CN104764617B - Forming simulation device for fold structure and test method - Google Patents
Forming simulation device for fold structure and test method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104764617B CN104764617B CN201510117867.XA CN201510117867A CN104764617B CN 104764617 B CN104764617 B CN 104764617B CN 201510117867 A CN201510117867 A CN 201510117867A CN 104764617 B CN104764617 B CN 104764617B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a forming simulation device for a fold structure and a test method. A tempered glass plate is arranged on the front end face of a test box body. Side push plates capable of moving along the test box body are arranged on the two sides in the test box body respectively, and an opening is formed in the top of the test box body. A strip-shaped hole serving as a guide rail is formed in the bottom of the test box body, a bottom baffle is arranged at the bottom of the test box body, and multiple supporting studs are arranged on the bottom baffle, penetrate into the strip-shaped hole, and can move in the strip-shaped hole. Bottom arc-shaped push plates or bottom plane push plates are arranged at the upper ends of the supporting studs. Thus, roadway stability is effectively analyzed; relevant parameters are provided for a forming mechanism and an evolution law of the fold structure, and more accurate parameters are provided for reasonable excavation and stability analysis of complicated coal seams, especially roadways with fold structure coal seams.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the formation analogue means and test method of a kind of fold tectonic.
Background technology
There is the coal resources preservation of significant proportion in stratum within fold geological structure.The exploitation of coal resources, utilization
Inevitably can be affected by fold tectonic, many fields with "nine squares" with extraction value are controlled by fold tectonic, fold tectonic
Nearby it occur frequently that impulsion pressure, fold tectonic can affect stress in coal bed intensity and mining engineering stability, so as to give colliery again
Exploitation bring certain difficulty, this is serious govern colliery it is safe efficient, develop in a healthy way.Thus fold tectonic
Study the production to colliery and safety has critically important practical significance, such as:Tunnel appropriate design, the reasonable benefit/risk in coal seam is opened
Adopt, colliery preventing and treating bump, coal and gas prominent etc..But to fold area stress distribution and stability analysis only in Numerical-Mode
Certain progress is obtained in plan, lacks corresponding model test further to study.
Obtained people with model investigation surrouding rock deformation and Measures for Supporting generally to approve, both at home and abroad also in ground and
Carry out many work in model experiment method application in mining engineering field, but for complex geological structure model mostly collects
Interrupt layer model on, and fold tectonic model be related to it is very few.Mostly it is directly laying currently used for the fold model of engineering simulation
Shaping, is not directed to its forming process, and this is often very different with actual.In terms of fold tectonic formation, oil and geology field
Certain achievement is achieved to the model test of geological structure evolutionary process, is capable of tension and compression model, the plane of simulated formation deformation
Cut draw model, plane and cut pressing mold type, quantized data and figure collection can be carried out to the stress in experimentation and deformation.Also have
There is multi-functional composite force system to drive, the structural deformation being capable of achieving under various types of driving force effect, model is opened up by two dimension
Open up as three-dimensional.Also having can carry out synsedimentary growth stratigraphic structure deformation simulative experiment, can quantitatively control rate of deformation and deposition
Speed.But done model is generally not used for carrying out the engineering simulations such as roadway excavation or seam mining, is tested with geological structure
Platform should not also carry out the Experiments of Machanics analysis of engineering.This obviously can not be met in laboratory for the tunnel in complicated structure coal seam
The engineering such as excavation, seam mining analog simulation and its research of stability test analysis.
The content of the invention
In view of above-mentioned the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of formation analogue means of fold tectonic that the present invention is provided and test side
Method, analyzes the mechanical test of the prepared model of coal seam containing fold, can be roadway excavation and the coal seam in complex geological structure coal seam
Exploitation provides correspondence parameter.
