CN104680369A - 通过小型化读卡器进行金融交易的系统和方法 - Google Patents

通过小型化读卡器进行金融交易的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN104680369A
CN104680369A CN201510109013.7A CN201510109013A CN104680369A CN 104680369 A CN104680369 A CN 104680369A CN 201510109013 A CN201510109013 A CN 201510109013A CN 104680369 A CN104680369 A CN 104680369A
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詹姆斯·M·麦凯尔维
萨姆·文
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Abstract

本发明公开一种通过小型化读卡器进行金融交易的系统和方法。该方法预期使个人能够通过将磁条卡刷过连接至移动设备的读卡器而完成金融交易的系统和方法。读卡器的尺寸被小型化成便携式的，以连接至移动设备。读卡器被配置成在单次刷卡中以最小误差可靠地读取编码在卡的磁条中的数据，并且将与所读取的数据相对应的信号提供给移动设备，然后移动设备对来自读卡器的进来信号进行解码，并且充当销售点设备，以完成金融交易。这种方法使人能够在不必购买昂贵的读卡器设备或软件的情况下成为小商家(收款人)或买家/顾客(付款人)。

Description

通过小型化读卡器进行金融交易的系统和方法
本申请是申请日为2010年10月13日、申请号为201080051400.5(PCT/US2010/052481)的标题为“通过小型化读卡器进行金融交易的系统和方法”的专利申请的分案申请。
背景技术
日常商业中流行塑料卡，这种塑料卡的一侧上嵌有磁条。这些卡用于多种交易，以例如通过使用信用卡、借记卡或汽油记账卡为购买的东西付款。记账卡或借记卡还可以用来通过使用自动取款机(ATM)与银行办理交易业务。磁条卡能够通过改变嵌入磁条中的磁性颗粒的磁性来存储数据。在磁条上存储的数据可以通过将磁条刷过读取头来检测或读取。通过检测磁条而获得的模拟波形必须经过被称为解码的处理，以获得存储在卡的磁条中的数字信息。
目前，市场上存在数百种磁条读取器/刷卡器，它们都至少与信用卡本身一样长。这些现有读取器/刷卡器可以分为平台式读卡器或插入式读卡器。平台式读卡器是具有单条导轨的传统刷卡器，其允许使用者将卡靠着读卡器的基体并移过读卡器的读取头。插入式刷卡器通过两套导轨和后档引导磁条卡。一旦使用者将卡插到后档，就在从插入式刷卡器中移走时对卡进行读取。由于插入式刷卡器不太容易受到黑客入侵，因此在ATM和其它自缴费设备上常用。
具有标准规范的磁条卡通常能够由商家所在地的销售点设备读取。当将卡刷过商店里结账柜台上的电子读卡器(例如平台式读卡器)时，读卡器一般会使用内建的调制解调器来拨打处理信用认证请求的公司的号码。一旦认证了帐户，就将认可信号发送回商家以完成交易。
虽然商家普遍使用磁条卡，但是个人没有办法利用磁条卡通过将卡刷过连接至他/她的移动设备上的简单读卡器而接收来自另一个人(不是商家)的支付。作为非限制性示例，一个人可以因为债务而欠另一人钱，并且传统的还债方法是提供现金或支票。能够使用信用卡或借记卡来偿还债务会很方便。此外，个人能够通过将其磁条卡刷过连接至移动设备的读卡器来向另一个人或商家付款是有优势的。
相关领域的上述示例和与其有关的限制旨在是说明性的不是排他性的。当阅读说明书和研究附图时，相关领域的其它限制将变得清楚。
附图说明
图1示出通过连接至移动设备的小型化读卡器支持在付款人和收款人之间进行金融交易的系统示意图的范例；
图2示出小型化读卡器的外部结构示意图的范例；
图3(a)－图3(b)示出具有小型化设计的实际读卡器的范例；
图4(a)－图4(b)示出在读卡器的读取头和被刷磁条卡的磁条之间对齐的范例；
图5示出作为读卡器一部分的TRS连接器的范例；
图6(a)－图6(c)示出小型化读卡器的内部结构的范例；
图7(a)－图7(b)分别示出当以正向和反向将磁条卡刷过读卡器的卡槽时读取头从磁条的一条磁道中读取的数据波形的范例；
图8示出支持通过小型化便携式读卡器刷具有磁条的卡的过程范例的流程图；
图9示出嵌入读卡器中的无源ID电路的示意图范例；
图10示出包含无源ID电路22的对用户体验有贡献的附加部件的示意图的范例；
图11示出图10中所示无源ID电路22的实施方式的范例；
图12示出通过无源ID电路向移动设备传递唯一ID的过程范例的流程图；
图13示出包括在无源ID电路中的用于对读卡器的唯一ID进行加密和解密的附加加密和/或解密系统的范例；
图14示出支持在将具有磁条的卡刷过小型化便携式读卡器时进来的信号的解码的过程范例的流程图；
图15示出通过连接至移动设备的小型化读卡器支持在付款人和收款人之间进行金融交易的过程范例的流程图；
图16(a)－图16(f)示出通过连接至移动设备的小型化读卡器在购买者和商家之间进行的金融交易的范例的屏幕截图。
具体实施方式
在附图中，方法是作为示例而不是作为限制说明的，附图中类似的附图标记表示类似的元件。应当注意，本发明公开中引用的“一个”或“一些”实施例不一定指相同实施例，这种引用意味着至少一个。
