CN104884092A - 用于治疗细菌感染的组合物和方法 - Google Patents
用于治疗细菌感染的组合物和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104884092A CN104884092A CN201480003721.6A CN201480003721A CN104884092A CN 104884092 A CN104884092 A CN 104884092A CN 201480003721 A CN201480003721 A CN 201480003721A CN 104884092 A CN104884092 A CN 104884092A
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Abstract
公开了用于治疗细菌感染的药物组合物和方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于治疗细菌感染的组合物和方法。
发明背景
细菌对已知抗菌剂的耐药性的出现正成为治疗细菌感染的主要挑战。一种治疗细菌感染(特别是由耐药性细菌导致的感染)的方法是研发更新的能够克服细菌耐药性的抗菌剂。Coates等(Br.J.Pharmacol.2007;152(8),1147–1154.)综述了研发新抗生素的新方法。然而,新抗菌剂的研发是一项具有挑战性的任务。例如,Gwynn等(Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2010,1213:5–19)综述了发现抗菌剂过程中的挑战。
总体而言,目前使用的大多数抗菌剂属于β-内酰胺类抗菌剂(例如青霉素类、头孢菌素类、碳青霉烯类、单菌霉素类等),使用原因是其已确定的效力和安全性。此外,β-内酰胺类抗菌剂因其化学可操作性而持续具有吸引力,从而生成具有多种治疗前景的临床相关试剂。β-内酰胺类抗菌剂靶向一些统称为青霉素结核蛋白(PBP)的细菌酶,其位于面向周质空间的细胞质膜上。PBP是肽聚糖层的生长和维持所必需的,所述肽聚糖层形成部分细菌细胞壁并保护细胞对抗渗透压。肽聚糖生物合成的抑制因此导致细菌细胞生长抑制和/或死亡。多种β-内酰胺化合物作为抗菌剂的能力来源于其结合一种或多种PBP并干扰细菌细胞壁合成的能力。因此,关键的高分子量PBP(如PBP 1a或1b、2和3)的抑制对于细菌细胞裂解而言至关重要。与结合单一PBP的试剂相比,以高亲和性结合超过一种关键PBP的试剂更有杀伤力。
过度使用抗菌剂已导致细菌通过多种机制对已知的抗菌剂发展出耐药性。例如,由细菌合成青霉素酶和获取修饰的PBP2a调节葡萄球菌(Staphylococci)中的耐药性。在发展对β-内酰胺抗菌剂耐药性的过程中,目标PBP中的修饰也起重要作用。细菌获取对β-内酰胺抗菌剂耐药性的一种更常见机制是通过生产β-内酰胺酶,其灭活β-内酰胺抗菌剂。一定程度上,使用多种β-内酰胺酶抑制剂(例如克拉维酸、舒巴坦等)克服了该问题。然而,该方法也具有限制。例如,无法获得针对碳青霉烯水解苯唑西林酶和金属β-内酰胺酶的临床可得的有效抑制剂。这意味着,针对由表达这类广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的病原体所导致感染的治疗选择限于与严重不良作用和不稳定效力相关的试剂(如粘菌素)。
鉴于此,迫切需要以绕过需要抑制多种β-内酰胺酶的方式重新使用已广泛接受但目前受阻的β-内酰胺抗菌剂并提供有效的治疗由表达多种β-内酰胺耐药性机制(包括非最优药物摄取)的菌株所致感染的方法。目前,发明人出乎意料地发现了治疗细菌感染(包括由耐药性细菌导致的那些)的药物组合物和方法。本发明所述组合物和方法使用至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物以及增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
发明内容
因此,本发明提供了用于治疗细菌感染的方法和组合物。
在一个总的方面,提供了一种药物组合物,包含:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
在另一个总的方面,提供了一种治疗对象中细菌感染的方法,包括给予对象以下物质的步骤:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
在另一个总的方面,提供了一种提高对象中抗菌剂的抗菌功效的方法,所述方法包括共同给予所述抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物与增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
下面的内容中详细描述了本发明的一种或多种实施方式。通过下面的说明书包括权利要求书,不难了解本发明的其它特征、目的和优点。
发明详述
现在将参考示例性实施方式,在本文中使用特定的语言对其加以描述。然而,应理解这些实施方式不旨在限制本发明的范围。相关领域技术人员基于本说明书能够想到的,对本文所描述的本发明特征的替代和进一步改进,以及本文所描述的本发明原理的任何其它应用,都被认为在本发明的范围内。必须注意,除非上下文另外明确说明,否则在本说明书和所附权利要求中使用的单数形式的“一个”、“一种”和“所述”包括复数指代物。本说明书引用的所有专利、专利申请和参考文献均通过引用全文纳入本文,如同其在本文中完全重写那样。
本文所用术语“抗菌剂”指能够进行以下功能的任何物质、化合物或物质组合或化合物组合:(i)抑制、降低或防止细菌的生长;(ii)抑制或降低细菌在对象中产生感染的能力;或(iii)抑制或降低细菌在环境中繁殖或保持感染性的能力。术语“抗菌剂”还指能够降低细菌感染性或毒力的化合物。
本文所用术语“药学上可接受的衍生物”指并包括在给予对象后能够(直接或间接地)提供母体化合物的本文所述化合物的任何药学上可接受的盐、前药、代谢物、酯、醚、水合物、多晶型物、溶剂合物、复合物、对映异构体或加合物。例如,属于“抗病毒剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物”包括在给予对象后能够(直接或间接地)提供抗菌化合物的所有抗菌剂衍生物(如盐、前药、代谢物、酯、醚、水合物、多晶型物、溶剂合物、复合物、对映异构体或加合物)。