To solve above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention program includes:
A kind of formation analogue means of fold tectonic, it includes testing box main body, wherein, the front end face of the test box main body
Armorplate glass is provided with, the both sides in box main body is tested and is respectively arranged with the side push pedal that can be moved along test box main body, test
The top of box main body is opening;Chamber bottom part body offers the bar hole for also serving as guide rail, and chamber bottom part body is configured with
Bottom baffle, is disposed with multiple supporting studs on the bottom baffle, supporting studs are penetrated in bar hole, and can move in bar hole
Dynamic, the upper end of supporting studs is configured with bottom arc push pedal or base plane push pedal;When prepared by fold tectonic, supporting studs
Upper end is configured with bottom arc push pedal, and two side push pedals are moved towards in test box main body, tests the top of box main body to open
Mouth is in idle condition;In simulated test, the upper end of supporting studs is configured with base plane push pedal, and two side push pedals are in test
Move towards in box main body, top loading plate is disposed with opening, top loading plate is with base plate plane push pedal in test box main body
Inside move towards.
Described formation analogue means, wherein, the both sides of above-mentioned test box main body are respectively arranged with side board, side gear
Multiple power transmission bolts are evenly arranged between plate and corresponding side push pedal, side board, side push pedal are corresponding with power transmission bolt
Place is provided with nut, and power transmission bolt is penetrated in corresponding nut, and each power transmission bolt is each equipped with Universal caster, side push pedal with
Power transmission bolt is moved.
Described formation analogue means, wherein, bar-shaped trough, bar-shaped trough and bar hole phase are provided with above-mentioned bottom baffle
Together, supporting studs are reached with bar-shaped trough through bar hole and are fixed on bottom baffle after specified location.
Described formation analogue means, wherein, transverse sides and the chamber body side of above-mentioned chamber bottom part body
Longitudinal side on be provided with graduation mark, graduation mark is used to determine the position of supporting studs.
Described formation analogue means, wherein, it is each equipped with unidirectional buckle in each power transmission bolt and supporting studs.
A kind of test method using the formation analogue means, it includes fold tectonic forming step, fold tectonic lane
Road excavation step and fold tectonic load step;
Fold tectonic forming step includes:
According to actual geologic information, the similar proportion factor is determined, determine model size, fold curvature and analog material, select
After taking respective material, layering tiling is carried out, coal seam is layered on centre, layering number and each thickness are determined according to actual geologic information
Degree;Silicagel pad is laid in chamber bottom part body, then above-mentioned material is laid in silicagel pad;
The formation analogue means of laying above-mentioned material is positioned on twin shaft testing machine, two side push pedal move toward one anothers are horizontal
Extruding above-mentioned material, supporting studs drive bottom arc push pedal move upwards longitudinal direction extruding above-mentioned material, until deformation reach it is pre-
If require, two side push pedals stop pressurization with bottom arc push pedal, form model;
Then analogue means taking-up will be formed and will be placed in drying in vacuum drying chamber, if model needs to be prepared into standard module of boundary
During type, take out after its is fully consolidated and cut and polished;If model need not be prepared into standard boundary model, with it is upper
The silicagel pad on model top is taken out to form analogue means by portion's equivalent material by its filling-in after its is fully consolidated;
Fold tectonic roadway excavation step includes:
Simulate before consolidation or in subsequent load roadway excavation as needed, if excavating before model consolidation, with tunnel
The hollow thin metal frame of size similar proportion conversion, surface smear oil is needing to excavate the hollow thin metal frame of position insertion, then
The material of hollow thin metal inframe is drawn out the model for obtaining needing loading;If excavating in loading after model consolidation, treat that model adds
After carrying pressure stability, a rate of advance is controlled within limits and is excavated stage by stage, voltage stabilizing after position is dug through will be excavated
Continue afterwards to load;
Fold tectonic load step includes:
The above-mentioned model handled well is put back to be formed in analogue means, and up and down four end faces add silica gel in model
Pad, is disposed with top loading plate in the opening of chamber body top, synchronous changes the bottom arc push pedal in supporting studs
For base plane push pedal, analogue means will be formed and be moved back to after twin shaft testing machine, choose loading scheme, make two side push pedals in test
Move towards in box main body, top loading plate is moved towards with base plate plane push pedal in test box main body, carries out engineering stress
Loading simulation, the deformation and failure for excavating position is surveyed with digital speckle and Experimental on acoustic emission, and industrial camera carries out nothing to overall process
Interval shooting, stress-strain relation can be recorded by the microcomputer of control twin shaft testing machine.
