Chemical compound OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P L-argininium(2+) Chemical compound NC(=[NH2+])NCCC[C@H]([NH3+])C(O)=O ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P 0.000 claims description 2
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-tyrosine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-valine Chemical compound CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000003704 aspartic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-carboxyaspartic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)C(C(O)=O)C(O)=O OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 26
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 16
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 239000002304 perfume Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000008729 phenylalanine Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valine Chemical class CC(C)C(N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium group Chemical group [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019219 chocolate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000214 mouth Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000002994 phenylalanines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009923 sugaring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Seasonings (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a method for preparing apple juice Maillard tobacco flavor. According to the method for preparing the apple juice Maillard tobacco flavor, ammonia substances are added to apple juice, the mixture is placed in a reaction kettle after being stirred to be stirred into a uniform reaction system, the PH value of the reaction system is adjusted by means of acid or alkali compounds, then a backflow pipe is installed, the Maillard reaction occurs by conducting heating under stirring, and thus the tobacco flavor is prepared. The apple juice Maillard tobacco flavor has strong roasted fragrance, fragrance and sweet of cigarettes can be improved, smoke can permeate, a smoker can feel bright, and the quality of cigarettes is remarkably improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the preparation method of tobacco aromatics using, specifically refer to a kind of preparation method of Sucus Mali pumilae Mei Lade tobacco aromatics using.
Technical background
At present, the tobacco aromatics using of China's cigarettes plus, general adopts two large classes: a class is natural extract spices, utilizes that contain in natural perfume or the potential natural component coordinated with flue gas; Another kind of is exactly synthetic perfume, utilizes coordinating with flue gas of synthesis, flue gas is had to the perfume monomer of certain effect.Separately or allocate the tobacco aromatics using made, although technique is simple, owing to there is fragrance dullness, effect single to the effect of flue gas be not fine to this two large class spices.The research of China on tobacco aromatics using is always relatively backward, and the spices dependence on import of the overwhelming majority, therefore, the tobacco aromatics using that development effectiveness is good is necessary.
Sucus Mali pumilae and amino acid react by the domestic people of having simply, and generate Maillard reaction thing, this spices kind is few, fragrance is single, improve limited to tobacco sucking quality.Chinese patent (CN1415717A and CN1175623A) discloses " taking tobacco extract as the method for raw material production spices " and " preparation method of tobacco reacting substance perfume and utilization ", they are all raw material with tobacco extract, add sugar and amino acid generation Maillard reaction, although this method make use of Maillard reaction, but because the kind of institute's sugaring is single, some sugared cost is very high, and its fragrance is difficult to reach promising result, and its raw material sources are unstable equally.US Patent No. 3,920,026 discloses " tobacco flavor enriches agent ", and utilize reducing sugar and amino acid to make tobacco aromatics using under certain condition, the variety protection equally due to sugar is single, and some sugared cost is very high, is difficult to reach promising result.
Response class spices (i.e. Maillard reaction thing), very important on tobacco and food and there is the spices of using value pole always, the fragrance that reaction produces is also different according to sugared source, ammonia source difference, its a large amount of heterocycle perfume compounds produced, and is improved effect to cigarette smoke.
In a word, up to the present, the disclosed Mei Lade of utilization prepares the method for tobacco aromatics using, or complex process, cost is high, and raw material sources are unstable, or fragrance is dull, and effect is undesirable, therefore, provide a kind of effective, the Maillard reaction tobacco aromatics using that cost is low is very important.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is exactly the deficiency according to existing in above-mentioned technology of preparing, thering is provided a kind of take Sucus Mali pumilae as the method that prepared using Maillard reaction prepares tobacco aromatics using, its spices made, not only cost is low, and technique is simple, raw material sources are extensive, and aroma strength is high, there is good fruital note, have good improvement to cigarette quality.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: a kind of preparation method of Sucus Mali pumilae Mei Lade tobacco aromatics using, is characterized in that: comprise the following steps:
(1) taking a certain amount of Sucus Mali pumilae joins in container, then the Ammonia material of Sucus Mali pumilae weight 2% ~ 30% is added, stir, Ammonia material is one or more in L-Ala, proline(Pro), α-amino-isovaleric acid, arginine, Serine, phenylalanine, L-glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, tyrosine, Secondary ammonium phosphate;
(2) mixture obtained through step (1) is added in reactor, pH value to 2 ~ 11 are regulated with acid or basic cpd, acidic cpd is one or more in hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, citric acid etc., and basic cpd is one or more in strong aqua, NaOH, KOH;
(3) be heated to 40 ~ 120 DEG C, open cooling and reflux device, under normal pressure, constant temperature stirs 1 ~ 7 hour, and stirring velocity is 100 ~ 1000 revs/min, stops heating, pours out reactant.