提出了一种新方法，该新方法预期使个人能够通过将磁条卡刷过连接至移动设备的读卡器而完成金融交易的系统和方法。这里，金融交易可以是涉及从一个人向另一个人接收或发送支付的任何交易。磁条卡可以是但不限于信用卡、借记卡或者能够执行金融交易的其它类型的支付认证片。读卡器的尺寸被小型化为便携式的，以便于连接至移动设备。读卡器被配置成在一次刷卡中以最低的误差可靠地读取在卡的磁条中编码的数据，并且向移动设备提供与所读取的数据相对应的信号，移动设备然后对来自读卡器的进来信号进行解码并充当销售点设备以完成金融交易。这种方法使人能够在不必购买昂贵的读卡器设备或软件的情况下成为小商家(收款人)或买家/顾客(付款人)。
图1示出通过连接至移动设备的小型化读卡器支持在付款人和收款人之间进行金融交易的系统示意图的范例。虽然示意图将多个部件示出为在功能上分离，但是这种图示仅用于说明用途。很明显，该图中描绘的部件可以任意组合或划分成分离的软件、固件和/或硬件部件。而且，还可以理解，无论如何组合或划分这些部件，这些部件都能够在同一主机或多个主机上执行，并且其中多个主机可以通过一个或多个网络连接。
在图1的范例中，系统包括移动设备100、连接至移动设备100的小型化读卡器10、全部在移动设备100上运行的解码引擎110、用户交互引擎120和交易引擎130。此外，系统还可以包括全部连接至交易引擎130的用户数据库140、产品或服务数据库150和交易数据库160中的一个或多个。
这里所使用的术语“引擎”指的是软件、固件、硬件或用来实现某种目的的其它部件。引擎通常会包括存储在非易失性存储器(也称为次存储器)中的软件指令。当执行这些软件指令时，处理器将软件指令的至少一部分装载到存储器(也称为主存储器)内。然后处理器执行存储器中的软件指令。处理器可以是共用处理器、专用处理器或共用处理器和专用处理器的结合。通常的程序包括对硬件部件(例如I/O设备)的调用，这通常需要执行驱动程序。驱动程序可以被认为是或者不是引擎的一部分，但是这种区别并不重要。
这里使用的术语“数据库”宽泛地用来包括用于存储数据的任何已知或实用的装置，无论其是集中式的还是分布式的，是关联的还是其它。
在图1的范例中，便携式读卡器10所连接的移动设备100可以是但不限于移动电话(例如苹果公司的iPhone)、其它便携式电子设备(例如苹果公司的iPodTouch、苹果公司的iPad以及基于谷歌(Google)公司的安卓操作系统的移动设备)以及包括至少能够接收信号、在需要时进行解码、与交易服务器交换信息以验证买家和/或卖家帐户信息、执行交易并产生收据的软件、固件、硬件或其组合的任何其它便携式电子设备。移动设备100的典型部件可以包括但不限于永久性存储器(例如快闪式ROM)、随机存取存储器(例如SRAM)、照相机、电池、LCD驱动器、显示器、蜂窝天线、扬声器、蓝牙电路和WIFI电路，其中永久性存储器可以包含移动设备的程序、应用程序和/或操作系统。
小型化读卡器
在图1的范例中，小型化读卡器10被配置成读取在买家刷的卡的磁条中编码的数据，并且通过信号插头18向移动设备100发送与所读取的数据相对应的信号。读卡器10的尺寸被小型化成便携式的，以便与移动设备100连接。作为非限制性范例，读卡器10的尺寸可以小型化成小于1.5″的总长度。此外，小型化读卡器10还被设计成通过抵消由移动设备100进行的特定卖主过滤(Vendor specificfiltering)经过单次刷卡以最低误差可靠地对卡进行读取。注意到，该概括叙述意指非限制性的，因为该过程的多个部件表现在不同的实施例中。例如，解码引擎110可以如图13中所示那样作为解码系统42被嵌入读卡器10中。图2示出小型化读卡器10的外部结构示意图的范例。虽然示意图将多个部件示出为在功能上分离，但是这种图示仅用于说明用途。很明显，该图中描绘的部件可以任意组合或划分成分离的软件、固件和/或硬件部件。
在图2的范例中，示出小型化读卡器10至少包括具有卡槽14的壳体12、嵌在卡槽14壁上的读取头16、从壳体12向外延伸的信号插头18和可选的无源ID电路22。图3(a)示出具有小型化设计的实际读卡器的范例，并且图3(b)示出宽度为大约0.5″的小型化读卡器的其它范例。
在图2的范例中，读卡器10的壳体12被设计成关于卡槽14非对称，在壳体的一侧上具有能够通过用户通过手指的触摸而感觉和识别的纹理(例如商标)。为了正确刷卡，壳体12的纹理侧应当与卡的纹理侧(前侧)匹配，使得用户能够在不实际看读卡器或卡的情况下容易地识别读卡器的正确一侧，以将卡刷过卡槽14。甚至盲人也能够通过将读卡器的纹理侧与卡的纹理侧匹配而正确刷卡。
在图2的范例中，卡槽14足够宽且足够深，以便接收具有磁条的卡，使得磁条装入卡槽14内。更重要的是，卡槽14被配置成在卡刷过卡槽14时减少施加在读卡器10上的扭矩，以便保持由读取头16读取的数据的精度和可靠性。由于读卡器10的尺寸被小型化，因此卡槽14的长度明显小于要插入卡槽14内的卡的长度。
为了正确读取卡的磁条上的数据，在卡移过卡槽14时，读取头14必须与磁条保持接触。如果卡在刷卡的过程中摇动，则可能破坏读取头12与磁条的对准。由于卡槽14的长度(即卡刷过卡槽14时经过的卡路径)被缩短，因此震动和读取头对准可能成为重要问题。如图4(a)中所示，如果在卡的基体不靠在平底片上的情况下刷磁条卡，在将卡刷过具有平基体15的卡槽14时，磁条不会与读取头16对准。
在一些实施例中，卡槽14的基体可以从平的变成具有半径的弯曲基体，以便增加读取头14和磁条之间的接触来解决摇动问题。如图4(b)中所示，即使存在由弯曲基体15引入的接触渐变所导致的某些额外误差，读取头16也能与磁条保持接触。