A kind of formation analogue means and test method of fold tectonic that the present invention is provided, its is simple and reasonable, operation
It is easy to use, it is easy to safeguard, the needs of the various mechanical tests of the model of coal seam containing fold tectonic can be met, it can be carried out containing pleat
The construction in bent coal seam forms the compound motion of simulated test, implementation model Bidirectional-squeezing and grand liter, and its displacement and speed can reach
Precise control, model fold position, fold number and fold curvature also can be accurately controlled;Prepared model can also bear
Some strength, can carry out the engineering simulations such as roadway excavation, seam mining;The various multiple of model tunnel can be also carried out using this device
Load test is closed, is effectively analyzed so as to make to Drift stability;Can not only be to fold tectonic Forming Mechanism and Evolution
Offer relevant parameter, but also complicated seam especially containing fold tectonic coal seam tunnel Rational Excavation and stability analysis side
Face provides more accurately parameter.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation that analogue means is formed in the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the formation analogue means that paver has material in the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of the formation analogue means that fold tectonic forms simulation in the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the formation analogue means of fold tectonic model loading in the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of fold tectonic model stability test in the present invention;
Wherein, 1-test box main body;2-side push pedal;3-side board;The arc push pedal of 4-bottom;5-bottom baffle;
6-power transmission bolt;7-bar hole;8-Universal caster;9-unidirectional buckle;10-bar-shaped trough;11-silicagel pad;12-bottom
Plane push pedal;13-top loading plate;14-opening;15-supporting studs;16-nut;17-excavate position.
Specific embodiment
The invention provides the formation analogue means and test method of a kind of fold tectonic, to make the purpose of the present invention, skill
Art scheme and effect are clearer, clear and definite, and below the present invention is described in more detail.It should be appreciated that tool described herein
Body embodiment only to explain the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
The invention provides a kind of formation analogue means of fold tectonic, as shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, its bag
Test box main body 1 is included, test box main body 1 generally rectangular structure is welded by 5mm steel plates, the hollow only surrounding of front end face
The distance of 15mm is left, tempering transparency glass plate is can be inserted into, be i.e. the front end face of the test box main body 1 is provided with armorplate glass,
Both sides in test box main body 1 are respectively arranged with can be along the side push pedal 2 of the test movement of box main body 1, the top for testing box main body 1
Opening;Test box main body 1 bottom offers the bar hole 7 for also serving as guide rail, and test box main body 1 bottom is configured with bottom baffle 5, should
Multiple supporting studs 15 are disposed with bottom baffle 5, supporting studs 15 are penetrated in bar hole 7, and can be moved in bar hole 7,
That is multiple supporting studs 15 are in bar hole 7 by moving, and the upper end of supporting studs 15 is configured with bottom arc push pedal 4
Or base plane push pedal 12;When prepared by fold tectonic, the upper end of supporting studs 15 is configured with bottom arc push pedal 4, two sides
Push pedal 2 is moved towards in test box main body 1, and the top for testing box main body 1 is that opening 14 is in idle condition;In simulated test
When, the upper end of supporting studs 15 is configured with base plane push pedal 12, and two side push pedals 2 are moved towards in test box main body 1, opened
Top loading plate 13 is disposed with mouth 14, top loading plate 13 is moved towards with base plate plane push pedal 12 in test box main body 1.
Such as it is connected with side push pedal 2, the bottom baffle 5 by the horizontal addload system of twin shaft testing machine, vertical loading system, is controlled
Side push pedal 2 in the horizontal direction, the in the vertical direction of bottom baffle 5 movement, and then can control fold tectonic fold number,
Fold position and fold curvature.
Further, the both sides of above-mentioned test box main body 1 are respectively arranged with side board 3, side board 3 with it is corresponding
Multiple power transmission bolts 6 are evenly arranged between side push pedal 2, side board 3, side push pedal 2 are being all provided with the corresponding section of power transmission bolt 6
Nut 16 is equipped with, power transmission bolt 6 is penetrated in corresponding nut 16, on the welding side board 3 of nut 16, in each power transmission bolt 6
Universal caster 8 is each equipped with, side push pedal 2 is moved with power transmission bolt 6, two move toward one anothers of side push pedal 2, extrusion mode.