After adding Ammonia material in step (1), the solvent of Sucus Mali pumilae weight 0 ~ 20% can be added.
Preferably, Ammonia material is the mixture of L-Ala, L-glutamic acid and phenylalanine 1:2:1 in mass ratio in described step (1).
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
Product expression goes out very strong fruital, Jiao is fragrant and sweet, and joined by this product in blank cigarette and find obviously to improve mouthfeel, pleasant impression is comfortable, alcohol and flue gas
Embodiment
Embodiment 1:
Take 500 concentrated Succus Mali pumilaes, put into three-necked flask, add 30 grams of L-Ala, start stirring, adding 30 grams of ammoniacal liquor again regulates PH to be 9.7, connect reflux condensing tube, be heated to 90 DEG C with oil bath, constant temperature 3 hours, stirring velocity is 200 revs/min, then stop heating, pour out reactant, be product of the present invention.Gained PH product expression goes out very strong fruital, baking perfume and nutty.By this product with 0.8 ‰ amount join in blank cigarette and smoke panel test, find that this product significantly can increase flue gas concentration, make the soft exquisiteness of flue gas, cover assorted gas, significantly improve cigarette quality.
Embodiment 2:
Take 500 grams of concentrated Succus Mali pumilaes, put into three-necked flask, add 15 grams of L-Ala, 15 grams of proline(Pro), start stirring, then add 30 grams of ammoniacal liquor and regulate PH to be 9.7, connect reflux condensing tube, 95 DEG C are heated to oil bath, constant temperature 3.5 hours, stirring velocity is 200 revs/min, then stops heating, pour out reactant, be product of the present invention.Products obtained therefrom shows very strong fruital, burnt fragrant and sweet, by this product with 0.8 ‰ amount join in blank cigarette and smoke panel test, find that this product obviously can improve mouthfeel, pleasant impression is comfortable, alcohol and flue gas.
Embodiment 3:
Take 500 grams of concentrated Succus Mali pumilaes, put into three-necked flask, add 40 grams of proline(Pro), start stirring, add 50 grams of propylene glycol again, 30 grams of strong aquas regulate PH to be 9.7, connect reflux condensing tube, 110 DEG C are heated to oil bath, constant temperature 3 hours, stirring velocity is 300 revs/min, then stops heating, pour out reactant, be product of the present invention.Products obtained therefrom shows very strong baking perfume, meter Xiang.By this product with 0.8 ‰ amount join in blank cigarette and smoke panel test, find that this product significantly can increase flue gas concentration, cover assorted gas, make flue gas elegance comfortable, substantially increase the grade of cigarette.
Embodiment 4:
Take 500 grams of concentrated Succus Mali pumilaes, put into three-necked flask, add 30 grams of arginine, start stirring, adding 30 grams of phosphoric acid ammonia two ammoniums again regulates PH to be 7.2, connect reflux condensing tube, be heated to 90 DEG C with oil bath, constant temperature 3 hours, stirring velocity is 200 revs/min, then stop heating, pour out reactant, be product of the present invention.This product expression goes out very strong fruital, baking is fragrant.By this product with 0.8 ‰ amount join in blank cigarette and smoke panel test, find that this product obviously can increase flue gas concentration, improve mouthfeel, pleasant impression is comfortable, significantly improves cigarette quality.
Embodiment 5:
Take 500 grams of concentrated Succus Mali pumilaes, put into three-necked flask, add 10 grams of proline(Pro), 10 grams of glycine, 10 grams of L-glutamic acid, start stirring, adding 30 grams of citric acids again regulates PH to be 3, connect reflux condensing tube, be heated to 90 DEG C with oil bath, constant temperature 3 hours, stirring velocity is 200 revs/min, then stop heating, pour out reactant, be product of the present invention.It is fragrant that this product expression goes out very strong baking.By this product with 0.8 ‰ amount join in blank cigarette and smoke panel test, find that this product can significantly improve flue gas concentration, make flue gas plentiful, soft exquisiteness, cigarette perfume (or spice) is clear, significantly improves cigarette quality.
Embodiment 6:
Take 500 grams of concentrated Succus Mali pumilaes, put into three-necked flask, then add 50 grams of Fructus Fici extracts, 30 grams of Fructus Crataegi extracts, add proline 35 grams again, regulate PH for 7.4 with ammoniacal liquor, start stirring, connect reflux condensing tube, 85 DEG C are heated to oil bath, constant temperature 5 hours, stirring velocity is 200 revs/min, then stopped reaction, pour out reactant, be product of the present invention.This product expression goes out the sweet roasting fragrance breath of strong Jiao.By this product with 1 ‰ amount join in blank cigarette and smoke panel test, find that this product can significantly improve the fragrant and sweet breath of cigarette, flue gas can be made thoroughly to send out, have very lucid and lively impression, significantly improve cigarette quality.