图5示出作为读卡器10的一部分的信号插头18的范例。这里，信号插头18可以是但不限于TRS(尖、环、套)连接器(也称为音频插头、听筒插头、插头、立体声插头、迷你插头或者迷你立体声音频连接器)。信号插头18可以形成为不同尺寸，例如3.5mm或2.5mm的小型版本。
在一些实施例中，信号插头18可以可缩回到壳体12内。在一些实施例中，信号插头18被配置成延伸到读卡器的壳体12以外，以便适应与具有外壳或具有凹陷插座的移动设备的连接，其中插座可以是但不限于移动设备的麦克风输入插座或者音频线路输入端。
在一些实施例中，读卡器10的壳体12由非导电材料(例如塑料)制成，使得读卡器不会对与其连接的移动设备100的功能产生干扰。这种材料的选择是重要的，因为某些移动设备(例如iPhone4)的壳体导电且充当该设备的天线，如果该设备的金属外壳与由导电材料制成的读卡器的壳体接触，那么其功能可能受到干扰。
图6(a)示出小型化读卡器的内部结构示意图的范例。虽然示意图将多个部件示出为在功能上分离，但是这种图示仅用于说明用途。很明显，该图中描绘的部件可以任意组合或划分成分离的软件、固件和/或硬件部件。
在图6(a)的范例中，示出读卡器10壳体12内部的结构至少包括具有嵌入式电路的读取头16以及支撑读取头16的弹簧结构20。图6(b)示出实际的小型化读卡器的内部结构的范例。图6(c)示出在实际的小型化读卡器中使用的读取头16和弹簧结构20的分离部件的范例。
在图6(a)－图6(c)的范例中，读取头16(作为非限制性范例，其可以是感应性拾取头)检测存储在卡的磁条中的数据，并将读取的数据提供给所连接的移动设备100。更具体地说，当卡的磁条刷过卡槽14并且与读取头16接触时，读卡器设备10通过嵌入读取头内的检测电路，读取存储在卡的磁条中的一条或多条磁道的数据或信息。这里，在磁条中存储的数据可以采用ISO7811标准中描述的磁转变形式。当卡移过读取头16时，表示数据的磁转变由于读取头16和磁条之间的这种相对运动而在读取头16的线圈(未示出)中感应产生电压或波形(称为霍尔效应)，其中读取头16内部的电阻器(未示出)设置波形的幅度。该波形通过信号插头18发送到由与读卡器10连接的移动设备100的麦克风所配准的插座内。
在一些实施例中，读卡器的读取头16能够仅从磁条中读取一个磁道的数据(磁道1和磁道2之一，但不是两者)，以便减小紧凑型读取头16的尺寸和结构复杂度，因为在读取头中仅需要包括一根针。图7(a)－图7(b)分别示出当以正向和反向将卡刷过卡槽14时读取头16从磁条的磁道1(而不是像传统读取头那样读取磁道1和磁道2两个磁道)中读取的数据波形的范例。
在一些实施例中，读卡器10的壳体12的尺寸或厚度被配置成足够窄，以仅容纳单个读取头16。这种设计意在防止篡改，使得即使篡改了壳体12，也不能向读卡器10添加附加电路并且这种篡改会使读卡器不能工作。
在图6(a)－图6(c)的范例中，弹簧结构20是不通过螺钉安装到读取头16上的柔性弹簧，其使读取头悬置到读卡器10的壳体12上。这里，弹簧20可以或者通过螺钉连接到壳体12上，或者不使用任何螺钉而熔接到塑料壳体12上。当卡移过小型化读卡器上的读取头16时，任何的卡弯曲或未对准都可能导致读取头失去与磁条的接触。弹簧20允许悬置的读取头16旋转，同时保持接触压力，以便跟踪正被刷的卡的磁条。弹簧20被设计成小到足以装入小型化读卡器10内，但是有足够的强度，以便在刷卡过程中保持良好的接触。与传统的弹簧结构不同，弹簧20将对读取头20的支撑布置在弹簧的总体形状内部，这允许弹簧在不必使一个支撑可移动的情况下弯曲。
图8示出支持通过小型化便携式读卡器刷具有磁条的卡的过程范例的流程图。虽然为了说明该图以特定的顺序示出各个功能步骤，但是该过程不局限于任何特定的步骤顺序或者步骤排列。相关领域的技术人员可以理解，该图中描绘的各个步骤可以以各种方式省略、重新排列、组合和/或调整。
在图8的范例中，流程图800从框802开始，将小型化读卡器构建为在刷卡过程中提供读取头和磁条之间的充分接触。流程图800继续进行到框804，将具有磁条的卡刷过小型化读卡器的卡槽。流程图800继续进行到框806，读取头可靠地读取存储在磁条中的数据，并产生表示存储在磁条中的数据的模拟信号或波形。流程图800继续进行到框808，读取头内的电路设置波形的幅度。流程图800在框810结束，通过信号插头18将所设置的波形提供给与小型化读卡器连接的移动设备100。
无源ID电路
在一些实施例中，读卡器10的壳体12可以进一步封装由移动设备100通过信号插头18供电的无源ID电路22，其中在读卡器连接到移动设备(且由移动设备供电)时，无源ID电路22即仅向移动设备100传递一次读卡器的唯一ID。虽然无源ID电路22和读取头18集成在同一壳体12内，但是无源ID电路22在不干扰以上所述的读取头刷卡功能的情况下独立地且与读取头18分开工作。
图9示出嵌入读卡器中的无源ID电路的示意图的范例。在图9的范例中，无源ID电路22可以包括至少五个主要的子系统/部件：唯一ID存储器24；通信子系统26，其从唯一ID存储器24读取并传送唯一的ID；供电子系统28，其提供电力以便能够与移动设备100通信；通路子系统30，其通过电路将信号路由给信号插头18；以及控制单元32，其协调不同系统之间的通信。所有这些子系统都能够以硬件、软件或硬件和软件的组合实现。通信子系统26、供电子系统28和读取头16共享同一信号插头18，用于与移动设备连接。该图中描绘的部件可以任意组合或划分成分离的软件、固件和/或硬件部件。