And bar-shaped trough 10 is provided with above-mentioned bottom baffle 5, bar-shaped trough 10 is identical with bar hole 7, and supporting studs 15 are worn
Cross bar hole 7 and bar-shaped trough 10 is reached and is fixed on bottom baffle 5 after specified location.Supporting studs 15 can also be adopted and power transmission
The parts such as the identical technical approach of bolt 6, such as supporting studs 15 configuration nut, Universal caster.The horizontal stroke of test box main body 1 bottom
Be provided with graduation mark in longitudinal side of the side with test box main body 1 side, graduation mark be used to determining supporting studs 15 and
The shift position of side push pedal 2, it is achieved thereby that being precisely controlled the motion track of supporting studs 15 and side push pedal 2.And each
Unidirectional buckle 9 is each equipped with power transmission bolt 6 and supporting studs 15, for fixing force transfer bolt 6 and the position of supporting studs 15.
According to different radian control fold curvature, base plane push pedal 12 is used for load test for bottom arc push pedal 4.Bottom
Portion arc push pedal 4 can be moved on bar hole 7, and its position and number need to select according to test.Pass through can supporting studs 15
And the bottom that bottom baffle 5 is fixed at any time correspondence nut test box main body 1 is borrowed, it is allowed to promote test box main body 1 relative
The test inner top loading plate 13 of box main body 1 is moved, and more they tends to model deformation by level and vertically extruding synchronous.Model tunnel
Can also make the arbitrary side push pedal 2 of model or bottom baffle 5 stop pressurization at any time in load test, realize various loading schemes.
Present invention also offers a kind of test method using the formation analogue means, such as Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 institute
Show, it includes fold tectonic forming step, fold tectonic roadway excavation step and fold tectonic load step;
Fold tectonic forming step includes:
According to actual geologic information, the similar proportion factor is determined, determine model size, fold curvature and analog material, select
After taking respective material, layering tiling is carried out, coal seam is layered on centre, layering number and each thickness are determined according to actual geologic information
Degree;In test box main body 1 bottom laying silicagel pad 11, then above-mentioned material is laid in silicagel pad 11;
The formation analogue means of laying above-mentioned material is positioned on twin shaft testing machine, two move toward one anothers of side push pedal 2 are horizontal
To extruding above-mentioned material, supporting studs 15 drive bottom arc push pedal 4 to move longitudinal direction extruding above-mentioned material upwards, until deformation reaches
During to preset requirement, two side push pedals 2 stop pressurization with bottom arc push pedal 4, form model;
Then analogue means taking-up will be formed and will be placed in drying in vacuum drying chamber, if model needs to be prepared into standard module of boundary
During type, take out after its is fully consolidated and cut and polished;If model need not be prepared into standard boundary model, with it is upper
Portion's equivalent material the silicagel pad 11 on model top is taken out its filling-in after its is fully consolidated;
Forming analogue means fold tectonic roadway excavation step includes:
Simulate before consolidation or in subsequent load roadway excavation as needed, if excavating before model consolidation, with tunnel
The hollow thin metal frame of size similar proportion conversion, surface smear oil is needing excavation position 17 to insert hollow thin metal frame, so
The material of hollow thin metal inframe is drawn out afterwards the model for obtaining needing loading;If excavating in loading after model consolidation, model is treated
After on-load pressure is stable, a rate of advance control is excavated within limits and stage by stage, will be excavated after position 17 digs through
Continue to load after voltage stabilizing;
Fold tectonic load step includes:
The above-mentioned model handled well is put back to be formed in analogue means, and up and down four end faces add silicagel pad in model
11, it is disposed with top loading plate 13 in the opening 14 for testing the top of box main body 1, it is synchronous by the bottom arc in supporting studs 15
Push pedal 4 is changed to base plane push pedal 12, will form analogue means and is moved back to after twin shaft testing machine, chooses loading scheme, makes two sides
Push pedal 2 is moved towards in test box main body 1, and top loading plate 13 is opposite in test box main body 1 with base plate plane push pedal 12
It is mobile, engineering stress loading simulation is carried out, the deformation and failure for excavating position, industrial phase are surveyed with digital speckle and Experimental on acoustic emission
Machine is carried out without interval shooting to overall process, and stress-strain relation can be recorded by the microcomputer of control twin shaft testing machine.