本文所用术语“药学上可接受的盐”指给定化合物的一种或多种盐,其具有游离化合物的所需药理学活性且不是生物上或其他方面不需要的。通常,“药学上可接受的盐”指适用于接触人和动物的组织而不具有过度毒性、刺激性、过敏反应等,且产生合理的效益/风险比的盐。药学上可接受的盐是本领域熟知的。例如,S.M.Berge等(J.Pharmaceutical Sciences,66:1-19(1977))详细描述了多种药学上可接受的盐,其通过引用全文纳入本文。
本文所用术语“增强剂化合物”指能够增强抗菌剂的抗菌活性的化合物。术语“增强”还表示在敏感性以及耐药性生物体内提高抗菌剂的抗菌活性。
本文所用术语“PBP”指“青霉素结合蛋白”,其是在细菌细胞壁合成中起关键作用的一类蛋白。
本文所用术语“PBP结合物”指能够可逆或不可逆地结合一种或多种PBP的化合物。术语“PBP结合物”还包括能够部分或完全抑制一种或多种PBP活性的化合物。
术语“选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物”指以非常高的亲和性仅结合一种PBP的PBP结合物。通常,术语“选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物”还包括大部分结合物以高亲和性仅选择性结合一种PBP的那些结合物。例如,如果化合物对生物体中存在的仅一种PBP具有1μg/ml或更小的IC50值,则称该化合物是“选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物”。术语化合物的“IC50值”指与不向反应中添加化合物相比,使Bocillin-FL与PBP的结合降低50%的化合物浓度。
本文所用术语“广谱β-内酰胺酶或ESBL”包括能够使细菌通过水解抗生素产生对青霉素、第一、第二和第三代头孢菌素和氨曲南耐药性的那些β-内酰胺酶。
本文所用术语“MIC”指最低抑制浓度,其是抑制微生物可见生长的最低抗菌剂浓度。
本文所用术语“MSC”指最低原生质球浓度,其是约80%的细菌细胞转化为原生质球的最低抗菌剂浓度。
本文所用术语“MFC”指最低纤丝形成浓度,其是约80%的细菌细胞被伸长以形成纤丝样结构的最低抗菌剂浓度。
本文所用术语“原生质球”指已通过抗菌剂作用基本完全去除细胞壁的细菌细胞。
本文所用术语“纤丝”指伸长的细菌细胞。
本文所用术语“β-内酰胺抗菌剂”指具有抗菌性质且在其分子结构中含有β-内酰胺核的化合物。
本文所用术语“β-内酰胺酶”指能够部分或完全水解β-内酰胺环的任何酶或蛋白或任何其他物质。术语“β-内酰胺酶”包括由细菌生成并能够部分或完全水解或灭活β-内酰胺化合物中β-内酰胺环的酶。
术语“β-内酰胺酶稳定的PBP结合物”指在一种或多种β-内酰胺酶存在的情况下不会被灭活或水解的PBP结合物。
本文所用术语“感染”或“细菌感染”指在对象中或对象上存在细菌,其在生长受抑制的情况下会导致有益于对象。同样,除指存在细菌外,术语“感染”还指不需要的正常细菌集落。术语“感染”或“细菌感染”还包括由革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌引起的感染。
本文所用术语“治疗”、“处理”和“疗法”指给予药物,包括用于预防性和/或治疗性目的的药物组合物或一种或多种药学上活性的成分。术语“预防性治疗”指治疗还没有感染的对象,但是该对象易于被感染或有感染的风险(预防细菌感染)。术语“治疗性治疗”指向已经感染的对象给予治疗。本文所用术语“治疗”、“处理”或“疗法”也指给予本文所述组合物或一种或多种药学上有活性的成分,附带或不附带其他药学上有活性或惰性的成分,从而:(i)减少或消除细菌感染或细菌感染的一种或多种症状,或(ii)延缓细菌感染或细菌感染的一种或多种症状的进展,或(iii)降低细菌感染或细菌感染的一种或多种症状的严重性,或(iv)抑制细菌感染的临床表现,或(v)抑制细菌感染的有害症状的表现。
本文所用术语“药学上有效的量”或“治疗上有效的量”或“有效量”是指具有治疗效果的量或在对象中产生治疗效果所需要的量。例如,抗菌剂或药物组合物的治疗或药学上有效的量是可通过临床试验结果、模式动物感染实验和/或体外研究(例如在琼脂或肉汁培养基中)进行判断的产生所需治疗效果的抗菌剂或药物组合物的量。药学上有效的量取决于若干因素,包括但不限于,所涉及的微生物体(例如,细菌),对象的特性(例如,身高、体重、性别、年龄和病史)、感染的严重性和所用抗菌剂的具体类型。就预防性治疗而言,治疗或预防有效量是对预防微生物(如细菌)感染有效的量。
术语“给药”或“给予”包括向对象递送组合物或一种或多种药学上有活性的成分,包括例如通过任意合适的方法,其用于向感染的部位递送组合物或其活性成分或其他药学上有活性的成分。给药方法可根据不同因素而变化,例如,药物组合物的成分或药学上活性或惰性成分的性质,潜在或实际感染的位置,所涉及的微生物体,感染的严重性,对象的年龄、身体状况等。按照本发明向对象给予组合物或药学上活性成分的方法的一些非限制性示例包括口服、静脉内、局部、呼吸道内、腹膜内、肌肉内、肠胃外、舌下、透皮、鼻内、气雾、眼内、气管内、直肠内、阴道、基因枪、皮肤贴片、滴眼液、滴耳液或漱口剂。在药物组合物包含多于一种成分时(活性或惰性),一种给予组合物的方式是掺混这些成分(例如,以合适单位剂型(例如片剂、胶囊、溶液、粉末等)的形式),随后给予该剂型。或者,各成分也可分开给予(同时或依次),前提是这些成分获得有益治疗水平从而该组合物整体上提供协同和/或需要的效应。
本文所用术语“生长”指一种或多种微生物的生长并且包括微生物(如细菌)的繁殖或扩增。该术语还包括微生物体的正在进行的代谢过程(包括使该微生物体存活的过程)的维持。
本文所用术语“功效”指对象中治疗或组合物或一种或多种药学上活性的成分产生希望的生物效果的能力。例如,术语组合物或抗菌剂的“抗菌功效”指对象中该组合物或抗菌剂预防或治疗微生物(如细菌)感染的能力。
本文所用术语“协同的”或“协同”是指两种或多种药物的相互作用使其组合效果强于单独的效果。
术语“药学上惰性成分”或“运载体”或“赋形剂”指用于促进化合物给药的化合物或物质,包括例如增加化合物的溶解性。通常,固体运载体的非限制性示例包括淀粉、乳糖、磷酸二钙、蔗糖和高岭土等。通常,液体运载体的非限制性示例包括无菌水、盐水、缓冲液、非离子型表面活性剂和食用油如油、花生油和芝麻油等。另外,可包含各种本领域中常用的佐剂。在文献中描述了这些和其它这类化合物,例如在美国新泽西州罗韦默克公司的默克索引(Merck&Company,Rahway,NJ)中。在药物组合物中引入各种组分的考虑参见如《哥德曼和基尔曼的治疗的药理学基础》(Goodman and Gilman's:ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics),第8版,培格曼出版公司(PergamonPress),其通过引用全文纳入本文。
