CN104718933A - Annual continuous cropping wide-furrow corn yield prediction method and irrigation quality evaluation method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides an annual continuous cropping wide-furrow corn yield prediction method and an irrigation quality evaluation method. The length of an annual continuous cropping wide-furrow test plot is set to be 90 m, and the area of the test plot is 3600 m<2>; two lines of corn are planted, and the soil for testing is silt loam soil; meanwhile, through the physical chemistry effect on the soil, the average dry bulk density of the soil for testing is set to range from 1.35 g/cm<3> to 1.45 g/cm<3>, the field capacity ranges from 24% to 34%, the soil organic matter average content ranges from 0.87% to 0.97%, the total nitrogen average content ranges from 0.0539% to 0.0619%, the available nitrogen average content ranges from 45 ppm to 60 ppm, the rapid available phosphorus average content ranges from 11.8 ppm to 12.8 ppm, and the rapid available potassium average content ranges from 104.4 ppm to 105.4 ppm; according to the influence factors, corn yield S (with jin as a unit) prediction and irrigation quality Index (with % as a unit) evaluation are carried out. By means of the annual continuous cropping wide-furrow corn yield prediction method and the irrigation quality evaluation method, corn yield prediction and irrigation quality evaluation in an annual continuous cropping wide furrow are achieved through the tests, the agricultural water benefit is accordingly improved, and the targets for agriculture benefit increasing and farmer income increasing are achieved.

Description

The Forecasting Methodology of the corn yield of the wide furrow of a kind of anniversary continuous cropping and the evaluation method of quality of pouring water

Technical field:

The present invention relates to agricultural planting, field irrigation, be a kind of novel plantation and irrigation evaluation method, belong to agricultural engineering field.

Background technology:

For alleviating drought in North China semiarid zone lack of water situation, accelerating farmland water-saving paces, promoting irrigated area high-efficiency agriculture and modern agricultural development, pushing forward water-saving society establishment comprehensively.Just need actively to change cropping system, search for effective Water Saving Irrigation Mode, spread resisting drought saving water technology is effectively improve agricultural irrigation water availability, realize the reality need of agricultural water conservation, also be guide peasant to change irrigation idea, reduce water resource waste, realize the inevitable choice of agricultural sustainable development.At present, the northern area of China is at present mainly based on the furrow irrigation of traditional furrow, and traditional furrow furrow irrigation is that wheat is carried out and flatly done border irrigation, and after harvesting wheat, whole ground stubble-cleaning ridging does ditch, row spacing 20cm, furrow width 40cm, ridge is planted a line corn.But how to carry out yield prediction at the wide furrow corn of anniversary continuous cropping and to carry out pouring water quality evaluation, thus to improve agricultural water benefit, achieving growth of agricultural efficiency, the target of increasing peasant income but do not carry out practical operation.

Summary of the invention:

For the problems referred to above, the present invention aim to provide a kind of plantation simple, irrigate easy, can improve the yield prediction of water use efficiency and water production efficiency and the method for Controlled irrigation, which is particularly useful for the area of northern arid and semi-arid lack of water.

Technical solution of the present invention is as follows: the Forecasting Methodology of the corn yield of the wide furrow of a kind of anniversary continuous cropping and the evaluation method of quality of pouring water, step 1: first the experimental field block length of wide for anniversary continuous cropping furrow is set as 90m, area is 3600m ^2,; Planting two row corns, is silt loam for the examination soil texture, simultaneously by the physical and chemical effect to soil, the average dry density for examination soil is set in 1.35g/cm ³~ 1.45g/cm ³between, field capacity is between 24% ~ 34%, and soil organic matter average content is 0.87% ~ 0.97%, full nitrogen average content 0.0539% ~ 0.0619%, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen average content 45-60ppm, rapid available phosphorus average content 11.8ppm ~ 12.8ppm, available potassium 104.4ppm ~ 105.4ppm;

Step 2: according to measurement, obtains average temperature of the whole year T (unit DEG C), mean annual precipitation R (unit mm), average sunshine duration H (unit h), frost-free season T ₀(unit sky);

The predicted value of the predicted value and pour water quality evaluation Index (unit %), the corn yield S of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping of carrying out the corn yield S (unit jin) of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping according to above-mentioned influence factor affected by crop water consumption in the time of infertility and natural environment two parts factor;

Step 3: at present, the relation adopting quadratic function relation and formula one to represent the corn yield S of crop water consumption in the time of infertility and the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping more:

