CN107927388A - 一种生长、育肥的猪饲料及饲喂方法 - Google Patents
一种生长、育肥的猪饲料及饲喂方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107927388A CN107927388A CN201711238367.7A CN201711238367A CN107927388A CN 107927388 A CN107927388 A CN 107927388A CN 201711238367 A CN201711238367 A CN 201711238367A CN 107927388 A CN107927388 A CN 107927388A
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- nitrogen
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Abstract
本申请属于动物饲料科学领域，公开了一种生长、育肥的猪饲料及饲喂方法。本发明所述生长猪饲料中添加5wt％的聚酶肽，并调整原料配比，能够提高生长猪对饲粮中氮、磷的利用率，减少氮、磷向环境中的排放；本发明所述育肥猪饲料中添加8wt％的聚酶肽，并调整原料配比，能够改善育肥猪平均日采食量，同时提高生长肥猪对饲粮中氮、磷的利用率，减少氮、磷向环境中的排放，有效解决畜禽粪便排放造成的环境污染问题。先后采用本发明所述生长猪饲料和育肥猪饲料饲喂仔猪能够促进动物采食量，在保障猪的生长性能的前提下，降低氮、磷向环境中的排放，实现养殖业可持续发展。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于动物饲料科学领域，涉及到一种生长、育肥的猪饲料及饲喂方法，尤其是一种含有生物饲料的生长育肥的猪饲料及饲喂方法。
背景技术
随着我国养猪业逐渐专业化发展，规模化、集约化的程度不断提高，养殖业面临的环境污染问题日益严峻。据统计，全球畜牧业氮排放量为8.0×107～1.3×108吨(Oenemaand Tamminga，2005)。2007年全国畜禽粪便排放量为26亿吨，是同期工业固体废弃物排放量的2.28倍，预计到2020年全国畜禽粪便排放量将达到41亿吨(马永喜，2010)。动物粪尿中含氮物质大量降解，其中约有60％-70％的氮转化为氨，畜牧业排放的氨气约为全球氨气总排放量的一半以上(Schlesinger，1997)。氨气能使环境酸化、土壤氮富集和板结，并污染地表水和地下水(朱丽媛，2015)，长期大量高浓度的恶臭气体会导致人体不适(孔源等，2002)，也会造成畜禽的抵抗力和生产力降低。畜禽粪便中大量的磷酸盐超营养化，通过土地表层进入地表水和地下水，导致了水体污染，缺氧，藻化等效应(Fan等，2001；Jongbloed等，1999)，危害到渔业的发展及人类的食品安全。
饲粮调控是当前畜牧业减排的主要手段，目前主要通过减少使用消化率低和纤维含量高的原料，降低饲粮蛋白质含量，添加合成氨基酸、微生态制剂等途径来降低氮磷排放量。因此，改进猪的饲料质量对猪的生长、质量提高以及畜牧业减排的影响至关重要。对于微生态产品在饲粮中的应用，目前尚缺乏明确的指导方案。肖轲等(2013)研究发现，生长育肥猪饲粮中添加7.5％或15％的生物饲料，无论是生产性能、采食量或腹泻率，低剂量组都要优于高剂量组。饲料中添加5*109cfu/(g·头)的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对奶牛产奶量的提高效果比10*109cfu/(g·头)、10*1010cfu/(g·头)要好(王振华，2006)。诸多研究成果表明，生物饲料及微生态制剂在饲料中的使用并非越多越好。过多的外源微生物摄入，有可能破坏了消化道固有微生态的平衡，消耗机体摄入的营养物质，摄入过多微生物分泌的酶，可能抑制机体内源酶的活性，影响营养物质的吸收利用。