Some strength can be also born using model prepared by formation analogue means in the present invention, roadway excavation, coal can be carried out
The engineering simulations such as layer exploitation;The various combined loading tests in model tunnel can be also carried out using this device, so as to stability of the roadway
Property is made and effectively being analyzed;To fold tectonic Forming Mechanism and the offer relevant parameter of Evolution, but also can not only answer
The miscellaneous coal seam especially tunnel Rational Excavation containing fold tectonic coal seam and stability analysis aspect provide more accurately parameter.
Certainly, described above is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to enumerate above-described embodiment, should
When explanation, any those of ordinary skill in the art are all equivalent substitutes for being made, bright under the teaching of this specification
Aobvious variant, all falls within the essential scope of this specification, ought to be protected by the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. the formation analogue means of a kind of fold tectonic, it includes testing box main body, it is characterised in that before the test box main body
End face is provided with armorplate glass, tests the both sides in box main body and is respectively arranged with the side push pedal that can be moved along test box main body,
The top of test box main body is opening;Chamber bottom part body offers the bar hole for also serving as guide rail, and chamber bottom part body is matched somebody with somebody
Bottom baffle is equipped with, multiple supporting studs are disposed with the bottom baffle, supporting studs are penetrated in bar hole, and can be in bar hole
Interior movement, the upper end of supporting studs is configured with bottom arc push pedal or base plane push pedal;When prepared by fold tectonic, spiral shell is supported
The upper end of post is configured with bottom arc push pedal, and two side push pedals are moved towards in test box main body, test the top of box main body
Idle condition is in for opening;In simulated test, the upper end of supporting studs is configured with base plane push pedal, and two side push pedals exist
Move towards in test box main body, top loading plate is disposed with opening, top loading plate is with base plate plane push pedal in chamber
Move towards in main body;By the horizontal addload system of twin shaft testing machine, vertical loading system and side push pedal, the bottom baffle phase
Connection, control side push pedal in the horizontal direction, bottom baffle in the vertical direction movement, control fold tectonic fold number, pleat
Bent position and fold curvature;Pass through supporting studs and borrow correspondence nut at any time bottom baffle to be fixed on into test box main body
Bottom, is allowed to promote the loading plate movement of test box main body relative test box main body inner top, and mould is made with vertically extruding by level
Type deformation more they tends to synchronization.
2. formation analogue means according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the both sides of above-mentioned test box main body are respectively provided with
There is side board, multiple power transmission bolts have been evenly arranged between side board and corresponding side push pedal, side board, side push pedal exist
Nut is provided with power transmission bolt corresponding section, power transmission bolt is penetrated in corresponding nut, each power transmission bolt is each equipped with
Universal caster, side push pedal is moved with power transmission bolt.
3. formation analogue means according to claim 1, it is characterised in that be provided with bar-shaped trough on above-mentioned bottom baffle,
Bar-shaped trough is identical with bar hole, and supporting studs are reached with bar-shaped trough through bar hole and are fixed on bottom baffle after specified location.
4. formation analogue means according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the transverse sides of above-mentioned chamber bottom part body
Be provided with graduation mark in the longitudinal side of chamber body side, graduation mark is used to determine the position of supporting studs.
5. formation analogue means according to claim 2, it is characterised in that match somebody with somebody in each power transmission bolt and supporting studs
It is equipped with unidirectional buckle.