Formula one S=aET ²+ bET+c

Wherein the ET of formula one is crop water consumption in the time of infertility (mm), and a, b, c are different integers, as the design factor for predicting;

Corn yield S appears at dS/dET=0 place, and the water consumption value at definition dS/dET=0 place is ETmax, substitutes into formula one, then ETmax=-b/2a;

Step 4: at present, the relation adopting linear function relation and formula two to describe the corn yield S of geographical environment (area in the test plot of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping) and the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping more:

Formula two S=xyET

X wherein in formula two is line-spacing (unit cm), and the spacing, the y that namely plant two row corns are spacing in the rows, the spacing (unit cm) namely between individual plant;

At present, the relation adopting linear function relation and formula three to describe natural environment and corn yield S more:

Formula Three S's=T ₀× H (ET × T-R)

Step 5: obtain total yield effect coefficient lambda=aET according to formula one, formula two, formula three ²+ bET+c+xyET+T ₀× H (ET × T-R), and in an anniversary, S and ET is time variations, an anniversary in agricultural production, namely be the least unit of agricultural production with time, can think on its time to be the differential property led, according to formula one, the coefficient obtaining corn yield mainly time scale be ET square coefficient change, and obtain the formula four of time output differential:

Formula four: $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{\mathrm{dS}}{\mathrm{dET}}\mathrm{dET}$

Formula five is obtained according to formula one, formula two, formula three, formula four:

Formula five $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{\mathrm{aE}{T}^2+\mathrm{bET}+c+\mathrm{xyET}+T_0\&times;H(\mathrm{ET}\&times;T-R)}\mathrm{dET}$

Step 6: set the first factor of influence P=(b+xy+T ₀× H × T)/a; Second factor of influence Q=(c-T ₀× H × R)/a; 3rd factor of influence 4th factor of influence

The output finally obtaining the corn yield S of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping according to the first factor of influence, the second factor of influence, the 3rd factor of influence, the 4th factor of influence is

$\frac{1}{a}\&times;\left(\frac{1}{2}\ln \right|m^2+n^2|-\frac{P}{2n}\mathrm{arctg}\frac{m}{n})$

Step 7: three evaluation indexes of the evaluation method of the quality of pouring water of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping are for irrigating the effective utilization ratio A of water (unit %), water storage efficiency B (unit %) and uniformity of irrigation water appilcation C (unit %); The cumulative sum of three evaluation indexes of the evaluation method of the quality of pouring water of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping and described S-phase are yardstick except obtaining Index, the maximum optimal value being the evaluation method of the quality of pouring water of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping of the value of Index.

Specific embodiment:

In order to make technical problem to be solved by this invention, technical scheme and beneficial effect clearly understand, the present invention will be described in detail below.It should be noted that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explain the present invention, be not intended to limit the present invention, the product that can realize said function belongs to equivalent to be replaced and improves, and is all included within protection scope of the present invention.Concrete grammar is as follows:

Embodiment 1:

What most preferred embodiment of the present invention adopted is at land for growing field crops ditching ridging, and ridge is trapezoidal ridge.It is in October, 2010 ~ 2014 year September to corn yield S Forecasting Methodology (unit jin) and the quality evaluating method Index that pours water (unit %), carry out in water-saving agriculture multi-center trial field, Henan Province, geographical position, test region is north latitude 33 ° 35 ', east longitude 111 ° 25 ', height above sea level 110.4m, belong to the continental monsoon climate in north temperate zone, make a clear distinction between the four seasons.Average temperature of the whole year 14.5 DEG C, mean annual precipitation 637.1mm, average sunshine duration 5.6h, frost-free season 220d.Then under such weather conditions, 90m is set as in the experimental field block length of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping, area 3600m ²; Supply the examination soil texture to be silt loam, simultaneously by the physical and chemical effect to soil, the average dry density of soil is set in 1.35g/cm ³~ 1.45g/cm ³between, field capacity is between 24% ~ 34%, and soil organic matter average content is 0.87% ~ 0.97%, full nitrogen average content 0.0539% ~ 0.0619%, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen average content 45-60ppm, rapid available phosphorus average content 11.8ppm ~ 12.8ppm, available potassium 104.4ppm ~ 105.4ppm;

Wherein field physical features is smooth, and the row of filling is convenient.Be provided with automatic weather station in test site, automatically detect the relevant weather data such as air themperature and humidity, intensity of solar radiation, wind speed.