本文所用术语“对象”指脊椎动物或无脊椎动物,包括哺乳动物。术语“对象”包括人、动物、鸟类、鱼类或两栖动物。通常,“对象”的非限制性示例包括人、猫、狗、马、绵羊、牛、猪、小羊、大鼠、小鼠和豚鼠。
在一个总的方面,提供了一种药物组合物,包含:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
在另一个总的方面,提供了一种治疗对象中细菌感染的方法,包括给予对象有效量的药物组合物的步骤,该药物组合物包含:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
在另一个总的方面,提供了一种治疗对象中细菌感染的方法,包括给予对象以下物质的步骤:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
在另一个总的方面,提供了一种提高对象中抗菌剂的抗菌功效的方法,所述方法包括共同给予所述抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物与增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
本发明所述组合物和方法使用抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物。能够使用多种抗菌剂。通常,抗菌剂的非限制性示例包括通常被分类为氨基糖苷类、安莎霉素类、碳头孢烯类、青霉烯类、氧青霉烷类、砜青霉烷类(sulphonepenams)、碳青霉烯类、先锋霉素类、头孢霉素类、林可酰胺类(lincosamides)、脂肽类、大环内酯类、单菌霉素类、硝基呋喃类、青霉素类、多肽类、喹诺酮类、磺酰胺类、四环素类、噁唑烷酮类等的一种或多种抗菌化合物。
在一些实施方式中,在本发明所述组合物和方法中,该抗菌剂是β-内酰胺抗菌剂。在一些其他实施方式中,在本发明所述组合物和方法中,该抗菌剂选自:氨基糖苷类、安莎霉素类、碳头孢烯类、青霉烯类、碳青霉烯类、先锋霉素类、头孢霉素类、林可酰胺类、脂肽类、大环内酯类、单菌霉素类、硝基呋喃类、青霉素类、多肽类、喹诺酮类、磺酰胺类、四环素类或噁唑烷酮类抗菌剂。
氨基糖苷类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括丁胺卡那霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、新霉素、乙基西梭霉素、妥布霉素、巴龙霉素、阿贝卡星(Arbekacin)、帕索米星(Plazomicin)、链霉素、阿普拉霉素等。
安莎霉素类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括格尔德霉素、除莠霉素等。
碳头孢烯类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括氯碳头孢等。
青霉烯类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括法罗培南等。
碳青霉烯类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括厄他培南、多利培南、亚胺培南、美洛培南等。
先锋霉素类和头孢霉素类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括头孢唑林、头孢乙腈、头孢羟氨苄、头孢氨苄、头孢来星、头孢洛宁、头孢噻啶、头孢噻吩、头孢吡啉、羟胺唑头孢菌素、头孢西酮、头孢氮氟、头孢拉啶、头孢甲氧环烯胺、头孢替唑、头孢克洛、头孢孟多、头孢米诺、头孢尼西、头孢雷特、头孢替安、头孢丙烯、头孢拉宗、头孢呋辛、头孢唑南、头孢霉素、头孢西丁、头孢替坦、头孢美唑、碳头孢烯、头孢克肟、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、头孢卡品、头孢达肟、头孢地尼、头孢妥仑、头孢他美、头孢甲肟、头孢地嗪、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、头孢米唑、头孢匹胺、头孢泊肟、头孢磺啶、头孢特仑、头孢布烯、头孢噻林、头孢唑肟、氧头孢烯、头孢吡肟、头孢唑兰、头孢匹罗、头孢喹诺、头孢噻呋、头孢喹诺、头孢维星、CXA-101、头孢洛林、头孢吡普等。
林可酰胺类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括克林霉素、林可霉素等。
大环内酯类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、地红霉素、红霉素、罗红霉素、醋竹桃霉素、泰利霉素、壮观霉素、索利霉素(Solithromycin)等。
单菌霉素类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括氨曲南等。
硝基呋喃类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括呋喃唑酮、呋喃妥因等。
青霉素类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括阿莫西林、氨苄青霉素、阿洛西林、羧苄青霉素、邻氯青霉素、双氯青霉素、氟氯青霉素、美洛西林、甲氧西林、乙氧萘青霉素、苯唑西林、青霉素G、青霉素V、氧哌嗪青霉素、替莫西林、替卡西林等。
多肽类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括杆菌肽、粘菌素、多粘霉素B等。
喹诺酮类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括环丙沙星、依诺沙星、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星、洛美沙星、莫西沙星、萘啶酸、左那氟沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、曲伐沙星、格帕沙星、司氟沙星、替马沙星、德拉沙星等。