根据猪的生理发育特点，通常将20～60kg阶段的猪称为生长猪，猪的各组织、器官发育尚不完善，60kg～出栏的猪称为育肥猪，消化系统发育已经较为完善，故推测生物饲料在生长猪日粮中的使用量应比育肥阶段稍低。固态发酵过程中料水比对微生物生长代谢发挥着重要作用，生物饲料通常水分较高。水分含量对饲料的脂类氧化、维生素稳定性、尤其是饲料霉菌毒素都有很大影响。研究发现在高温高湿(温度30℃、相对湿度80％)条件下，随着饲料水分提高，加快了饲料的水解酸败和氧化酸败，应将饲料的水分控制在12.5％以内(石华乐，2015)。目前，还没有饲料可以很好提高猪的生长、质量的同时提高生长育肥猪饲粮中氮、磷的利用率，降低氮磷排放量。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明的目的是针对现有技术的缺陷，提供一种生长、育肥的猪饲料。本发明所述猪饲料能够提高生长育肥猪对饲粮中氮、磷的利用率，减少氮、磷向环境中的排放。
为实现本发明的目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种生长猪饲料，包括聚酶肽，所述聚酶肽的含量为5wt％。
聚酶肽是以乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母菌为菌种，将木薯湿酒精糟、柠檬酸糟、喷浆玉米皮玉米糖渣等原料合理配比后，进行厌氧发酵转化为微生物菌体蛋白、生物活性小肽、有机酸、益生菌及各种酶系、维生素等未知营养因子等为一体的生物发酵饲料，其中，一级品的嗜酸乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌及产脘假丝酵母菌总数均达到4×108cfu/g以上。聚酶肽成品水分含量较高，成品水分维持在25％以上。本发明所述生长猪饲料中添加5wt％能够提高生长肥猪对饲粮中氮、磷的利用率，减少氮、磷向环境中的排放。
本发明所述的生长猪饲料还包括玉米、麸皮、豆粕、、豆油、磷酸氢钙、石粉、面粉、L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、氯化胆碱、饲料级氯化钠、预混料、植酸酶。
进一步的，在一些具体实施方案中，本发明所述生长猪饲料由66.6wt％玉米、1.00wt％麸皮、22.80wt％豆粕、5wt％聚酶肽、0.7wt％豆油、1wt％磷酸氢钙、0.705wt％石粉、0.867wt％面粉、0.343wt％L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、0.04wt％蛋氨酸、0.08wt％苏氨酸、0.01wt％色氨酸、0.05wt％氯化胆碱、0.3wt％饲料级氯化钠、0.5wt％预混料、0.005wt％植酸酶组成。
本发明所述生长猪饲料还含有预混料。预混料是由同一类的多种添加剂或不同类的多种添加剂按一定配比制作而成的匀质混合物。本发明所述预混料由含载体的复合维生素和矿物质微量元素混合制作而成，所含载体的复合矿物微量元素由硫酸亚铁、硫酸铜、氧化锌、硫酸锰、碘酸钙、酵母硒混合制作而成；所述的含载体的复合维生素由维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E、维生素K3、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B12、氯化胆碱、生物素、叶酸、烟酸和泛酸混合制作而成。
在一些实施方案中，所述0.5％预混料为每千克饲粮提供:铁100mg、铜16.5mg、锌90mg、锰35mg、碘0.30mg、硒0.30mg、维生素A 6,000IU、维生素D3 2,400IU、维生素E 20IU、维生素K3 2.0mg、维生素B1 0.96mg、维生素B2 2.0mg、维生素B12 12μg、核黄素4.0mg、烟酸22mg、D-泛酸11.2mg、叶酸0.4mg、生物素40μg。
本发明还提供了一种育肥猪饲料，包括聚酶肽，所述聚酶肽的含量为8wt％。