Except according to pouring water, comprising the evaluation indexes such as effective utilization ratio, water storage efficiency and uniformity of irrigation water appilcation and using simultaneously and more comprehensively could evaluate field corn output.These technology essential factors of row spacing, furrow width, ditch depth are also the blocking factors of prediction corn yield, in addition, and average temperature of the whole year T (unit DEG C), mean annual precipitation R (unit mm), average sunshine duration H (unit h), frost-free season T ₀(unit sky) is all indispensable principle, and when determining the optimum organization of Different irrigation technology essential factor, the cumulative sum of above 3 prediction index is yardstick, and accumulated value is maximum is optimal value under this technology essential factor.

Corn seeding method on ridge, plants two row corns, line-spacing 50cm, spacing in the rows 20 ~ 25cm.

Irrigation method is in crop key physiological period, irrigated farmland irrigation water in ditch, and ridge field crops relies on the side of moisture in ditch to ooze to meet its water demand, irrigation quantity with unrestrained ridge for foundation.

The wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping is planted two row corns, obtains corn yield S (unit jin) and the quality evaluating method Index that pours water (unit %) according to factor of influence;

Wherein the spacing of two row corns is the spacing between line-spacing x (unit cm), individual plant is spacing in the rows y (unit cm);

Average temperature of the whole year T (unit DEG C), mean annual precipitation R (unit mm), average sunshine duration H (unit h), frost-free season T ₀(unit sky);

According to the predicted value of the corn yield S in the wide furrow of above correlation technique factor prediction anniversary continuous cropping, wherein the predicted value of corn yield S affected by crop water consumption in the time of infertility and natural environment two parts factor,

Adopt quadratic function relation to represent the relation of crop water consumption in the time of infertility and corn yield S, this quadratic function relation is generally obtained according to prediction by long-term data, and concrete formula is as follows:

S＝aET ²+bET+c (1)

In formula: ET is crop water consumption in the time of infertility (mm); A, b, c are the different predictive coefficient that quadratic function obtains;

Corn yield S appears at dS/dET=0 place, and the water consumption value defining this place is ETmax, substitutes into formula (1), then ETmax=-b/2a; At present, the relation adopting linear function relation to describe geographical environment (area in the test plot of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping) and corn yield S more:

S＝xyET (2)

At present, the relation adopting linear function relation to describe natural environment and corn yield S more:

S＝T ₀×H(ET×T-R) (3)

These two linear functions in general, because find that according to calculating the natural causes such as output and sunlight are all the relations be directly proportional, only only have certain time to produce fluctuation, obtain total yield effect coefficient lambda=aET according to formula (1), (2), (3) ²+ bET+c+xyET+T ₀× H (ET × T-R), due in an anniversary, corn yield S and ET is time variations, an anniversary in agricultural production, namely be the least unit of agricultural production with time, can think on its time to be the differential property led, according to main formulas (1) S=aET ²+ bET+c, the coefficient obtaining output S mainly time scale be ET square coefficient change, and obtain time output differential formulas

Formula (1), (2), (3) are substituted into formula (4) and obtain following formula:

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{\mathrm{aE}{T}^2+\mathrm{bET}+c+\mathrm{xyET}+T_0\&times;H(\mathrm{ET}\&times;T-R)}\mathrm{dET}---\left(5\right)$

Formula (5) is solved

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{\mathrm{aE}{T}^2+(b+\mathrm{xy}+T_0\&times;H\&times;T)\mathrm{ET}+c-T_0\&times;H\&times;R}\mathrm{dET}$

Make (b+xy+T ₀× H × T)/a=P; (c-T ₀× H × R)/a=Q;

Then $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\&times;\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{E{T}^2+P\&times;\mathrm{ET}+Q}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\&times;\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{E{T}^2+\frac{P}{2}\&times;\mathrm{ET}+{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2+(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\&times;\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})}^2+(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\&times;\frac{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})-\frac{P}{2}}{{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})}^2+(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\&times;\frac{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})-\frac{P}{2}}{{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})}^2+(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\&times;\frac{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})-\frac{P}{2}}{{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})}^2+{\left(\sqrt{(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}\right)}^2}\mathrm{dET}$

Order $\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2}=m;\sqrt{(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}=n$

Then $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\&times;\frac{m-\frac{P}{2}}{m^2+n^2}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\&times;(\frac{m}{m^2+n^2}-\frac{P}{2}\frac{1}{m^2+n^2})\mathrm{dET}$

Finally obtain $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\&times;\left(\frac{1}{2}\ln \right|m^2+n^2|-\frac{P}{2n}\mathrm{arctg}\frac{m}{n})$

DS is at the wide furrow corn yield of anniversary continuous cropping, and also namely in the continuous anniversary, the output of S is $\frac{1}{a}\&times;\left(\frac{1}{2}\ln \right|m^2+n^2|-\frac{P}{2n}\mathrm{arctg}\frac{m}{n})+C;$ Any real number that C is greater than zero, can retrain the value of C in this experiment according to various condition (just, boundary value condition).