在图9的范例中，唯一ID存储器24是包含读卡器的唯一ID的存储器。唯一ID存储器24可以是包含能够由通信子系统26存取的字节的任何永久性存储器。
在图9的范例中，供电子系统28包括改进的电荷泵，其利用数字电路将电源的电压人工地升高到较高的电平。正常的电荷泵操作需要大电流，大电流然后被送到几个电容器中，并且开关逻辑在串联配置和并联配置之间切换电容。在图10的范例中，电源是由移动设备为检测所连接的部件而提供的偏置电压。该偏置电压的标称值是1.5V，且通过2kΩ的电阻器供给，这导致750μA的最大电流。图11中描述了供电子系统28是如何工作的细节。
在标准操作中，通路子系统30被配置成将移动设备100的偏置电压导向供电子系统28。在供电子系统将偏置电压转换成系统电压以后，控制单元32能够操作。控制单元32将通路子系统30配置为允许通信子系统26访问移动设备100。通信子系统26对来自唯一ID存储器24的唯一ID进行中继。然后控制单元32将通路子系统30配置为允许读卡器电路16访问移动设备100。
图10示出包含无源ID电路22的对用户体验有贡献的附加部件的示意图的范例。这些附加系统防止移动设备100在供电循环期间认为读卡器10已经断开连接。这些附加系统还保证从唯一ID存储器24发送的唯一ID按照设计者的规定被发送。该额外特征设置包括迫使移动设备进入供电循环的放电子系统34、使移动设备100不认为断开连接的假负载36以及在供电循环之间管理读卡器10的行为的监控系统38。
在图10的范例中，通信子系统26包括与控制单元32和唯一ID存储器24连接的信号驱动器。在仅向移动设备100发送一次ID的系统的非限制性实施例中，控制单元32启动以后，通信子系统26会检查监控子系统38中的状态比特。该过程第一次发生时，不会设置状态比特。在状态比特没有被设置时，立即发送ID。图12包含该过程的非限制性范例的详细流程图。在一个实施例中，控制单元32将对监控子系统38中的状态比特进行写入。然后控制单元32使用放电系统34来复位自身。在该时间期间，通路子系统30被配置成将信号路径引导到防止移动设备100检测到与读卡器10断开连接的假负载。一旦供电子系统28完成其供电循环，控制单元32就读取状态比特。当看到状态比特被清除时，控制单元32即将通路子系统30配置为将信号路径引导到读卡器电路16。然后控制单元32将系统设置到极低的功率状态(从这里开始称为休眠状态)下。仅监控子系统38会保持活跃状态。监控子系统38会在供电循环前的某一时刻(由实施方式决定的时刻)从休眠状态唤醒该系统。监控子系统38会通知控制单元32该系统已唤醒。然后，只有在假负载上检测到表示仍连接着读卡器的电压，控制单元32才会设置监控子系统38上的状态比特。然后控制单元32将强迫开始供电循环。
图11示出图10中所示无源ID电路22的实施方式的范例。在一些实施例中，供电子系统28具有并联的多个电容器。使用电压断路器(例如齐纳二极管等)和锁存器来触发并联配置和串联配置之间的转换。一旦锁存器翻转，供电子系统28就会保持串联配置，直到合并的电压降低到大约0.4V的CMOS触发栅电压以下。此时，无源ID电路22将复位，并且唯一ID传送过程将再次开始。
在图11的范例中，通路子系统30包括由控制单元32控制的多个锁存器，以在无源ID电路22的各个子系统中切换。当无源ID电路22在操作时，默认配置通过信号插头18向供电子系统28的改进的电荷泵分配输出信号。在用于关断改进的电荷泵28的锁存器被触发以后，控制单元32将信号插头18从读取头16路由到通信子系统26，并且在检查唯一ID存储器24中的状态比特以后通过信号插头18传送唯一的ID。然后通路子系统30对唯一ID存储器24中的状态比特进行写入，并且对供电子系统28进行放电。图12示出通过无源ID电路22向移动设备100传递唯一ID的过程范例的流程图。
在一些实施例中，无源ID电路22可以进一步包括如图13中所示的用于对读卡器10的唯一ID进行加密和解密的附加加密和/或解密系统。在图13的范例中，解码系统42和加密系统40两者都可以使用无源ID电路22中的控制单元32通过通信子系统26与移动设备100通信。
信号解码
一旦读卡器10将已设置的波形提供给附接的移动设备100，进来的信号(波形)就可以由经由移动设备内部的微处理器运行的解码引擎110进行放大、采样并转换成数字值的流或数字样本流。这里，解码引擎110可以包括软件解码处理的(解码器)的流水线，以如下面所述对进来的信号进行解码和处理，其中为了降低刷卡错误率，该流水线中的每个软件处理能够交换和替换，以适应所读取的磁轨数据的各种密度。由于下列因素中的一种或多种，进来的信号可能具有低质量：从卡的磁条的单个和/或低密度磁轨中读取的低质量数据、移动设备的麦克风输入插座的采样速度限制、以及从读卡器10引入移动设备100中的噪声。图14示出支持对在将具有磁条的卡刷过小型化便携式读卡器时进来的信号进行解码的过程范例的流程图。
在图14的范例中，流程图1400开始于框1402，解码引擎110通过等待系统电压达到稳定状态来初始化其内部状态。在最初连接读卡器时，由于轻微的阻抗失配以及像读取头这样的非线性元件的出现导致的反馈，通常会出现信号突发。在至少3倍时间常数以后，将信号确定为处于稳定状态。在这种初始化阶段期间，当移动设备通过信号插头18初次连接到读卡器时，计算进来信号的DC偏移。在一些实施例中，初始化至少经历下列步骤：
1、获取音频信号的一个系统缓存，并计算该缓存的DC偏移。