本发明所述育肥猪饲料中添加8wt％能够改善育肥猪平均日采食量，同时提高生长肥猪对饲粮中氮、磷的利用率，减少氮、磷向环境中的排放。
本发明所述的育肥猪饲料还包括玉米、麸皮、豆粕、磷酸氢钙、石粉、面粉、L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、饲料级氯化钠、预混料、植酸酶。
进一步的，在一些具体实施方案中，本发明所述育肥猪饲料由66.62wt％玉米、3.5wt％麸皮、18.60wt％豆粕、8wt％聚酶肽、0.78wt％磷酸氢钙、0.74wt％石粉、0.385wt％面粉、0.39wt％L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、0.01wt％蛋氨酸、0.06wt％苏氨酸、0.01wt％色氨酸、0.4wt％饲料级氯化钠、0.5wt％预混料、0.005wt％植酸酶组成。
本发明所述育肥猪饲料还含有预混料。所述预混料与上述生长猪饲料的预混料相同。
在一些实施方案中，所述育肥猪饲料中所述0.5％预混料为每千克饲粮提供:铁100mg、铜16.5mg、锌90mg、锰35mg、碘0.30mg、硒0.30mg、维生素A 6,000IU、维生素D3 2,400IU、维生素E 20IU、维生素K3 2.0mg、维生素B1 0.96mg、维生素B2 2.0mg、维生素B12 12μg、核黄素4.0mg、烟酸22mg、D-泛酸11.2mg、叶酸0.4mg、生物素40μg。
本发明还提供了一种饲养方法，仔猪保育期结束后饲喂上述的生长猪饲料35天后饲喂上述的育肥猪饲料。
本领域技术人员可以理解除饲料外，其它如饮水、清扫、冲洗、驱虫和免疫等均按常规管理程序进行。
由上述技术方案可知，本发明提供了一种生长、育肥的猪饲料及饲喂方法。本发明所述生长猪饲料中添加5wt％的聚酶肽，并调整原料配比，能够提高生长猪对饲粮中氮、磷的利用率，减少氮、磷向环境中的排放；本发明所述育肥猪饲料中添加8wt％的聚酶肽，并调整原料配比，能够改善育肥猪平均日采食量，同时提高生长肥猪对饲粮中氮、磷的利用率，减少氮、磷向环境中的排放，有效解决畜禽粪便排放造成的环境污染问题。先后采用本发明所述生长猪饲料和育肥猪饲料饲喂仔猪能够促进动物采食量，在保障猪的生长性能的前提下，降低氮、磷向环境中的排放，实现养殖业可持续发展。
具体实施方式
本发明公开了一种生长、育肥的猪饲料及饲喂方法。本领域技术人员可以借鉴本文内容，适当改进工艺参数实现。特别需要指出的是，所有类似的替换和改动对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的，它们都被视为包括在本发明。本发明的方法及产品已经通过较佳实施例进行了描述，相关人员明显能在不脱离本发明内容、精神和范围内对本文所述的方法进行改动或适当变更与组合，来实现和应用本发明技术。
为了进一步理解本发明，下面将结合本发明实施例，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
如无特殊说明，本发明实施例中所涉及的试剂均为市售产品，均可以通过商业渠道购买获得。其中聚酶肽购自中粮生物化学(安徽)股份有限公司；预混料购自中粮(北京)饲料科技有限公司，0.5％预混料为每千克饲粮提供:铁100mg、铜16.5mg、锌90mg、锰35mg、碘0.30mg、硒0.30mg、维生素A 6,000IU、维生素D3 2,400IU、维生素E 20IU、维生素K32.0mg、维生素B1 0.96mg、维生素B2 2.0mg、维生素B12 12μg、核黄素4.0mg、烟酸22mg、D-泛酸11.2mg、叶酸0.4mg、生物素40μg。
实施例1、生长猪饲料(不含聚酶肽)
由66.7wt％玉米、5.00wt％麸皮、23.3wt％豆粕、1wt％豆油、1.1wt％磷酸氢钙、0.7wt％石粉、0.802wt％面粉、0.343wt％L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、0.08wt％蛋氨酸、0.11wt％苏氨酸、0.01wt％色氨酸、0.05wt％氯化胆碱、0.3wt％饲料级氯化钠、0.5wt％预混料、0.005wt％植酸酶组成。