Pour water three evaluation indexes of quality evaluating method for irrigating the effective utilization ratio A of water (unit %), water storage efficiency B (unit %) and uniformity of irrigation water appilcation C (unit %); The cumulative sum Sw of three evaluation indexes of field pipe-net quality and S-phase are yardstick except obtaining Index, the maximum optimal value being quality evaluating method of pouring water of the value of Index.

Embodiment two: the test and the mathematical prediction process that illustrate the relation of crop water consumption in the time of infertility in the present invention and corn yield S, this is artificial ridging experimental field, ditch section adopts tapered in form, trapezoid-shaped trench ditch ridge specification is respectively 70cm and 40cm, ridge height 20cm, adjacent two ditch centre distances are 110cm.

The irrigation scheme of this test summer corn is in table 1; The Yield And Yield Components of summer corn is in table 2; The water use efficiency of summer corn is in table 3.

Table 1 summer corn irrigation scheme design (mm)

Table 2 yield of Summer Corn and Components thereof

The water production efficiency of table 3 summer corn

Under 70cm row spacing condition, when face, the field gradient is 1 ‰, furrow width selects 40cm, ditch depth to select the irrigation effect of 20cm best, and quality of pouring water 3 evaluation index sums reach 280.77%, adopt ridge top width 70cm, ridge bottom width 90cm, ridge height 20cm, ditch bottom width 20cm, ditch top width 40cm, at ridge year last week crop rotation maize planting, pour water in ditch; At present, the relation adopting quadratic function relation to represent Crop growing stage water consumption and output more:

Y＝aET ²+bET+c (1)

In formula: Y is crop yield (kg/hm ²), ET is crop water consumption in the time of infertility (mm), and a, b, c are respectively design factor.

The maximum production of crop appears at dY/dET=0 place, and the water consumption value defining this place is ET _max, substitute into formula 1, then ET _max=-b/2a.

According to the field trial field data of summer corn, can put respectively draw general planting pattern and integrated ridge culture planting pattern output and the time of infertility water consumption graph of a relation, and present the higher parabolic relation of degree of correlation both analyzing.Relation curve can be divided into three phases: the first stage is that output increases the stage rapidly with the increase of water consumption; Second stage is the increase slow build phase of output with water consumption, and this stage curve arrives summit; After phase III summit, output presents negative growth along with the raising of water consumption.The soil moisture environment of the Changing Pattern that yield of Summer Corn presents and crop is closely related, when soil moisture is too low, needs water because not meeting plant physiology, and growth is suppressed and the underproduction; When soil moisture is too high, make soil aeration bad, deep percolation increases, and causes nutrient to run off in a large number, causes the underproduction.

The water production functions relational expression of summer corn is:

Y＝–0.274ET ²+231.58ET–41208 R ²＝0.9435 (2)

Calculate wide ridge summer maize under furrow irrigation condition by formula 2 and obtain maximum production 7723.84kg/hm ²time water consumption be 422.59mm; Calculate general planting pattern summer corn by formula 2 and obtain maximum production 7099.094kg/hm ²time water consumption be 452.91mm.Plantation result shows that yield of Summer Corn improves 624.75kg/hm when economizing on water 30.32mm ².This illustrates that the loose furrow of wheat, corn is filled with can realize summer corn saving irrigation model.

Total yield effect coefficient can be obtained according to above-mentioned research, and the change of time output differential formulas about the time can be obtained in an anniversary, then differential formulas be solved and just can predict at the wide furrow corn yield of anniversary continuous cropping;

Invention effect of the present invention is according to practice, has the following advantages in the wide furrow corn yield prediction of anniversary continuous cropping and quality evaluating method of pouring water:

Water-saving irrigation is realized by technological innovation, and can according to irrigation, natural conditions predicted time unit corn output.

And according to weather condition, irrigation conditions is to long-term cropping on ridge, and furrow is vacated for irrigating, and furrow increases ventilation and penetrating light, and increase yield adjusts.

The basis of prediction solves realization wheel of ploughing plough, three to five annual rings are ploughed once, are rehabilitated in arable land.