磺酰胺类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括磺胺米隆、偶氮磺胺(Sulfonamidochrysoidine)、磺胺醋酰胺、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲二唑、磺胺甲恶唑、柳氮磺胺吡啶、磺胺异恶唑、甲氧苄啶等。
四环素类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括地美环素、强力霉素、二甲胺四环素、土霉素、四环素、替加环素等。
噁唑烷酮类抗菌剂的典型非限制性示例包括特地唑胺、利奈唑胺、兰贝唑胺(Ranbezolid)、托拉唑胺(Torezolid)、雷得唑胺(Radezolid)等。
本发明所述组合物和方法使用增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物。该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。总体而言,可以使用β-内酰胺酶稳定的任何选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。总体而言,如果在一种或多种β-内酰胺酶存在的情况下化合物未被灭活或水解,则该化合物(如PBP结合物)是β-内酰胺酶稳定的。例如,如果在一种或多种β-内酰胺酶存在的情况下化合物在超过两个小时的时间内维持初始活性,则可以称该化合物(或PBP结合物)是β-内酰胺酶稳定的。
合适的本发明所述增强剂化合物的典型非限制性示例公开于PCT国际申请号PCT/IB2012/054290、PCT/IB2012/054296和印度临时专利申请号2471/MUM/2012。可使用能够作为β-内酰胺酶稳定的、选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物的多种其他化合物作为本发明所述的增强剂化合物。
在一些实施方式中,该增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物存在的量为每克抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物约0.01-10gm。
在一些其他实施方式中,该增强剂化合物能够选择性结合关键PBP之一。通常接受的是PBP 1a和1b干预细胞壁延伸,PBP2是维持其球杆菌式的细胞形状所需的,且PBP3参与促进细胞分裂的隔膜(septum)的形成。结果是,PBP3靶向剂将球杆菌形状转化为伸长的纤丝。类似地,PBP2结合剂将生物体转化为称作原生质球的圆形细胞。
在一些实施方式中,该增强剂化合物和抗菌剂显示互补的PBP结合特性,这表明增强剂化合物能够以高亲和性选择性结合PBP且抗菌剂能够结合除增强剂化合物结合的PBP以外的至少一种其他PBP。
在一些实施方式中,提供了一种药物组合物,其包含:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;其中,该抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物与该增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物是互补的PBP结合剂。
在一些实施方式中,提供了一种治疗对象中细菌感染的方法,其包括给予对象以下物质:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;其中,该抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物与该增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物是互补的PBP结合剂。
在一些实施方式中,提供了一种药物组合物,其包含:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;其中,该抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物和该增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物的浓度低于相应最低抑制浓度。
在一些实施方式中,提供了一种治疗对象中细菌感染的方法,其包括给予对象以下物质:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;其中,该抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物和该增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物的浓度低于相应最低抑制浓度。
在一些实施方式中,提供了一种药物组合物,其包含:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;其中,该抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物和该增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物的浓度等于或高于相应最低抑制浓度。
在一些实施方式中,提供了一种治疗对象中细菌感染的方法,其包括给予对象以下物质:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;其中,该抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物和该增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物的浓度等于或高于相应最低抑制浓度。
在一些实施方式中,提供了一种药物组合物,其包含:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;其中,该抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物以其最低纤丝形成浓度存在,且该增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物以其最低原生质球浓度存在。