实施例2、生长猪饲料(聚酶肽含量5wt％)
由66.6wt％玉米、1.00wt％麸皮、22.80wt％豆粕、5wt％聚酶肽、0.7wt％豆油、1wt％磷酸氢钙、0.705wt％石粉、0.867wt％面粉、0.343wt％L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、0.04wt％蛋氨酸、0.08wt％苏氨酸、0.01wt％色氨酸、0.05wt％氯化胆碱、0.3wt％饲料级氯化钠、0.5wt％预混料、0.005wt％植酸酶组成。
实施例3、育肥猪饲料(不含聚酶肽)
由66.28wt％玉米、10wt％麸皮、19.1wt％豆粕、0.5wt％豆油、1wt％磷酸氢钙、0.7wt％石粉、0.945wt％面粉、0.39wt％L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、0.07wt％蛋氨酸、0.11wt％苏氨酸、0.4wt％饲料级氯化钠、0.5wt％预混料、0.005wt％植酸酶组成。
实施例4、育肥猪饲料(聚酶肽含量8wt％)
由66.62wt％玉米、3.5wt％麸皮、18.60wt％豆粕、8wt％聚酶肽、0.78wt％磷酸氢钙、0.74wt％石粉、0.385wt％面粉、0.39wt％L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、0.01wt％蛋氨酸、0.06wt％苏氨酸、0.01wt％色氨酸、0.4wt％饲料级氯化钠、0.5wt％预混料、0.005wt％植酸酶组成。
试验例、
1材料与方法
1.1试验材料
实施例1-4的饲料。
1.2试验设计
本试验分为两个阶段，生长试验选用初始体重为27.05±0.61kg，以及59.88±1.18kg的健康三元杂交(杜×长×大)猪(去势公猪和母猪各半)，分别根据体重、性别，随机区组分为3个处理，每个处理6个重复，去势公猪3个重复，母猪3个重复，每个重复5或6头猪。第一阶段试验日粮中添加5％的聚酶肽生物饲料，调整原料配比，试验期35d，试验时间为4月～6月间；第二阶段试验日粮中添加8％的聚酶肽，调整原料比例，试验期30d，试验时间为7月～8月间。
消化代谢试验选用初始体重为28.95±1.43kg，以及初始体重57.07±1.44kg的健康三元杂交(杜×长×大)去势公猪，分别根据体重随机分至三个处理组，每个处理6个重复，分别随机放入带有漏缝地板的不锈钢代谢笼中。试验期12d，前7d为预饲期，后5d为粪尿收集期。
1.3试验日粮
试验采用实施例1-4的饲料，配方见表1，营养成分见表2。
1.4饲养管理
本试验在丰宁试验基地进行。采用全进全出饲养管理模式，全封闭式猪舍，舍内温度、湿度、通风强度自动化控制，舍温保持在25～27℃。试验猪按圈(2.8×1.7m2)饲养，圈内为漏缝喷塑地板，内置不锈钢可调式料槽，乳头式饮水器。粉料饲喂，自由采食和饮水。按常规管理程序进行驱虫和免疫。
消化代谢试验猪只于试验开始前适应1wk，适应期间饲喂生长猪常规日粮，自由采食和饮水。适应期后称重，按试验设计饲喂不同的试验日粮。按照猪初始体重的4％计算日饲喂量(Adeola，2001)，分两次于早8:00和下午15:30饲喂，准确记录猪每天浪费的饲料量，从采食量中扣除。每日饲喂后对猪舍进行清扫和冲洗，保持猪舍环境干净卫生。
1.5样品采集
最后一天早晨称重前，每圈选取一头接近平均体重的猪，采用10mL真空无抗凝剂采血管前腔静脉采血10mL。血液在室温下倾斜放置30min后3,500rpm离心10min，分离血清，分装于安瓿管，-20℃冷冻保存。