2、保存所计算的DC偏移。
3、计算最后三个DC偏移的平均值。
4、根据步骤3中计算的平均值计算当前DC偏移的方差。
发现下面出现的值对解码系统的性能来说是最佳的。在完全公开的精神下，将这些值提供在这里以使本领域技术人员能够复制该过程。可以充分认识到，这里，依赖于硬件的实施方式，可以使用许多其它值。这里的这些值意在非限制性的。如果步骤4中计算的方差低于方差阈值(满标度的0.06％)，或者低于步骤3中计算的偏移平均值的偏移百分比(10％)，并且步骤1中计算的DC偏移低于移动设备100的噪声最高限度(满标度的3％)。在初始化完成以后，解码引擎110能够继续处理进来的信号，以检测刷卡动作。否则，需要重复步骤1到步骤4。
流程图1400继续到框1404，一旦进来信号处于稳定状态，解码引擎110就检测刷卡动作。该信号检测阶段对处于稳定状态的进来的信号进行处理，以便检测通过读卡器的刷卡动作的出现。信号检测阶段是几乎实时操作的轻量过程。该过程快速地分析进来的信号，并将信号的多个系统缓存合并在一起形成感兴趣的信号。在一些实施例中，信号检测过程至少经历下列步骤：
1、应用进来信号的系统缓存的软件升级。
2、开始获取进来信号的缓存，并且查找超过最小信号幅度阈值的点，这是根据经验建立的基于硬件的参数化法。
3、一旦检测到超过阈值的一个点，就设置触发刷卡动作检测的标志。
4、一旦标志被触发，就将进来信号添加到较大缓存，直到信号降低至最小信号幅度阈值以下达特定时间段，例如10m。
5、除去最后10ms的数据，以减少需后续处理的信号数据量。
6、查看是否已在缓存中收集了特定数目的样本，以保证有足够的信息供后续解码。该数目基于所使用的移动设备的硬件而被参数化。
可替代地，独立于刷卡检测过程的硬件可以用于通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)捕获感兴趣的信号，同时除去信号的前面部分和后面部分。这种过程会至少包括下列步骤：
1、检索进来信号的系统缓存，并保留特定数目的信号历史缓存。
2、通过FFT计算所保留的信号历史的频率分布。
3、找出直方图中的两个最大值，检查一个最大值是否位于另一个最大值的2倍频率处。如果满足该条件，则继续添加表现这种行为的历史缓存。
4、一旦这样的行为停止，就开始去除缓存中信号的开始和末尾，直到SNR最大为止，其中SNR被定义为从下一个最大值起最大的两个最大值的幅度。
一旦检测到出现刷卡动作，流程图1400就继续到框1406，解码引擎110识别进来信号中的峰值。峰值检测是对来自信用卡刷卡的进来信号进行解码时最复杂的部分，并且由于众多移动设备制造商假定进来的信号基于音频，因此传统上，还没有对像通过TRS插头进入的信号这样严重过滤的信号进行信用卡刷卡解码。这导致峰值检测必须适应许多种信号过滤。下面讨论的不同峰值检测方法可以由微处理器用来以不同的方式对进来信号执行峰值检测，所有方法都应用基本的移动平均低通滤波器来消除一些高频噪声，以便克服低质量数据读取、移动设备的采样速率限制以及引入移动设备中的噪声。
无功峰值检测
无功峰值检测是基于启发式的峰值检测方法，其非常适合于来自刷卡的进来信号未被移动设备的滤波电路过度失真的情况。该方法至少利用下列步骤来检测信号峰值：
1、设置具有依赖于移动设备硬件的环境噪声值的自适应正阈值和自适应负阈值。这些阈值将用于初始峰值检测。
2、开始通过样本缓存的处理，并且针对缓存中的每个样本：
3、当负阈值或正阈值被越过时等待阈值被再次越过，除非为第二次越过而向阈值施加滞后因子。该滞后因子在使该方法耐受与平台硬件的有源滤波器相伴随的进来信号振铃中至关重要。
4、一旦超过阈值的两个样本已经建立，就在该时间帧内开始查找斜率变化。
5、如果找到一个以上的斜率变化，就计算这两个样本的中点。
6、如果只检测到单个斜率变化，那么
a.拾取斜率变化的最大值点。
b.将该峰值幅度与先前找到的峰值幅度(如果该峰值幅度已经建立)进行比较。
c.如果该幅度大于先前的峰值幅度的(([满标度]-[当前峰值幅度])/([满标度]*100)+100)％，那么跳过当前峰值并且继续前进。
7、如果前面的步骤未导致跳过峰值，那么根据先前的峰值极性检查当前的峰值极性。
a.如果当前的峰值极性与先前的峰值极性相同，那么移除先前的峰值并且将当前的峰值放置到其位置上。
b.如果当前的峰值极性已经改变，那么仅将当前的峰值加到峰值列表中。这一步是使该方法耐受振铃中的另一关键组成。
8、当发现峰值时，将相应极性的自适应阈值更新为刚发现的峰值极性，并且将幅度更新为该峰值幅度的百分比。这里，该百分比是根据所使用的检测方法而改变的参数，因为较高的值更准确地检测峰值，但不是同样耐受噪声，而较低的值更耐受噪声影响，但是可能拾取到与振铃相伴随的错误峰值。
预测峰值检测
预测峰值检测将繁重的处理推迟到解码的数字化阶段。预测峰值检测极耐受可能导致在进来信号中出现低质量或错误峰值信息的卡刮擦。由于存储更多峰值，因此该方法需要比无功峰值检测法更大的存储容量。该方法至少利用下列步骤来检测信号峰值：
1、设置具有依赖于移动设备硬件的环境噪声值的自适应正阈值和自适应负阈值。
2、开始遍历样本缓存。针对缓存中的每个样本：
3、当正阈值和负阈值中任一个被越过时，开始等待斜率改变。
4、当斜率改变时，存储当前的样本作为峰值。
最大值峰值检测
最大值峰值检测通过查找数字样本窗内的局部最大值和局部最小值来检测峰值。如果局部最大值和局部最小值中的任一个位于样本窗的边缘，那么该方法跳过该样本窗并且移到下一个样本窗以查找局部最大值和局部最小值。然后将这些局部最大值和局部最小值存储到峰值列表内。