在一些实施方式中,提供了一种治疗对象中细菌感染的方法,其包括给予对象以下物质:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;其中,该抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物以其最低纤丝形成浓度存在,且该增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物以其最低原生质球浓度存在。
本发明所述药物组合物包含一种或多种药学上可接受的运载体或赋形剂等,这类运载体或赋形剂的典型非限制性示例包括甘露醇、乳糖、淀粉、硬脂酸镁、糖精钠、滑石、纤维素、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、葡萄糖、明胶、蔗糖、碳酸镁、湿润剂、乳化剂、增溶剂、pH缓冲剂、润滑剂、稳定剂、结合剂等。
本发明所述药物组合物可以多种形式存在。在一些实施方式中,该药物组合物为粉末或溶液的形式。在一些其他实施方式中,本发明所述药物组合物是粉末的形式,其能够在胃肠道外给药之前通过加入相容的重建稀释剂来重建。这类相容的重建稀释剂的非限制性示例包括水。
在一些其他实施方式中,本发明所述药物组合物是冷冻组合物的形式,其能够在胃肠道外给药之前使用相容的稀释剂稀释。
在一些其他实施方式中,本发明所述药物组合物以胃肠道外即用的形式存在。
在本发明所述方法中,本文所述药物组合物和/或其他药物活性成分可以通过任意合适的方法给药,其用来向需要的部位递送所述组合物或其组分或活性成分。给药的方法可根据多个因素变化,例如,药物组合物的组分或活性成分的性质、可能或实际感染的部位、涉及的微生物(如细菌)、感染的严重程度、对象的年龄和身体情况。按照本发明向对象给予所述组合物的一些非限制性示例包括口服、静脉内、局部、呼吸道内、腹膜内、肌肉内、肠胃外、舌下、透皮、鼻内、气雾、眼内、气管内、直肠内、阴道、基因枪、皮肤贴片、滴眼液、滴耳液或漱口剂。
本发明所述组合物能够被配制成各种剂型,其中活性成分和/或赋形剂可以一起存在(如作为混合物)或作为分离的组分存在。当以混合物的形式配制组合物中的各种成分时,这种组合物能够通过给予这种混合物来递送。在其中成分以分离的组分而非混合物形式出现的组合物或剂型中,可以以多种方式给予这类组合物/剂型。在一个可能的方式中,可以希望的比例混合各成分,然后按照要求给予混合物。另外,组分或成分(活性或惰性)可以被单独(同时或一个接着一个)以合适的比例给予,以实现相等的混合物的给药所能达到的相同或相等的治疗水平或效果。
相似地,在本发明所述方法中,根据要求,可以多种方式向对象给予本文所述的活性成分。在一些实施方式中,以合适的量混合活性成分,然后向对象给予该混合物。在一些其他的实施方式中,单独给予活性成分。由于本发明考虑到活性成分药物可以单独给予,本发明还涉及以药盒的形式提供合并的单独药物组合物。该药盒包括一种或多种单独的药物组合物,各药物组合物包含一种或多种活性成分。每个这类单独的组合物可以存在于单独的容器中,如罐、小瓶、注射器、盒、包等。通常,所述药盒包括单独组分的给药说明书。当单独的组分优选以不同剂型(如口服和胃肠道外)给予或以不同的剂量间隔给予时,药盒的形式是特别有优势的。在单独给予活性成分时,其可以同时或依次给予。
本发明所述药物组合物或活性成分可以配制成各种剂型。剂型的典型非限制性示例包括固体、半固体、液体和气溶胶剂型;例如片剂、胶囊、粉末、溶液、混悬剂、栓剂、气溶胶、粒剂、乳液、糖浆剂、酏剂等。
通常,本文所述的药物组合物和方法用于预防或治疗细菌感染。较佳地,本文所述的组合物和方法在预防和治疗由细菌引起的感染中也是有效的,所述细菌被认为对于一种或多种已知的抗菌剂或其已知组合物是较不易或不易受影响的。这类已知对于多种抗菌剂产生耐药性的细菌的一些非限制性示例包括不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)、大肠杆菌(E.coli)、绿脓假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、肠杆菌(Enterobacter)、克雷伯菌(Klebsiella)、柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter)等。使用本发明的组合物和/或方法可以预防或治疗的感染的其他非限制性示例包括:皮肤和软组织感染、发热性嗜中性白细胞减少症、泌尿道感染、腹内感染、呼吸道感染、肺炎(医院)、菌血症、脑膜炎、手术感染等。
令人惊讶的是,本发明所述组合物和方法在预防或治疗由产生一种或多种β-内酰胺酶的细菌引起的细菌感染中也有效。本发明所述组合物和方法治疗这类β-内酰胺抗生素耐药性细菌的能力是本领域中显著的进步。
总体而言,使用本发明所述增强剂化合物导致对象中抗菌剂的抗菌功效的提高。可以通过例如共同给予所述抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物与增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物来提高一种或多种抗菌剂的抗菌功效。
对本领域的普通技术人员而言,显而易见的是,可以对本发明进行各种取代和修改而不会偏离本发明的范围和精神。例如,本领域技术人员会理解本发明能用通用说明内描述的多种不同的化合物实践。
实施例
实施例1
作为增强剂化合物的反-(2S,5R)-硫酸单-[2-(N’-[(R)-哌啶-3-羰基]-肼基羰基)-7-氧代-1,6-二氮杂-二环[3.2.1]辛-6-基]酯[式(III)的化合物]的应用
使用PCT国际申请号PCT/IB2012/054290中公开的方法制备式(III)的化合物并评价其PBP结合亲和特性。在用于评价PBP结合亲和性的典型PBP结合试验中,在浓度增加的式(III)的化合物、头孢吡肟和美西林(测试的浓度范围0.0156-2mg/L)存在的情况下孵育20μl(终体积)含PBP的溶液(30分钟,37℃),之后使用25μM浓度的荧光青霉素Bocillin FL标记。随后使用20μl各SDS变性溶液对反应化合物在100℃下变性3分钟。通过10%SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(加利福尼亚州赫尔克里斯的伯乐实验室公司(Bio-RadLaboratories))分离PBP。电泳后立即在水中清洗蛋白凝胶。使用BioRadMolecular Imager FX Pro(加利福尼亚州赫尔克里斯的伯乐实验室公司)观察标记的PBP(488nm下激发且530nm下发射)并使用Quantity One软件(加利福尼亚州赫尔克里斯的伯乐实验室公司)从三个重复的独立实验中测定针对不同PBP的式(III)的化合物、头孢吡肟和美西林的IC50值并使用斯氏检验比较。P值<0.05被认为具有统计学显著性。这些研究的结果列于表1。
