CN104839502A - 一种促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂及其应用 - Google Patents
一种促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂及其应用，该添加剂包括鼠李秦素或/和其衍生物。本发明涉及的鲫鱼饲料添加剂的用量小，只需添加0.1%-0.2%鼠李秦素，即可促进鲫鱼幼苗生长和增重，促使其快速长成，缩短生长周期，增加鲫鱼养殖的经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于饲料添加剂技术领域，具体而言，涉及一种水产养殖饲料添加剂，尤其涉及一种促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂及其应用。
背景技术
鲫鱼是非常常见的一种淡水养殖鱼，其肉质细嫩，肉营养价值很高，每100克肉含蛋白质13克、脂肪11克，并含有大量的钙、磷、铁等矿物质。鲫鱼的药用价值也很高，其性平味甘，入胃、肾，具有和中补虚、除羸、温胃进食、补中生气之功效。由于传统的鲫鱼饲料成分简单，能量缺乏，口味不佳，鲫鱼幼苗生长慢，发育缓，生长周期长，大大降低了鲫鱼养殖的收益。在鱼产品养殖业大规模发展的今天，越来越多的养殖者逐渐意识到必须开发出一种鲫鱼幼苗促生长饲料，方能适应当前渔业发展的现状。
青天葵别名青莲、入地珍珠、假天麻、独叶莲、独脚莲、山米子、半边伞等，来源于兰科芋兰属毛唇芋兰(Nervilia fordii(Hance)Schltr.)的全草，入药始载于《岭南采药录》，是广西特产药材，也是我国传统中药出口创汇的主要药材。该药材性平，味苦、甘，有清肺止咳、清热解毒、散瘀止痛之功效。主治肺痨咯血、肺热咳嗽、口腔炎、咽喉肿痛、瘰疬、疮疡肿毒、跌打损伤等。在目前对青天葵化学成分的研究中，已分离鉴定出有黄酮、三萜、氨基酸、有机酸、甾体类化学成分。其中鼠李柠檬素(rhamnocitrin)和鼠李秦素(rhamnazin)是两种重要黄酮类成分，经实验研究表明，鼠李柠檬素有抗肿瘤作用，鼠李秦素具有抗氧化活性。通过检索国内外文献，尚没有发现鼠李秦素具有用于饲料添加剂的文献报道。
发明内容
为了解决鲫鱼鱼苗生长周期长的问题，本发明通过对大量的天然产物进行研究，提供一种植物源性的促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂。
为了实现本发明的目的，发明人通过大量活性试验筛选并不懈探索，最终获得了如下技术方案：
一种促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂，其包括鼠李秦素或/和其衍生物。
进一步优选地，所述促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂，其为鼠李秦素或/和其衍生物。
需要说明的是，本发明所述促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂鼠李秦素是从青天葵中提取而得，纯度应大于88%。进一步优选地，鼠李秦素的纯度应大于92%。比如，鼠李秦素可以按如下方法提取分离而得：取干燥的青天葵全草，用60％乙醇回流提取3次，每次回流2小时，合并3次的提取液，用旋转蒸发仪在低于45℃的条件下减压回收乙醇后得粗浸膏；将粗浸膏混悬于水中，得到粗浸膏水混悬液，用环己烷对粗浸膏水混悬液萃取三次，合并环己烷层；再用乙酸乙酯对用环己烷萃取粗浸膏水混悬液后的粗浸膏水混悬液萃取三次，合并乙酸乙酯层；用旋转蒸发仪分别在低于45℃的条件下减压回收环己烷层溶剂环己烷和乙酸乙酯层溶剂乙酸乙酯后，各得环己烷层浸膏和乙酸乙酯层浸膏；合并这两种浸膏用乙酸乙酯溶解，溶解后的溶解液经过滤，得到浸膏滤液；将得到的浸膏滤液用3～5倍浸膏滤液重量的200～300目柱层析硅胶拌样；取一根长宽比为10∶1的玻璃层析柱，用无水乙醇清洗内壁，吹干；称取10倍浸膏重量的硅胶，加入氯仿，充分搅拌以除去气泡，装柱；用氯仿冲洗层析柱后，将上述拌样硅胶缓缓地加入硅胶柱内，边装边轻轻敲打玻璃柱，让拌样硅胶充分沉降；最后在柱床表面铺上5厘米高的无水硫酸钠保护硅胶面；用氯仿-甲醇二元溶剂体系梯度洗脱后，经蒸馏浓缩低极性洗脱液，得到淡黄色鼠李秦素。
本发明将鼠李秦素添加在鲫鱼饲料中喂养鲫鱼鱼苗，观察研究鼠李秦素对各组鲫鱼的生长性能的影响，结果表明，添加0.18％的鼠李秦素能明显促进鲫鱼的生长，同时不影响鲫鱼的存活率。原因可能是鼠李秦素促进了鲫鱼生长激素的分泌，进而刺激鲫鱼肠液的分泌，提高鲫鱼对饲料的消化吸收，最终促进了鲫鱼鱼苗的生长。因此，本发明还提供一种制药用途，即：鼠李秦素或/和其衍生物在制备促生长用的鲫鱼鱼苗饲料添加剂中的应用。
与现有技术相比，本发明涉及的鲫鱼饲料添加剂的用量小，只需添加0.1%-0.2%鼠李秦素，即可促进鲫鱼幼苗生长和增重，促使其快速长成，缩短生长周期，增加鲫鱼养殖的经济效益。
具体实施方式
本发明将纯度为98.1%的鼠李秦素添加在鲫鱼饲料中喂养鲫鱼鱼苗，观察研究鼠李秦素对各组鲫鱼的生长性能的影响，结果表明，添加0.18％的鼠李秦素能明显促进鲫鱼的生长，同时不影响鲫鱼的存活率。具体试验过程如下：