流程图1400继续到框1408，解码引擎110识别通过将卡刷过读卡器而读取进来信号的数据的磁轨。传统上，磁轨1和磁轨2来自于读卡器的读取头上的不同针，因此不需要猜测正在读取哪个磁轨。由于读卡器中的读取头16能够从磁条中仅读取一个磁轨的数据，所以磁轨识别成为重要问题。该磁轨识别过程由检测引擎110在检测到峰值以后执行，以通过推断来自每个磁轨的信号的预期峰值范围，猜测和辨别读卡器从中读取数据的磁轨(磁轨1或磁轨2)。由于已知磁轨1的数据密度比磁轨2的数据密度高得多，因此预期在来自磁轨1的数据中能识别出更多峰值是合理的。虽然该过程不是确定的猜测，但是在测试中，当与这里所描述的峰值检测算法相结合时产生99.9％的正确磁轨值。可替代地，磁轨猜测能够基于从解码的数字化阶段后的数字信号中找到的比特数目。当解码器由于猜测错误磁轨(因为磁轨识别影响来自数字信号的比特如何被组织和与字符集相匹配)而失败时，解码器可以简单地选择另一条磁轨形式，虽然这使得卡处理需要更密集的处理器能力。
流程图1400继续到框1410，解码引擎110将在进来信号中识别的峰值数字化成比特。该数字化过程获取给定的峰值信息，将它们转换成二进制数据，并且将它们添加到数字比特阵列。有两种类型的数字化器：无功数字化和预测数字化。
无功数字化
无功数字化获取给定的峰值信息作为根据，并且以下列步骤尝试将它们转换成1和0：
1、遍历所有峰值信息，针对每个峰值：
2、识别每对相邻峰值之间的距离。
3、如果这些距离相近(例如根据用于找出彼此等距的一系列峰值的参数)，那么开始查找1和0。因为信用卡在信号的前面和后面加有零，因此初始峰值总是表示零。
4、一旦找到等距的峰值，就识别峰值之间的样本数，这是大致等于比特的样本数。
5、检查当前峰值和下一个峰值之间的样本数。
6、检查当前峰值和下下一个峰值之间的样本数。
7、将步骤5和步骤6的结果与步骤4的值进行比较：
a.如果步骤5的结果与步骤4的值更接近，那么将找到的比特识别为0。
b.如果步骤6的结果更接近，那么将找到的比特识别为1。
c.加赛(Tie breaking)：如果距离相等并且接下来的两个峰值幅度小于当前的峰值幅度，那么将找到的比特识别为1。否则将找到的比特识别为0。
8、一旦确定了峰值，那么基于找到的峰值更新比特长度：如果找到的峰值是0，那么用步骤5的值进行更新，否则使用步骤6的值进行更新。
预测数字化
在进来信号中检测的峰值的预测数字化不将峰值列表作为根据。其首先查找比特长度，然后寻找峰值列表中应当是下一个相关峰值的点。一旦其到达该位置，其接着在该位置前面和后面寻找最近的峰值。然后该过程检查该峰值相对于先前检查的峰值的极性。如果极性相同，那么将找到的比特识别为1。否则将其识别为0。这种对峰值列表进行数字化的方法的有效性在于其简单地忽略了可能不相关的任何信息。
流程图1400在框1412结束，解码引擎110将数字化的比特的阵列转换成卡信息的字。该转换过程在阵列中定位作为起始符的比特序列。在该点，其获取比特帧(例如，针对磁轨2是5个比特，针对磁轨1是7个比特)，并且根据符号表对它们进行解码。以此方式，该过程不断检查奇偶性并且在结尾处检查LRC，以保证数据正确。如果奇偶性、LRC或磁轨长度有任何错误，那么可以用不同的一套参数来重复框1406-1412，以获得正确的信号数据。
当刷卡开始时，解码引擎110能够合并上面介绍的各种峰值检测器和数字化器，以便覆盖由读卡器10产生的模拟输入信号的各种范围的质量降低。在一些实施例中，可以依赖于移动设备的硬件平台而选择和优化不同的过程合并和参数。这些合并和参数值可以基于实验和测试预先确定，并且在开始解码过程时初始化。然后，解码贯穿所有规定的过程，并且多次运行某些特定的处理，以便获得正确的信号。这样的解码过程允许在每次运行期间自动缩放和调整，以适应不同的噪声量、采样速度变化、信号振铃和刷卡方向。
没有信息共享的有卡交易
在图1的范例中，用户交互引擎120是在与收款人(商家)相关联的移动设备100上运行的软件应用程序，其能够使付款人(买家)和商家与交易引擎130交互，以完成金融交易。更具体地说，其可以从买家和/或商家获取与金融交易有关的信息输入，将这样的输入提供给交易引擎来开始和完成交易，并且将交易的结果呈现给买家和商家。这里，用户交互引擎120接受的信息输入可以包括但不限于下列内容中的一种或多种：交易量、包括订价，并且可选地包括提示、与交易有关的附加注释(例如将要购买的项目的书面描述和/或图片)、买家的身份认证和/或签名。
在一些实施例中，除传统键盘以外，用户交互引擎120可以利用移动设备100的触摸屏，使买家和商家能够通过用尖笔或手指触摸屏幕来输入数字、字符和签名。
在一些实施例中，除交易结果以外，用户交互引擎120还可以将商家提供的产品或服务连同文本、图片、声音和视频中的一种或多种呈现给买家，并且可以使买家浏览移动设备上的产品和服务，以选择他/她想要购买的东西。这样的产品信息可以在产品数据库150中存储并管理。
在图1的范例中，交易引擎130获取来自解码引擎110的解码的信用卡信息以及来自用户交易引擎120的交易量作为其输入。然后交易引擎130联系对这种认证请求进行处理的第三方金融机构(例如收单银行)，第三方金融机构然后可以与发卡行通信，以便批准或拒绝该交易。如果第三方批准该交易，那么交易引擎130会将从持卡人(例如买家)的帐户中扣除的款额转移到商家的帐户中，并且将交易结果提供给用户交互引擎120，以呈现给买家和商家。以此方式，商家可以通过读卡器10和移动设备100从买家接受支付。