表1中的数据显示,头孢吡肟以高亲和性结合多种PBP(PBP 5/6除外)。美西林和式(III)的化合物以高亲和性选择性结合假单胞菌PBP2(IC50值为1μg/ml或更低)。因此,美西林和式(III)的化合物可称作“选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物”。
随后,评估了这些化合物中一些的β-内酰胺酶稳定性。在一个典型的稳定性研究中,通过液氮中重复5轮冻融从新鲜生长的培养物中分离生产金属β-内酰胺酶(NDM4)和A类(CTX-M、SHV、TEM)β-内酰胺酶的来自肺炎克雷伯菌(K.pneumoniae)S48的ESBL酶。在0.5ml的粗酶提取物中制备80μg/ml浓度的亚胺培南、美西林和式(III)的化合物并在37℃下孵育0、1、2和24小时以发生酶促反应。规定的孵育持续时间后,通过以1:1比例添加0.5ml乙腈(测试化合物的最终浓度-40μg/ml)从反应混合物中提取测试化合物并12000rpm离心2分钟以分离沉淀的蛋白。通过进行微生物药物扩散试验从上清液中测量测试化合物的活性。对于药物扩散试验,将使用大肠杆菌ATCC 25922接种的穆勒-辛顿琼脂(MHA)倒在置于平坦表面上的生物试验板上并允许其固化。将适当浓度的独立和酶处理的测试化合物稀释物添加至在钻孔器帮助下切割的6mm孔中。37℃孵育18-24小时后,测量测试化合物的抗菌活性(以抑制区域计)。进行抑制区域直径的测量,在尺的帮助下近似至最接近的整数值。这些稳定性研究的结果示于表2a和2b。
在这些稳定性研究中,发现单独的测试化合物(即不进行任何β-内酰胺酶处理)的抗菌活性(以抑制区域直径(mm)表示)在0、1、2和24小时时维持不变(表2a)。表2b显示存在β-内酰胺酶的情况下多种化合物的稳定性。式(III)的化合物、美西林和亚胺培南的抑制区域直径值(以mm表示)分别为16、15.5和22。该研究中使用的特定β-内酰胺酶是碳青霉烯水解的金属β-内酰胺酶。如表2b中的数据所示,即使在与β-内酰胺酶孵育24小时后,式(III)的化合物仍维持其抗菌活性(显示为未变化的抑制区域直径),确认其是稳定的且不会被β-内酰胺酶灭活。另一方面,使用β-内酰胺酶处理后亚胺培南和美西林活性显著下降,表明其对β-内酰胺酶不稳定。表1和2中的数据确认,式(III)的化合物是β-内酰胺酶稳定的且同样是选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。因此,式(III)的化合物可用作本发明所述增强剂化合物。
实施例2
增强剂化合物存在的情况下抗菌剂的抗菌有效性
研究了式(III)的化合物存在的情况下多种抗菌剂的抗菌有效性,结果详细描述于下文。在一项典型研究中,通过在新鲜阳离子调节的穆勒辛顿肉汤(MHB)中1比10稀释并在振荡培养箱中35℃孵育2.5小时来使胰蛋白酶大豆肉汤(TSB)中的过夜培养物进入对数期。在具有MHB的烧瓶中将对数期培养物稀释为所需接种物,含有多种药物浓度。将烧瓶在振荡培养箱中以125rpm的旋转速度在35℃下孵育。通过生理盐水中样品的1比10的连续稀释物和胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂板上重复两次表面涂布10μl稀释物来测定活力计数。将板在35℃下孵育24小时并对菌落进行计数以测定每ml体积的菌落形成单位(CFU)。下文描述了这些研究的结果。
表3-5给出了描述在式(III)的化合物存在的情况下针对大肠杆菌ATCC25922菌株的多种抗菌剂效力的数据。表3详细显示使用氨曲南获得的数据,表4使用头孢西丁且表5使用头孢磺啶。可以看到,与单独使用时相比,式(III)的化合物存在的情况下这些化合物中的每一种都令人惊讶和出乎意料地显示较高的杀菌作用。还值得注意的是,已知氨曲南是单独的PBP3结合物,头孢西丁是PBP5/6结合物且头孢磺啶是PBP1a/b结合物,这表明这些化合物中的每一种都结合除式(III)的化合物所结合的PBP之外的PBP(式(III)的化合物结合PBP2)。这表明,当抗菌剂和增强剂化合物具有互补的PBP结合特性时,可获得协同的杀菌效果。
表3详细显示大肠杆菌ATCC 25922中式(III)的化合物存在的情况下氨曲南的协同杀菌作用的数据。可以看到,单独使用时,氨曲南和式(III)的化合物都不具有任何杀菌作用。令人吃惊的是,氨曲南和式(III)的化合物的组合表现出协同杀菌作用。
表4详细显示大肠杆菌ATCC 25922中式(III)的化合物存在的情况下头孢西丁的协同杀菌作用的数据。可以看到,单独使用时,头孢西丁和式(III)的化合物都不具有任何显著的杀菌作用。令人吃惊的是,头孢西丁和式(III)的化合物的组合表现出协同杀菌作用。
表5详细显示大肠杆菌ATCC 25922中式(III)的化合物存在的情况下头孢磺啶的协同杀菌作用的数据。可以看到,单独使用时,头孢磺啶和式(III)的化合物都不具有任何杀菌作用。令人吃惊的是,头孢磺啶和式(III)的化合物的组合表现出协同杀菌作用。
表6和7详细显示针对绿脓假单胞菌(P.aeruginosa)PAO1菌株的氨曲南(单独的(PBP3结合剂)和头孢磺啶(PBP3结合剂)的协同杀菌作用的数据,确认由于抗菌剂和增强剂化合物的互补PBP结合特性而获得的协同作用。
表6详细显示绿脓假单胞菌PAO1菌株中式(III)的化合物存在的情况下氨曲南的协同杀菌作用的数据。可以看到,单独使用时,氨曲南和式(III)的化合物都不具有任何杀菌作用。令人吃惊的是,氨曲南和式(III)的化合物的组合表现出协同杀菌作用。
表7详细显示绿脓假单胞菌PAO1菌株中式(III)的化合物存在的情况下头孢磺啶的协同杀菌作用的数据。可以看到,单独使用时,式(III)的化合物都不具有任何杀菌作用。甚至单独使用的头孢磺啶无法在直至24小时时导致持续杀伤。令人吃惊的是,头孢磺啶和式(III)的化合物的组合直至24小时持续地表现出协同杀菌作用。
表8和9详细显示式(III)的化合物存在的情况下,针对高度耐药性菌株肺炎克雷伯菌(K.pneumoniae)和鲍式不动杆菌(A.baumannii)(其生成金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL)和碳青霉烯水解D类β-内酰胺酶(CHDL),如OXA酶)的头孢吡肟的协同杀菌作用。这些情况中缺少亚胺培南和头孢吡肟的杀菌作用表明,金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL)和碳青霉烯水解D类β-内酰胺酶(CHDL)由各菌株分别表达。
