CN104642793B - 低磷排放的后备奶牛饲料 - Google Patents
低磷排放的后备奶牛饲料 Download PDFInfo
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种低磷排放的后备奶牛饲料，由以下重量份的组分组成：青贮玉米25～26份，羊草39～40份，玉米13.5～14.5份，大麦6.0～6.5份，豆粕1.5～2份，菜籽粕4.5～5份，DDGS4.5～5份，蛋白多肽0.5～1份，无磷预混料2.3～2.8份。每千克无磷预混料中含有维生素A、维生素D、维生素E、锌、硒、碘、钴、锰、铜、烟酰胺，其余为沸石粉。本发明的饲料在证明不影响后备奶牛生长性能的前提下，降低日粮磷浓度，减少其粪、尿磷的排放，从而减少磷元素对环境的污染。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及奶牛饲料领域，特别是一种低磷排放的后备奶牛饲料，具体地说是通过减少日粮磷浓度来降低后备奶牛粪、尿磷排放的饲料。
背景技术
随着规模化、标准化养殖的快速发展，畜禽产生的废弃物对环境的影响越来越大，其中以氮、磷排放所造成的污染尤为突出，研究表明反刍动物磷排放量占畜禽磷排泄总量的60％。目前，由于后备奶牛产生效益的周期较长，受关注度低，导致关于后备奶牛日粮磷需要量的研究相对较少。而生产中为了保证后备奶牛正常的生长发育，往往饲喂过量的磷元素。有研究表明磷的过度饲喂是奶牛养殖造成的环境污染中磷元素的主要来源。
目前，添加了磷的后备奶牛的日粮由以下重量份的组分组成：青贮玉米：25.23份，羊草：39.86份，玉米：13.96份，大麦：6.28份，豆粕：1.75份，菜籽粕：4.71份，DDGS：4.89，蛋白多肽：0.87份，预混料(含磷)：2.44份。日粮磷含量为0.36％(干物质基础)。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种能够保证荷斯坦后备奶牛健康生长且能显著降低其粪尿磷排放的饲料配方。
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明提供一种低磷排放的后备奶牛饲料，该饲料由以下重量份(干物质)的组分组成：青贮玉米25～26份，羊草39～40份，玉米13.5～14.5份，大麦6.0～6.5份，豆粕1.5～2份，菜籽粕4.5～5份，DDGS(酒糟蛋白饲料)4.5～5份，蛋白多肽0.5～1份，无磷预混料2.3～2.8份；上述组分以干物质计。
作为本发明的低磷排放的后备奶牛饲料的改进：
每千克无磷预混料中含有维生素A 216000～264000IU，维生素D 54000～66000IU，维生素E 1080～1320IU，锌2520～3360mg，硒18～24mg，碘32～43mg，钴6～10mg，锰540～720mg，铜540～720mg，烟酰胺360～440mg；其余为作为载体的沸石粉。
备注说明：以上所述均为单质含量，锌优选硫酸锌，硒优选亚硒酸钠，碘优选碘化钾，钴优选氯化钴，锰优选硫酸锰，铜优选硫酸铜。
作为本发明的低磷排放的后备奶牛饲料的进一步改进：饲料由以下重量份(干物质)的组分组成：青贮玉米25.23份，羊草39.86份，玉米13.96份，大麦6.28份，豆粕1.75份，菜籽粕4.71份，DDGS：4.89份，蛋白多肽0.87份，无磷预混料2.44份；
每千克无磷预混料中含有维生素A 240000IU，维生素D 60000IU，维生素E1200IU，锌2940mg，硒21mg，碘38mg，钴8mg，锰630mg，铜630mg，烟酰胺400mg，其余为作为载体的沸石粉。
作为本发明的低磷排放的后备奶牛饲料的进一步改进：后备奶牛是指8至10月龄大小的荷斯坦奶牛。
在本发明中，蛋白多肽例如可选用中信生物科技有限公司生产的蛋白多肽(czzxsw-039)。
在本发明中，无磷预混料需自行配制，过80目筛；其余组分均为市售产品。制备方法为：将除了预混料以外的其余组分先打碎(过10目筛)后再均匀混合；然后再加入无磷预混料均匀混合。
经实验室检测，本发明的饲料配方营养成分分析如下：粗蛋白11.07％，中性洗涤纤维56.03％，酸性洗涤纤维28.65％，磷含量为0.26％。
本发明具有如下优点和积极效果：
1、本发明的饲料，除了磷含量之外，其余营养指标与常规荷斯坦奶牛饲料几乎相等，其中各项营养指标包括粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维等均达到《中华人民共和国农业行业标准奶牛饲养标准》。
2、与饲喂日粮磷浓度为0.42％的饲料相比，使用本饲料不影响后备奶牛骨骼发育生长、血液生化指标及营养物质的表观消化率。