在图1的范例中，虽然移动设备100与商家相关联，但是移动设备100上运行的交易引擎130通过直接从解码引擎110中获取买家的卡信息，并且不通过用户交互引擎120与商家共享这种信息，而在有卡交易期间保护买家/付款人的隐私。这里，不与商家共享的卡信息包括但不限于：卡号、持卡人姓名、有效期、安全码等。实际上，交易引擎130充当买家和商家之间的中间人，使得买家不必像惯常的有卡交易或在线交易中那样与商家共享他/她的卡信息。买家仍能够获得完整的交易明细收据，如以下所述。
在一些实施例中，虽然交易引擎130不与商家共享买家的卡信息，但是其可以通过用户交互引擎120向商家呈现买家的身份信息，例如用户数据库140中记录的买家肖像，使得商家能够在有卡交易期间可靠地确认买家的身份，以防止信用卡诈骗。
在图1的范例中，用户数据库140、产品数据库150和交易数据库160能够分别用来存储买家和商家的信息、商家提供的产品和服务信息以及执行的交易信息。这里，用户信息(例如姓名、电话号码、电子邮件等)能够通过在线用户注册获得，产品信息能够由商家提供，而每次交易引擎130处理了交易就更新交易数据库160。所存储的信息能够选择性地访问，并且按需提供给买家和/或商家。
在图1的范例中，交易引擎130通过网络(未示出)与第三方金融机构、用户数据库140、产品数据库50和交易数据库160通信和交互。这里，网络可以是基于某些通信协议(例如TCP/IP协议)的通信网。这样的网络可以是但不限于：互联网、内联网、广域网(WAN)、局域网(LAN)、无线网、蓝牙、WiFi和移动通信网。网络的物理连接和通信协议对本领域技术人员来说是公知的。
动态收据
在各个实施例中，当通过(作为非限制性范例)连接到与商家关联的移动设备100的读卡器10完成金融交易时，在移动设备100上运行的交易引擎130可以被配置为捕获与交易有关的附加数据，并且将附加数据合并到交易的动态收据中，其中除了传统收据中通常包括的交易信息以外，动态收据还可以包括附加的交易环境信息。作为非限制性范例，金融交易可以是通过互联网进行的电子交易，或者是买家/付款人在店面、其它实体位置进行购买或者仅存在商家/收款人时的销售点有卡交易。
在一些实施例中，动态收据中包括的附加环境信息可以包括与交易环境有关的信息。在一个非限制性范例中，可以使用装备有全球定位系统(GPS)接收机的移动设备来捕获交易的坐标/位置，并且将其作为一部分信息记录在动态收据上。以此方式，销售点的物理位置(其可以与商家/收款人的注册地址不同)能够被记录并且由交易引擎120用来对交易进行认证。在另一非限制性范例中，可以使用装备有照相机和/或录音器和/或录像机的移动设备来捕获交易中所涉及的产品或服务的照片和/或录像和/或录音，并且将这种数据或链接/引用合并到动态收据中。在另一非限制性范例中，可以使用具有生物识别扫描仪的移动设备来扫描买家/付款人和/或商家/收款人的指印或掌印，并且将这种信息的至少一部分包含到动态收据中。在另一非限制性范例中，移动设备可以将与交易有关的某种信息记录在动态收据中，其中这种信息包括但不限于买家刷卡有多快以及刷卡的角度。在另一非限制性范例中，正在刷的卡的特有特征(也称为卡的磁性指纹)能够被记录并且包括在动态收据中。
在一些实施例中，动态收据可以是能够以电子方式或在线访问的电子表格，还可以包括指向与交易有关的多媒体信息(例如图像、视频或声音)的链接或引用。
在一些实施例中，交易引擎130可以使用包括在动态收据中的环境信息来评估与交易有关的风险。作为非限制性范例，如果GPS信息指示交易发生在高犯罪/高风险区域，那么相应地调整与交易有关的风险，并且可以相应地通知买家的银行。可替代地，在动态收据中包括的被扫描的生物识别信息可以用于身份验证用途，以防止身份盗窃和信用卡诈骗。
在一些实施例中，交易引擎130能够以非侵入方式使用能够使用的动态收据来与买家和/或商家通信。作为非限制性范例，包括在动态收据中的附加信息能够用来向买家提供优惠。如果动态收据包括交易的销售点的GPS位置，那么当买家选择以电子方式在线查看收据时，可以向买家呈现由附近位置的卖主提供的优惠券或其它促销优惠。可替代地，如果交易所涉及的特定产品能够由交易引擎通过产品描述直接识别或者通过分析拍摄的图片或视频间接识别，那么卖主能够向产品的商家提供类似产品或补充产品的报价。
在一些实施例中，交易引擎130可以通过电子消息向买家和/或商家通知收据，该电子消息可以是但不限于电子邮件消息、短消息服务(SMS)消息、推特(Twitter)或其它形式的电子通信。于是，电子消息的接收者可以通过他/她在用户数据库140中记录的电话号码在他/她方便时在线获取完整的明细动态收据，以获取存储在交易数据库160中他/她的电子收据。在一些实施例中，电子消息可以包括接收者能够用于在线获取电子收据的指示(例如代码)，作为电话号码的替代或者与电话号码结合。
图15示出通过连接至移动设备的小型化读卡器支持在付款人和收款人之间进行金融交易的过程范例的流程图。在图15的范例中，流程图1500从框1502开始，通过在移动设备上启动的交互用户应用程序，提供金融交易额，如图16(a)所示。流程图1500继续到框1504，将被构造成最小化刷卡误差的小型化读卡器连接至移动设备，如图16(b)所示。流程图1500继续到框1506，将卡刷过读卡器，以开始金融交易，如图16(c)所示。流程图1500继续到框1508，付款人通过借助于移动设备上的交互用户应用程序签进行签名，确认有卡交易额，以完成交易，如图16(d)所示。注意，即使在从技术角度可能不需要这样的签名来认证交易时，也需要签名作为保护付款人的附加确认层。流程图1500继续到框1510，接收交易结果，并将交易结果呈现给付款人和/或商家，如图16(e)所示。流程图1500在框1512结束，将交易的电子收据以电子消息形式提供给付款人，如图16(f)所示。