对于肺炎克雷伯菌S48,临床使用的不抑制MBL的ESBL抑制剂(如克拉维酸)无法有效地与头孢吡肟联用导致细菌杀伤。对于美西林和头孢吡肟的组合观察到类似不持续的灭菌应答,虽然由于美西林和头孢吡肟的酶促灭活而存在互补的PBP2和PBP3/1a/1结合。由于亚胺培南的酶促灭活,使用亚胺培南时也观察到不持续的杀伤应答。仅在与β-内酰胺酶稳定的PBP2结合物(如式(III)的化合物)联用时,头孢吡肟引发持续强力的杀菌作用。该实验清楚地显示β-内酰胺酶稳定的PBP2结合物(即增强剂化合物)在克服金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL)介导的耐药性过程中的作用。
在生产碳青霉烯水解D类内酰胺酶(CHDL)生产OXA酶的鲍式不动杆菌的情况中(表9),与单个试剂相比,仅式(III)的化合物和头孢吡肟的组合生成了显著的杀菌作用,强调了β-内酰胺酶PBP2结合物在克服碳青霉烯水解D类OXA介导的耐药性方面的关键作用。
表10详细显示式(III)的化合物存在的情况下,针对生产碳青霉烯水解MBL(VIM 10)和A类(VEB1)酶的绿脓假单胞菌NCTC 13437的头孢吡肟的协同杀菌作用的数据。
表11详细显示式(III)的化合物存在的情况下,在克服肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离物中外膜通道蛋白(OMP)介导的耐药性的过程中美洛培南的协同杀菌作用的数据。较高的美洛培南MIC值表示OMP介导的耐药性不利地影响美洛培南摄取的作用。令人惊讶的是,式(III)的化合物存在的情况下,观察到美洛培南的MIC的显著下降,表明酶促稳定的PBP2结合剂帮助美洛培南克服OMP介导的耐药性。在用于测定MIC值的典型方法中,对过夜生长的细菌培养物进行合适稀释,并将其接种在含有双倍测试化合物浓度的琼脂培养基上。在35±2℃下在环境空气中孵育16-20小时后进行生长或无生长的观察。按照临床实验室标准化研究所(CLSI)的建议(临床实验室标准化研究所(CLSI),《抗微生物敏感性试验的实施标准》(Performance Standards for AntimicrobialSusceptibility Testing),第20版说明增刊,M 100–S20,第30卷,第1期,2010)实施全过程。
上述实施例中提供的数据显示,包含至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物以及增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物(其中该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物)的组合可有效地用于治疗或控制对象中的细菌感染(甚至是由已发展出多种耐药性机制的细菌导致的那些)。本文所示数据还显示,可通过共同给予抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物以及增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物(其中该增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物)来提高对象中所述抗菌剂的抗菌功效。
实施例3
抗菌剂和增强剂化合物的组合的协同杀伤作用
通过进行时间杀伤研究来研究本发明所述组合的协同杀伤作用。在典型的时间杀伤研究中,在阳离子调节的穆勒辛顿肉汤培养基(美国BD公司)中将新鲜生长的培养物稀释至所需细胞密度(初始起始接种物)。向含培养物的介质中添加所需浓度的抗菌剂(单独或以组合的形式)。在37℃和振荡条件(120rpm)下孵育样品。通过在生理盐水中稀释并涂布在胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂板(美国BD公司)上的方式每2小时进行一次活细菌计数。将板孵育24小时以达到活细菌计数。结果表示为Log CFU/ml。通常,下降1Log CFU/ml对应于90%的细菌杀伤。类似地,2Log CFU/ml下降表示99%的细菌杀伤且3Log CFU/ml下降等于99.9%的细菌杀伤。
出乎意料地发现,以其各MFC(约80%细菌细胞伸长的浓度)和MSC(约80%细菌细胞转化为原生质球的浓度)合并互补的结合剂即使针对高耐药性细菌菌株也生成了强力的杀菌作用。头孢吡肟显示针对PBP3的高亲和性且观察到亚MIC浓度的头孢吡肟足以将正常细菌细胞转化为纤丝。类似地,增强剂式(III)的化合物显示针对PBP2的较高亲和性且观察到亚MIC浓度的该物质足以将正常细菌细胞转化为原生质球。换言之,其MFC浓度的头孢吡肟和其MSC浓度的式(III)的化合物的组合显示强力的抗菌活性。因此,不同于MIC,驱动杀菌协调性的MFC和MSC浓度的参数例示了这些参数在通过互补PBP结合的增强剂机制释放杀菌作用组合的过程中的重要性。
表12显示针对肺炎克雷伯菌B88和奇异变形杆菌(P.mirabilis)G 186的头孢吡肟和式(III)的化合物的最低抑制浓度(MIC)、最低纤丝形成浓度(MFC)和最低原生质球浓度(MSC)。如数据中所示,对头孢吡肟和式(III)的化合物获得的较高MIC值代表针对肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌较高的耐药性。然而,发现头孢吡肟的MFC值和式(III)的化合物(增强剂化合物)的MSC值显著低于相应的MIC值。
针对多重耐药性(MDR)肺炎克雷伯菌B 88和奇异变形杆菌G 186研究了头孢吡肟和式(III)的化合物的组合在其各自MFC和MSC下的协同杀菌活性。结果列于表13和表14。肺炎克雷伯菌B 88生产NDM、SHV和TEMβ-内酰胺酶,且奇异变形杆菌G 186。从表13中可以看到,头孢吡肟和式(III)的化合物(增强剂化合物)在其相应MFC和MSC浓度下都不显示针对肺炎克雷伯菌B88的杀菌活性。然而,出乎意料的是,发现头孢吡肟和式(III)的化合物(增强剂化合物)的组合在其相应MFC和MSC浓度下显示针对多重耐药性(MDR)肺炎克雷伯菌B 88的强力杀菌活性。类似地,从表14中可以看到,头孢吡肟和式(III)的化合物(增强剂化合物)在其相应MFC和MSC浓度下都不显示针对奇异变形杆菌G 186的杀菌活性。然而,出乎意料的是,发现头孢吡肟和式(III)的化合物(增强剂化合物)的组合在其相应MFC和MSC浓度下显示针对多重耐药性(MDR)奇异变形杆菌G 186的强力杀菌活性。