消化代谢试验采用全收粪法收集粪便。粪样除去饲料、猪毛和皮屑后于-20℃冻存，5天收集期结束后，分别将每头猪5天的排泄物混匀，称重，四分取样法重复取粪样大约350g，加入6N HCl固氮，于65℃烘箱中烘干72h至恒重，粉碎待测。收集期每天提前向收集桶中加入50ml 6mol/L HCl，准确猪收集24h所排尿液，充分混匀，记录体积，按1/20取样，-20℃冻存待测。收集50ml新鲜尿样冻存，用于测定脲酶活性。
1.6检测指标
(1)日粮成分
日粮干物质、粗蛋白质、总能、粗纤维、钙、总磷、15种氨基酸、含硫氨基酸及色氨酸。
(2)生长性能
在第一阶段试验的第1、35d，以及第二试验阶段的第1、30d，空腹12h称量个体重，以重复(栏)为单位记录耗料量，计算平均日增重、平均日采食量和增重耗料比。
(3)血清指标
检测血清钙、磷含量、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶活性，血清尿素氮、血氨，丙二醛、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的浓度。
(4)粪样指标
检测猪尿样脲酶活性。测定消化代谢试验粪样的干物质、粗蛋白质、总能、总磷的含量，尿氮、尿磷的含量。
(5)氨气测定
初始体重为57.07±1.44kg的试验猪分至三个组，分别饲养于三间同等面积的封闭式代谢猪舍中，粪尿收集期结束后，关闭门窗，每间猪舍选定9个测定点，利用便携式氨气检测仪(JSA8-NH3)测定12h，24h，及48h的氨气浓度。
1.7统计方法
试验数据采用SAS 9.0统计软件中的t-检验进行统计分析，P<0.05为差异显著，P<0.01为差异极显著。
2试验结果与讨论
表1试验饲粮组成
注：1预混料可为每千克饲粮提供:铁100mg，铜16.5mg，锌90mg，锰35mg，碘0.30mg，硒0.30mg；维生素A 6,000IU，维生素D3 2,400IU，维生素E 20IU，维生素K3 2.0mg；维生素B10.96mg，维生素B2 2.0mg，维生素B12 12μg，核黄素4.0mg，烟酸22mg，D-泛酸11.2mg，叶酸0.4mg，生物素40μg。
表2饲粮营养水平
2.1饲粮添加聚酶肽对生长育肥猪营养物质消化利用的影响，结果见表3。
表3氮磷排放及能量消化率
由表3可知，试验阶段一的生长猪饲粮中添加5％的聚酶肽的实施例2组，日粮能量的表观消化率显著提高(P＜0.05)，但是试验阶段二的育肥猪饲粮中添加8％的聚酶肽的实施例4组，对能量表观消化率没有显著影响(P＜0.05)。各阶段两组猪的平均氮摄入量没有显著差异，实施例2组日粮中添加了5％的聚酶肽，与实施例1组相比，氮排放量有降低的趋势(P＝0.07)，氮存留率显著提高(P＜0.05)，氮减排率为32.61％。实施例4组日粮中添加8％的聚酶肽，与实施例3组相比，氮排放量显著降低(P＜0.05)，氮存留率有提高的趋势(P＝0.07)，氮减排率达到23.42％。
各阶段两组猪之间平均摄入磷、磷排放量及磷存留率均没有显著差异(P＞0.05)，与实施例1组相比，饲粮添加聚酶肽的实施例2组，生长猪粪污中磷减排率达到了16.23％；与实施例3组相比，饲粮添加聚酶肽的实施例4组，育肥猪粪污中磷减排率达到了13.00％。在生长猪和育肥猪饲粮中添加聚酶肽生物饲料，能有效减少粪污中氮、磷的排放。
2.2饲粮添加聚酶肽对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响，结果见表4。
表4饲粮添加聚酶肽对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响
由表4可知，与实施例1组或实施例3组相比，各饲养阶段饲粮中添加聚酶肽，对猪的平均日增重、饲料转化率均没有显著影响。与实施例3组相比，饲粮中添加8％聚酶肽的实施例4组有改善育肥猪平均日采食量的趋势(P＝0.09)，采食量提高了12.79％。
2.3饲粮添加聚酶肽对生长育肥猪排泄物中脲酶活性、挥发性脂肪酸、氨气浓度的影响，结果见表5。
表5粪便和尿液中脲酶活性、畜舍氨气浓度、粪便挥发性脂肪酸的影响