为了图解和描述，做出了所要求保护的主题的各个实施例的前面描述。不希望其是详尽的或者将所要求保护的主题局限于所公开的准确形式。多种修改和变化将对本领域的从业者来说是显而易见的。特别地，尽管在上面描述的系统和方法的实施例中使用了概念“组件”，但是会明白，这样的概念能够与等价概念(例如、类、方法、类型、接口、模块、对象模型及其它适合的概念)互换地使用。对各个实施例进行选择和描述，以便最佳地描述本发明的原理及其实际应用，从而使本领域的技术人员能够理解所要求保护的主题和各个实施例并且考虑适合于特定用途的各种修改。

Claims (20)

1.一种读卡器，包括：
壳体，包括读取头；
插座，连接至所述壳体，并且适于被插入与移动设备关联的麦克风输入端中，所述读取头包括卡槽，用于响应于买家和卖家之间的金融交易供买家的金融交易卡的磁条刷过所述卡槽，所述读取头读取所述磁条上的数据并产生表示存储在所述磁条上的数据的信号；以及
电子系统，包括读卡器电路、通信子系统、控制单元、用于在供电循环之间管理读卡器行为的监控系统、通路系统以及在操作时从移动设备接收偏置电压的供电子系统，其中在所述控制单元启动之后，所述通信子系统检查所述监控系统中的状态比特，其中所述控制单元被通知所述电子系统已唤醒并强迫开始供电循环。
2.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述读卡器的尺寸被小型化为具有小于1.5″的总长度。
3.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述读卡器具有唯一的ID。
4.根据权利要求3所述的读卡器，其中所述唯一的ID针对每个读卡器设备是固定的，并且在所述读卡器设备从一个移动设备移到另一移动设备时保持不变。
5.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述插座是TRS连接器。
6.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述插座可缩回到所述壳体内。
7.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述插座可延伸到所述壳体以外，以便适应与具有外壳或凹陷插座的移动设备的连接。
8.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中来自所述移动设备的电力经由所述插座接收。
9.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述读卡器包括无源ID电路。
10.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述电子电路检测何时有在所述卡槽中被刷的卡的前导零的边缘，并且开始所述供电循环作为响应。
11.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述供电循环在足以处理并加密刷卡信号的时间开始。
12.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述读卡器与支付系统进行通信。
13.根据权利要求12所述的读卡器，其中所述支付系统包括用户数据库、产品数据库和交易数据库中的至少一种。
14.根据权利要求12所述的读卡器，其中所述支付系统存储关于所述买家的信息。
15.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中响应于所述金融交易的完成，向所述买家进行支付确认。
16.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，进一步包括：
确定在所述金融交易的时间所述买家与所述卖家一起出现。
17.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述金融交易卡选自信用金融交易卡、借记金融交易卡、代金金融交易卡、转账金融交易卡和能够执行所述金融交易的其它类型的支付认证片中的至少一种。
18.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述移动设备是包括至少能够接收信号、在需要时进行解码、与第三方金融机构或支付网络交换信息以验证买家和/或卖家的账户信息并执行所述金融交易的软件、固件、硬件或其组合中至少之一的便携式电子设备。
19.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述金融交易是通过互联网进行的电子交易，或者是所述买家在店面、其它实体位置或者在所述卖家存在时进行购买的有金融交易卡的销售点交易。
20.根据权利要求1所述的读卡器，其中所述卡槽被配置为在所述金融交易卡刷过所述卡槽时降低施加在所述读卡器上的扭矩，以便保持所述读取头读取所述金融交易数据的精度和可靠性。
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