在实验室驯养10d后，挑选无病、无伤、体质健康的鲫鱼鱼苗进行养殖试验。试验分为空白对照组和试验组（鼠李秦素组）。对照组不添加鼠李秦素，试验组每千克日粮中添加1.8g(含量为0.18％)鼠李秦素。每组设4个重复，每个重复放养4O尾鱼。试验鱼初始平均体重约30g左右，各组试验鱼初始均重差异均不显著，没有统计学意义(P＞0.05)。试验期间投喂自制日粮，制成颗粒饲料，冰箱中4℃保存。基础日粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验基础日粮及其营养成分
| 日粮组成 | 含量 | 营养水平 | 含量 |
| 大豆粕（%） | 44.10 | 水分（%） | 9.47 |
| 次粉（%） | 23.40 | 粗蛋白质（%） | 36.85 |
| 棉籽粕（%） | 10.00 | 粗灰分（%） | 8.77 |
| 菜籽粕（%） | 8.00 | 粗脂肪（%） | 3.66 |
| 鱼粉（%） | 5.00 | 钙（%） | 0.81 |
| 大豆油（%） | 3.00 | 总磷（%） | 0.76 |
| 膨润土（%） | 2.00 | 能量（J/g） | 13665.6 |
| 磷酸二氢钙（%） | 1.50 | ||
| 粘合剂（%） | 0.50 | ||
| 氯化胆碱（%） | 0.30 | ||
| 食盐（%） | 0.20 | ||
| 预混料（%） | 2.00 |
试验期间，每天投喂两次饲料(9:00和16:00)，每次投喂量为每池鱼总重的0.5%-1%。养殖期10周。试验水族箱规格为100cm×60cm×60cm，试验期间开启循环水，24h充氧增氧，水温(27.7±2.2)℃，光照时间l0L/14D(光照时问为8:00至18:00)，水体pH为7.6-7.8，溶氧＞4mg/L，氨氮＜0.15mg/L，亚硝酸氮＜0.02mg/L。
养殖试验结束前，鱼禁食1d，测定各组鱼体重，并计算出增重率、特定生长率、饲料蛋白质效率、饵料系数、存活率和生物学综合评价指数(刘军等，2010；Sissel等，2006；叶元土，2004)。计算公式如下：
增重率(%)=(结束平均重量 -起始平均重量)／起始平均重量×100；
存活率(%)=(试验结束尾数／试验起始尾数)×100。
通过表2的试验统计结果可以看出，两组鲫鱼的起始均重无显著性差异，但是终末均重比对照组提高了11.52％，差异显著(P＜0.05)；再者，通过增重率这一指标的统计，进一步证实了鼠李秦素具有明显的促生长作用。另外，至试验结束时鼠李秦素组鲫鱼存活率为99.38％，略高于对照组(98.75％)，但差异不显著(P＞0.05)。
表2 两组鲫鱼生长性能及存活率比较
| 组别 | 起始均重（g） | 终末均重（g） | 增重率（g） | 存活率（g） |
| 空白对照组 | 31.26±0.15 | 44.95±2.08 | 43.78±13.85 | 98.75 |
| 鼠李秦素组 | 30.90±0.18 | 50.13±3.61* | 62.25±10.72* | 99.38 |
与空白对照组比较，* P＜0.05。
另外，本发明将纯度为98%以上的鼠李柠檬素添加在鲫鱼饲料中喂养鲫鱼鱼苗，观察研究鼠李柠檬素对各组鲫鱼的生长性能的影响，结果表明，即使添加量达到1%，也没有发现鼠李柠檬素具有明显促进鲫鱼生长的生物活性。
Claims (5)
1.一种促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂，其特征在于，其包括鼠李秦素或/和其衍生物。
2.根据权利要求1所述促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂，其特征在于，其为鼠李秦素或/和其衍生物。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂，其特征在于，所述鼠李秦素是从青天葵中提取而得，纯度大于88%。
4.根据权利要求3所述促生长用的鲫鱼饲料添加剂，其特征在于，所述鼠李秦素是从青天葵中提取而得，纯度大于92%。
5.鼠李秦素或/和其衍生物在制备促生长用的鲫鱼鱼苗饲料添加剂中的应用。
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| CN104529985A (zh) * | 2014-07-01 | 2015-04-22 | 泸州医学院 | 一种同时制备鼠李柠檬素和鼠李秦素化学对照品的方法 |
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| CN104381604A (zh) * | 2014-10-30 | 2015-03-04 | 广西辉澎农牧有限公司 | 一种辣木饲料添加剂 |
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| 商思伟等: "复方青天葵对断奶仔猪增重及免疫功能的影响", 《中国畜牧兽医文摘》 * |
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