Embodiment 7:
Take 500 grams of concentrated Succus Mali pumilaes, put into three-necked flask, add 50 grams of Fructus Fici extracts, 30 grams of Fructus Jujubae extracts again, add 35 grams of α-amino-isovaleric acids, start stirring to add 10gNaOH (PH=11) again and connect reflux condensing tube, be heated to temperature 90 DEG C with oil bath, constant temperature 4 hours, stirring velocity is 300 revs/min, then stop reacting by heating, pour out reactant, be product of the present invention.This product expression goes out significantly chocolate fragrant.Joined in blank cigarette by 1 ‰ by this product and smoke panel test, find that this product can significantly improve cigarette flavor, have restraining effect to withered and burnt smell, oral cavity is totally comfortable, and cigarette perfume (or spice) stays length, significantly improves cigarette quality.
Embodiment 8:
Take 500 grams of concentrated Succus Mali pumilaes, put into three-necked flask, add 10 grams of L-Ala, 20 grams of L-glutamic acid and 10 grams of phenylalanines, start stirring, adding 30 grams of citric acids again regulates PH to be 3, connect reflux condensing tube, be heated to 90 DEG C with oil bath, constant temperature 3 hours, stirring velocity is 200 revs/min, then stop heating, pour out reactant, be product of the present invention.It is fragrant that this product expression goes out very strong baking.By this product with 0.8 ‰ amount join in blank cigarette and smoke panel test, find that this product can significantly improve flue gas concentration, make flue gas plentiful, soft exquisiteness, cigarette perfume (or spice) is clear, significantly improves cigarette quality.
Claims (8)
1. a preparation method for Sucus Mali pumilae Mei Lade tobacco aromatics using, is characterized in that: comprise the following steps:
(1) taking a certain amount of Sucus Mali pumilae joins in container, then adds the Ammonia material of Sucus Mali pumilae weight 2% ~ 30%, stirs;
(2) mixture obtained through step (1) is added in reactor, regulates pH value to 2 ~ 11 with acid or basic cpd;
(3) heat temperature raising, opens cooling and reflux device, and under normal pressure, constant temperature stirs 1 ~ 7 hour, stops heating, pours out reactant.
2. the preparation method of a kind of Sucus Mali pumilae Mei Lade tobacco aromatics using according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in described step (1), Ammonia material is one or more in L-Ala, proline(Pro), α-amino-isovaleric acid, arginine, Serine, phenylalanine, L-glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, tyrosine, Secondary ammonium phosphate.
3. the preparation method of a kind of Sucus Mali pumilae Mei Lade tobacco aromatics using according to claim 1, is characterized in that: Ammonia material is the mixture of L-Ala, L-glutamic acid and phenylalanine 1:2:1 in mass ratio in described step (1).
4. the preparation method of a kind of Sucus Mali pumilae Mei Lade tobacco aromatics using according to claim 1, is characterized in that: after adding Ammonia material in described step (1), add the solvent of Sucus Mali pumilae weight 0 ~ 20%.
5. the preparation method of a kind of Sucus Mali pumilae Mei Lade tobacco aromatics using according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in described step (2), acidic cpd is one or more in hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, citric acid etc.
6. the preparation method of a kind of Sucus Mali pumilae Mei Lade tobacco aromatics using according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step (2) neutral and alkali compound is one or more in strong aqua, NaOH, KOH.
7. the preparation method of a kind of Sucus Mali pumilae Mei Lade tobacco aromatics using according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in described step (3), thermostat temperature is 40 ~ 120 DEG C.
8. the preparation method of a kind of Sucus Mali pumilae Mei Lade tobacco aromatics using according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in described step (3), stirring velocity is 100 ~ 1000 revs/min.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201510340326.3A CN104928028A (en) | 2015-06-18 | 2015-06-18 | Method for preparing apple juice Maillard tobacco flavor |
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| CN201510340326.3A CN104928028A (en) | 2015-06-18 | 2015-06-18 | Method for preparing apple juice Maillard tobacco flavor |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN106190566A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2016-12-07 | 四川中烟工业有限责任公司 | A kind of method that Fructus Mali pumilae extract and aromatics beta amino acids prepare tobacco aromatics using |
| CN107997107A (en) * | 2017-11-22 | 2018-05-08 | 恒枫食品科技有限公司 | A kind of application by the preparation method of improving fragrance agent of Maillard reaction and products thereof |
| CN108013499A (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-05-11 | 深圳睿思奇科技开发有限公司 | One grow tobacco taste tobacco tar preparation method and with this method prepare tobacco tar |
| CN109251793A (en) * | 2018-08-30 | 2019-01-22 | 湖北中烟工业有限责任公司 | Promote the essence and its preparation method and application for heating the new cigarette oral cavity comfort that do not burn |
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Cited By (5)
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