3、与饲喂日粮磷浓度为0.42％的饲料相比，使用本饲料能使粪磷浓度降低35.62％，尿磷浓度降低69.35％。
本发明克服了后备奶牛现有饲料中磷含量过高的问题，提供一种能够保证后备奶牛健康生长，同时，减少其磷排放的饲料。
因此，本发明的发明点在于：
1、通过使用不添加磷的预混料，来降低后备奶牛日粮配方中磷浓度；
2、在证明不影响后备奶牛生长性能的前提下，降低日粮磷浓度，减少其粪、尿磷的排放，从而减少磷元素对环境的污染。
具体实施方式
以下是本发明的具体实施例：这个实施例可以对本发明作进一步的补充和说明，但本发明并不限于这些实施例。
实施例1：一种低磷浓度日粮，其组分和重量列于表1。
表1、饲料组分及其重量(单位：％干物质)
每千克预混料(无磷)中含有维生素A 240000IU，维生素D 60000IU，维生素E1200IU，锌2940mg，硒21mg，碘38mg，钴8mg，锰630mg，铜630mg，烟酰胺400mg，其余为作为载体的沸石粉。
动物试验：试验动物为健康的8至10月龄荷斯坦后备奶牛15头，饲喂实施例1的日粮，试验牛采用栓系式饲养，自由饮水，每日饲喂3次(每次饲料用量为含有“2.4千克(鲜重)精饲料”上述日粮)。试验期为9周(含一周的预饲期)，其中在第1、4、8周采集饲料样，粪尿样，血样等，保存于负20摄氏度冰箱中，留待实验室分析。饲料、粪尿成分检测方法依据《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》(张丽英编，中国农业大学出版社)，血液生化指标使用日立7020型全自动生化仪进行分析，试剂盒由宁波美康生物科技有限公司提供。试验结果如下：
表2、体尺指标
表3、血液生化指标
| ALP,U/L | Ca,mmol/L | P,mmol/L | K,mmol/L | Mg,mmol/L |
| 135.90 | 2.54 | 2.64 | 5.06 | 0.80 |
表4、主要营养物质的表观消化率
| 粗蛋白,％ | 磷,％ | 中性洗涤纤维,％ | 酸性洗涤纤维,％ |
| 58.29 | 33.07 | 55.44 | 50.27 |
表5、粪尿磷的排放
| 粪总磷,％ | 粪水溶性磷,％ | 尿磷,g/kg |
| 0.47 | 0.26 | 0.19 |
对比例1、将实施例1中的无磷预混料改成试验牧场现行的预混料(含磷)，使得日粮磷浓度达到0.36％(干物质)，其余内容等同于实施例1。
备注说明：预混料(含磷)为在“预混料(无磷)”配方的基础上增加磷70g。
对比例2、将实施例1中的无磷预混料改成现有技术中所使用的预混料(含磷)并额外添加磷酸氢钙，使得日粮磷浓度达到0.42％(干物质)，其余内容等同于实施例1。此处磷浓度与试验前在华东三省(市)奶牛场进行调研所取得的结果相近。
对比实验：将上述所有对比例所得的样品按照上述实验所述方法进行检测，所得各项数据具体如下表6～表9所示：
表6、体尺指标
表7、血液生化指标
表8、营养物质表观消化率
表9、粪尿磷的排放
结果发现，饲喂实施例1所示饲料的奶牛和饲喂对比例1、2所示饲料的奶牛相比，其体尺指标无显著差异；血液中无机磷含量显著降低，但仍在正常范围内；粗蛋白、纤维等主要营养物质的表观消化率无显著差异；且相对于对比例2，实施例1的粪总磷及粪水溶性磷含量显著下降(分别为35.62％，31.58％)(p<0.05)，尿总磷下降69.35％。以一头8至10月龄后备奶牛每日产生粪便14千克，尿5千克计算，采用此项技术能够减少尿磷排放784.75克/(头·年)，减少粪磷排放3.23千克/(头·年)，这对磷资源保护及减少磷对环境的污染具有重要意义。
最后，还需要注意的是，以上列举的仅是本发明的若干个具体实施例。显然，本发明不限于以上实施例，还可以有许多变形。本领域的普通技术人员能从本发明公开的内容直接导出或联想到的所有变形，均应认为是本发明的保护范围。
Claims (1)
1.低磷排放的后备奶牛饲料，其特征是该饲料由以下重量份的组分组成：青贮玉米25.23份，羊草39.86份，玉米13.96份，大麦6.28份，豆粕1.75份，菜籽粕4.71份，DDGS4.89份，蛋白多肽0.87份，无磷预混料2.44份；上述组分以干物质计；
每千克无磷预混料中含有维生素A 240000IU，维生素D 60000IU，维生素E 1200IU，锌2940mg，硒21mg，碘38mg，钴8mg，锰630mg，铜630mg，烟酰胺400mg，其余为作为载体的沸石粉；
所述后备奶牛是指8至10月龄大小的荷斯坦奶牛。
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