式(III)的化合物作为增强剂,其具有诸如高亲和性PBP2结合和对β-内酰胺酶稳定的特征。这些特征有助于在与β-内酰胺酶不稳定的互补PBP结合剂联用时获得高度的杀菌协调性,甚至针对高度耐药性的生产金属β-内酰胺酶的菌株也是如此。
因此,表12-14显示本发明所述组合在其各自亚最低抑制浓度(亚MIC)下的强力抗菌活性。式(III)的化合物(增强剂)与头孢吡肟的组合在其各自MSC和MFC值(其比相应的MIC值低得多)下显示针对多重耐药性(MDR)细菌菌株的强力抗菌活性。因此,抗菌剂与增强剂化合物的组合在抑制高度耐药性细菌菌株方面具有非常有益的作用,显示在由这类病原体导致的感染的治疗过程中值得注意的治疗进展。
Claims (10)
1.一种药物组合物,所述组合物包含:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;所述增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
2.一种治疗对象中细菌感染的方法,所述方法包括给予所述对象有效量的权利要求1所述的药物组合物的步骤。
3.一种治疗对象中细菌感染的方法,所述方法包括给予所述对象有效量的以下物质的步骤:(a)至少一种抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物,和(b)增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;所述增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
4.一种提高对象中抗菌剂的抗菌功效的方法,所述方法包括共同给予所述抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物以及增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物;所述增强剂化合物是:(i)β-内酰胺酶稳定的,和(ii)选择性和高亲和性PBP结合物。
5.如权利要求1所述的药物组合物或如权利要求2-4中任一项所述的方法,所述抗菌剂是选自:氨基糖苷类、安莎霉素类、碳头孢烯类、青霉烯类、碳青霉烯类、先锋霉素类、头孢霉素类、林可酰胺类、脂肽类、大环内酯类、单菌霉素类、硝基呋喃类、青霉素类、多肽类、喹诺酮类、磺酰胺类、四环素类或噁唑烷酮类抗菌剂。
6.如权利要求1所述的药物组合物或如权利要求2-4中任一项所述的方法,所述增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物的含量为每克所述抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物约0.01-10gm。
7.如权利要求1所述的药物组合物或如权利要求2-4中任一项所述的方法,所述增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物能够选择性结合关键PBP之一。
8.如权利要求1所述的药物组合物或如权利要求2-4中任一项所述的方法,所述抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物和所述增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物是互补的PBP结合剂。
9.如权利要求1所述的药物组合物或如权利要求2-4中任一项所述的方法,所述增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物和抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物的浓度低于或等于或高于相应的最低抑制浓度。
10.如权利要求1所述的药物组合物或如权利要求2-4中任一项所述的方法,所述抗菌剂或其药学上可接受的衍生物的浓度是其最低纤丝形成浓度,且增强剂化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物的浓度是其最低原生质球浓度。
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KR102173632B1 (ko) * | 2014-04-18 | 2020-11-03 | 욱크하르트 리미티드 | 항균 물질들을 포함하는 약학 조성물 |
US11084833B2 (en) | 2016-10-10 | 2021-08-10 | The Johns Hopkins University | Antibacterial agents against D,D- and L,D-transpeptidases |
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JP6480870B2 (ja) | 2019-03-13 |
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US20160199360A1 (en) | 2016-07-14 |
RU2676482C2 (ru) | 2018-12-29 |
CA2890894A1 (en) | 2014-07-17 |
SG11201503661QA (en) | 2015-06-29 |
US20160045480A1 (en) | 2016-02-18 |
RU2015134149A (ru) | 2017-02-16 |
BR112015016033A2 (pt) | 2017-07-11 |
BR112015016033A8 (pt) | 2018-01-23 |
US9636331B2 (en) | 2017-05-02 |
KR20150089086A (ko) | 2015-08-04 |
US20180263969A1 (en) | 2018-09-20 |
MX2015008486A (es) | 2015-09-10 |
AU2017203932B2 (en) | 2019-02-14 |
US9433613B2 (en) | 2016-09-06 |
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