由表5可知，与实施例1组相比，实施例2组试验猪尿液中脲酶活性降低了19.57％(P＞0.05)。与实施例3组相比，饲粮中添加8％聚酶肽并调整原料比例的实施例4组，试验猪尿液中脲酶活性降低了19.41％(P＜0.10)封闭24h后畜舍的氨气浓度显著降低了7.55％(P＜0.05)。
2.4饲粮添加聚酶肽对生长育肥猪血清生理生化指标的影响，结果见表6。
表6饲粮添加聚酶肽对生长育肥猪血清生理生化指标的影响
由表6可知，与实施例1组相比，实施例2组生长猪血清中碱性磷酸酶浓度降低了30.46％(P＜0.05)。与实施例3组相比，实施例4组育肥猪血清中碱性磷酸酶水平显著升高了52.90％(P＜0.01)，血钙降低了18.94％(P＜0.01)，血氨降低了19.35％(P＜0.05)，过氧化氢酶升高了18.18％(P＜0.05)，总超氧化物歧化酶有升高的趋势(P＝0.09)，丙二醛浓度降低了13.89％(P＞0.05)。
Claims (9)
1.一种生长猪饲料，其特征在于，包括聚酶肽，所述聚酶肽的含量为5wt％。
2.根据权利要求1所述的饲料，其特征在于，还包括玉米、麸皮、豆粕、、豆油、磷酸氢钙、石粉、面粉、L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、氯化胆碱、饲料级氯化钠、预混料、植酸酶。
3.根据权利要求2所述的饲料，其特征在于，由66.6wt％玉米、1.00wt％麸皮、22.80wt％豆粕、5wt％聚酶肽、0.7wt％豆油、1wt％磷酸氢钙、0.705wt％石粉、0.867wt％面粉、0.343wt％L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、0.04wt％蛋氨酸、0.08wt％苏氨酸、0.01wt％色氨酸、0.05wt％氯化胆碱、0.3wt％饲料级氯化钠、0.5wt％预混料、0.005wt％植酸酶组成。
4.根据权利要求2-3任意一项所述的饲料，所述0.5％预混料为每千克饲粮提供:铁100mg、铜16.5mg、锌90mg、锰35mg、碘0.30mg、硒0.30mg、维生素A 6,000IU、维生素D3 2,400IU、维生素E 20IU、维生素K3 2.0mg、维生素B1 0.96mg、维生素B2 2.0mg、维生素B12 12μg、核黄素4.0mg、烟酸22mg、D-泛酸11.2mg、叶酸0.4mg、生物素40μg。
5.一种育肥猪饲料，其特征在于，包括聚酶肽，所述聚酶肽的含量为8wt％。
6.根据权利要求5所述的饲料，其特征在于，还包括玉米、麸皮、豆粕、、磷酸氢钙、石粉、面粉、L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、饲料级氯化钠、预混料、植酸酶。
7.根据权利要求6所述的饲料，其特征在于，由66.62wt％玉米、3.5wt％麸皮、18.60wt％豆粕、8wt％聚酶肽、0.78wt％磷酸氢钙、0.74wt％石粉、0.385wt％面粉、0.39wt％L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、0.01wt％蛋氨酸、0.06wt％苏氨酸、0.01wt％色氨酸、0.4wt％饲料级氯化钠、0.5wt％预混料、0.005wt％植酸酶组成。
8.根据权利要求5-7任意一项所述的饲料，所述0.5％预混料为每千克饲粮提供:铁100mg、铜16.5mg、锌90mg、锰35mg、碘0.30mg、硒0.30mg、维生素A 6,000IU、维生素D3 2,400IU、维生素E 20IU、维生素K3 2.0mg、维生素B1 0.96mg、维生素B2 2.0mg、维生素B12 12μg、核黄素4.0mg、烟酸22mg、D-泛酸11.2mg、叶酸0.4mg、生物素40μg。
9.一种饲养方法，其特征在于，仔猪保育期结束后饲喂权利要求1-4任意一项所述的生长猪饲料35天后饲喂权利要求5-8任意一项所述的育肥猪饲料。
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