Can water-saving irrigation with good conditionsi on the basis of forecast production, pour water in furrow, save time water saving and workable, is conducive to field management, be convenient to field fertilization and spray insecticide, foliage fertilizer.

Claims (1)

1. the Forecasting Methodology of the corn yield of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping and an evaluation method for quality of pouring water, is characterized in that:

Step 1: first the experimental field block length of the wide furrow of described anniversary continuous cropping is set as 90m, area is 3600m ^2,; Planting two row corns, is silt loam for the examination soil texture, simultaneously by the physical and chemical effect to soil, the described average dry density for examination soil is set in 1.35g/cm ³~ 1.45g/cm ³between, field capacity is between 24% ~ 34%, and soil organic matter average content is 0.87% ~ 0.97%, full nitrogen average content 0.0539% ~ 0.0619%, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen average content 45-60ppm, rapid available phosphorus average content 11.8ppm ~ 12.8ppm, available potassium 104.4ppm ~ 105.4ppm;

Step 2: according to measurement, obtains average temperature of the whole year T (unit DEG C), mean annual precipitation R (unit mm), average sunshine duration H (unit h), frost-free season T ₀(unit sky);

The predicted value of the predicted value and pour water quality evaluation Index (unit %), the corn yield S of the wide furrow of described anniversary continuous cropping of carrying out the corn yield S (unit jin) of the wide furrow of described anniversary continuous cropping according to above-mentioned influence factor affected by crop water consumption in the time of infertility and natural environment two parts factor;

Step 3: at present, the relation adopting quadratic function relation and formula one to represent the corn yield S of described crop water consumption in the time of infertility and the wide furrow of described anniversary continuous cropping more:

Formula one S=aET ²+ bET+c

Wherein the ET of formula one is crop water consumption in the time of infertility (unit mm), and a, b, c are different integers, as the design factor for predicting;

Described corn yield S appears at dS/dET=0 place, and the water consumption value defining described dS/dET=0 place is ETmax, substitutes into formula one, then described ETmax=-b/2a;

Step 4: at present, the relation adopting linear function relation and formula two to describe the corn yield S of geographical environment (area in the described test plot at the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping) and the wide furrow of described anniversary continuous cropping more:

Formula two S=xyET

X wherein in formula two is line-spacing (unit cm), and namely the spacing of described plantation two row corn, y are spacing in the rows, the spacing (unit cm) namely between individual plant;

At present, the relation adopting linear function relation and formula three to describe described natural environment and described corn yield S more:

Formula Three S's=T ₀× H (ET × T-R)

Step 5: obtain total yield effect coefficient according to formula one, formula two, formula three

λ=aET ²+ bET+c+xyET+T ₀× H (ET × T-R), and in an anniversary, S and ET is time variations, an anniversary in agricultural production, namely be the least unit of agricultural production with time, can think on its time to be the differential property led, according to formula one, the coefficient obtaining described corn yield mainly time scale be ET square coefficient change, and obtain the formula four of time output differential:

Formula four: $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{\mathrm{dS}}{\mathrm{dET}}\mathrm{dET}$

Formula five is obtained according to formula one, formula two, formula three, formula four:

Formula five $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{a{\mathrm{ET}}^2+\mathrm{bET}+c+\mathrm{xyET}+T_0\&times;H(\mathrm{ET}\&times;T-R)}\mathrm{dET}$

Step 6: set the first factor of influence P=(b+xy+T ₀× H × T)/a; Second factor of influence

Q=(c-T ₀× H × R)/a; 3rd factor of influence 4th factor of influence

The output finally obtaining the corn yield S of the wide furrow of described anniversary continuous cropping according to described first factor of influence, described second factor of influence, described 3rd factor of influence, described 4th factor of influence is

$\frac{1}{a}\&times;\left(\frac{1}{2}\ln \right|m^2+n^2|-\frac{P}{2n}\mathrm{arctg}\frac{m}{n})+C$

Wherein C be greater than zero real number;

Step 7: three evaluation indexes of the evaluation method of the quality of pouring water of the wide furrow of described anniversary continuous cropping are for irrigating the effective utilization ratio A of water (unit %), water storage efficiency B (unit %) and uniformity of irrigation water appilcation C (unit %); The cumulative sum Sw of three evaluation indexes of the evaluation method of the quality of pouring water of the wide furrow of described anniversary continuous cropping and described S-phase are yardstick except obtaining Index, the maximum optimal value being the evaluation method of the quality of pouring water of the wide furrow of described anniversary continuous cropping of the value of described Index.