6. a kind of using the test method for forming analogue means as claimed in claim 1, it includes fold tectonic forming step, pleat
Song construction roadway excavation step and fold tectonic load step;
Fold tectonic forming step includes:
According to actual geologic information, the similar proportion factor being determined, determining model size, fold curvature and analog material, it is right to choose
After answering material, layering tiling is carried out, coal seam is layered on centre, layering number and each thickness degree are determined according to actual geologic information;
Chamber bottom part body lays silicagel pad, and then above-mentioned material is laid in silicagel pad;
The formation analogue means of laying above-mentioned material is positioned on twin shaft testing machine, two side push pedal move toward one another transverse shear stress
Longitudinal direction extruding above-mentioned material is moved upwards in above-mentioned material, supporting studs drive bottom arc push pedal, until deformation reaches default wanting
When asking, two side push pedals stop pressurization with bottom arc push pedal, form model;
Then analogue means taking-up will be formed and will be placed in drying in vacuum drying chamber, if model needs to be prepared into standard boundary model
When, take out after its is fully consolidated and cut and polished;If model need not be prepared into standard boundary model, use and top
Equivalent material the silicagel pad on model top is taken out its filling-in after its is fully consolidated;
Fold tectonic roadway excavation step includes:
Simulate before consolidation or in subsequent load roadway excavation as needed, if excavating before model consolidation, with heading sizes
The hollow thin metal frame of similar proportion conversion, surface smear oil is needing to excavate the hollow thin metal frame of position insertion, then by
The material of empty thin metal inframe draws out the model for obtaining needing loading;If excavating in loading after model consolidation, model loading pressure is treated
After power is stable, a rate of advance is controlled within limits and is excavated stage by stage, voltage stabilizing after position is dug through will be excavated follow-up
Continuous loading;
Fold tectonic load step includes:
The above-mentioned model handled well is put back to be formed in analogue means, and in model, up and down four end faces add silicagel pad, examination
Top loading plate is disposed with the opening of tryoff body top, synchronous is changed to bottom by the bottom arc push pedal in supporting studs
Plane push pedal, will form analogue means and is moved back to after twin shaft testing machine, choose loading scheme, make two side push pedals in test box main body
Inside move towards, top loading plate is moved towards with base plate plane push pedal in test box main body, carry out engineering stress loading mould
Intend, the deformation and failure for excavating position is surveyed with digital speckle and Experimental on acoustic emission, industrial camera carries out being clapped without interval to overall process
Take the photograph, stress-strain relation can be recorded by the microcomputer of control twin shaft testing machine.
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CN108106762B (en) * | 2017-12-18 | 2020-01-14 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | 3D printing photoelastic material and method for simulating loaded flexure stress distribution |
CN109709307B (en) * | 2019-01-07 | 2021-09-28 | 河海大学 | Simulation test device and method for similar materials under irregular boundary conditions |
CN111812022B (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2024-04-05 | 重庆大学 | System and method for visualizing three-dimensional strain field of coal and rock under complex geological structure |
CN111811955B (en) * | 2020-07-21 | 2022-02-22 | 西安科技大学 | Similar simulation test device and method based on curvature deformation |
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WO2004019010A1 (en) * | 2002-08-26 | 2004-03-04 | James Hardie International Finance B.V. | Soil test box |
CN101441208A (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2009-05-27 | 河海大学 | True triaxial instrument of deformation without side direction interference |
CN202217071U (en) * | 2011-09-08 | 2012-05-09 | 山东科技大学 | Lateral plate structure used for simulation test of water inrush test from mined coal seam floor |
CN203311726U (en) * | 2013-07-17 | 2013-11-27 | 东北石油大学 | Thrust fault structural physical simulation experiment device |
CN104142387A (en) * | 2014-07-15 | 2014-11-12 | 山东科技大学 | Horizontal simulation test bed for deep complex stress state |
CN204594709U (en) * | 2015-03-18 | 2015-08-26 | 山东科技大学 | The formation analogue means of fold tectonic |
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Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2004019010A1 (en) * | 2002-08-26 | 2004-03-04 | James Hardie International Finance B.V. | Soil test box |
CN101441208A (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2009-05-27 | 河海大学 | True triaxial instrument of deformation without side direction interference |
CN202217071U (en) * | 2011-09-08 | 2012-05-09 | 山东科技大学 | Lateral plate structure used for simulation test of water inrush test from mined coal seam floor |
CN203311726U (en) * | 2013-07-17 | 2013-11-27 | 东北石油大学 | Thrust fault structural physical simulation experiment device |
CN104142387A (en) * | 2014-07-15 | 2014-11-12 | 山东科技大学 | Horizontal simulation test bed for deep complex stress state |
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